Emerging Markets

We published a Special Alert report titled Turkey: Book Profits On Shorts yesterday. The link is available on page 18. This report is Part 2 of an overview of the cyclical profiles of emerging market (EM) economies. This all-in-charts presentation illustrates the business cycle conditions of various developing economies. The aim of this report is to provide investors with a quick assessment of where each EM economy stands. In addition, we provide our view on each market. The rest of the countries were covered in Part 1, published last week (the link to it is available on page 18). Chart I-1 bca.ems_wr_2018_08_16_s1_c1 bca.ems_wr_2018_08_16_s1_c1 Malaysia: Keep Underweight For Now As... Malaysia: Keep Underweight For Now As... CHART 2 CHART 2 Malaysia: Keep Underweight For Now As... CHART 3 CHART 3 Malaysia: Keep Underweight For Now As... CHART 4 CHART 4 ...Bank Shares Have Significant Downside ...Bank Shares Have Significant Downside CHART 5 CHART 5 ...Bank Shares Have Significant Downside CHART 6 CHART 6 ...Bank Shares Have Significant Downside CHART 7 CHART 7 Indonesia: Underweight Equities & Bonds Indonesia: Underweight Equities & Bonds CHART 8 CHART 8 Indonesia: Underweight Equities & Bonds CHART 9 CHART 9 Indonesia: Underweight Equities & Bonds CHART 10 CHART 10 Indonesia: Underweight Equities & Bonds CHART 11 CHART 11 Indonesia: The Sell-Off Is Not Over Yet Indonesia: The Sell-Off Is Not Over Yet As Banks' NPL Provisions Rise, Bank Stocks Could Fall CHART 12 As Banks' NPL Provisions Rise, Bank Stocks Could Fall CHART 12 Indonesia: The Sell-Off Is Not Over Yet CHART 14 CHART 14 Indonesia: The Sell-Off Is Not Over Yet CHART 16 CHART 16 Indonesia: The Sell-Off Is Not Over Yet CHART 13 CHART 13 Thailand: Stay Overweight Thailand: Stay Overweight CHART 19 CHART 19 Thailand: Stay Overweight CHART 17 CHART 17 Thailand: Stay Overweight CHART 20 CHART 20 Thailand: Better Positioned To Weather The EM Storm Thailand: Better Positioned ##br##To Weather The EM Storm CHART 15 CHART 15 Thailand: Better Positioned ##br##To Weather The EM Storm CHART 21 CHART 21 Thailand: Better Positioned ##br##To Weather The EM Storm CHART 18 CHART 18 Thailand: Better Positioned ##br##To Weather The EM Storm CHART 22 CHART 22 Philippines: Inflation Breakout Philippines: Inflation Breakout CHART 28 CHART 28 Philippines: Inflation Breakout CHART 27 CHART 27 Philippines: Inflation Breakout CHART 26 CHART 26 Philippines: Neutral On Equities Due To Oversold Conditions Philippines: Neutral On Equities ##br##Due To Oversold Conditions CHART 25 CHART 25 Philippines: Neutral On Equities ##br##Due To Oversold Conditions CHART 24 CHART 24 Philippines: Neutral On Equities ##br##Due To Oversold Conditions CHART 23 CHART 23 Central Europe: Labor Shortages & Wage Inflation Central Europe: Labor Shortages & Wage Inflation CHART 29 CHART 29 Central Europe: Labor Shortages & Wage Inflation CHART 30 CHART 30 Central Europe: Robust Growth - Overweight Central Europe: Robust Growth - Overweight CHART 31 CHART 31 Central Europe: Robust Growth - Overweight CHART 32 CHART 32 Central Europe: Robust Growth - Overweight CHART 33 CHART 33 Chile: Robust Growth - Overweight Equities Chile: Robust Growth - Overweight Equities CHART 34 CHART 34 Chile: Robust Growth - Overweight Equities CHART 35 CHART 35 Chile: No Inflationary Pressures Chile: No Inflationary Pressures CHART 36 CHART 36 Chile: No Inflationary Pressures CHART 37 CHART 37 Chile: No Inflationary Pressures CHART 38 CHART 38 Chile: No Inflationary Pressures CHART 39 CHART 39 Colombia: Currency Will Be A Release Valve Colombia: Currency Will Be A Release Valve CHART 40 CHART 40 Colombia: Currency Will Be A Release Valve CHART 41 CHART 41 Colombia: Currency Will Be A Release Valve CHART 42 CHART 42 Colombia: Currency Will Be A Release Valve CHART 43 CHART 43 Colombia: Credit Growth Remains A Headwind For Economy - Neutral Colombia: Credit Growth Remains ##br##A Headwind For Economy - Neutral CHART 44 CHART 44 Colombia: Credit Growth Remains ##br##A Headwind For Economy - Neutral CHART 45 CHART 45 Colombia: Credit Growth Remains ##br##A Headwind For Economy - Neutral bca.ems_wr_2018_08_16_s1_c46 bca.ems_wr_2018_08_16_s1_c46 Peru: Vulnerable To External Developments Peru: Vulnerable To External Developments CHART 47 CHART 47 Peru: Vulnerable To External Developments CHART 48 CHART 48 Peru: Vulnerable To External Developments CHART 49 CHART 49 Peru: Vulnerable To External Developments CHART 50 CHART 50 Peruvian Equities - Underweight Peruvian Equities - Underweight CHART 51 CHART 51 Peruvian Equities - Underweight CHART 52 CHART 52 Peruvian Equities - Underweight CHART 53 CHART 53

Highlights Our antennae are twitching wildly, as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) walks back a widely telegraphed commitment to surge production. This occurs against the backdrop of a possible loss of as much as 2mm b/d in exports from Iran and Venezuela next year, with demand expected to remain fairly strong. U.S. President Donald Trump remains silent. We believe the proximate cause of KSA's reversal boils down to one or all of the following: President Trump told KSA to expect an SPR release ahead of November mid-terms; KSA found it difficult to maintain higher production; or Short-term demand for KSA's output is falling, so they reduced production. We have questioned the ability of KSA to sustain production above 10.5mm b/d for an extended period in the past. However, we believe July's 200k b/d cut was produced by a combination of No. 1 and No. 3. We expect KSA to build storage ahead of Iran sanctions. On the back of our updated balances modeling we are maintaining our 2H18 Brent ensemble forecast of $70/bbl, and raising our 2019 forecast to $80/bbl from $75/bbl (Chart of the Week): The front-loaded production increase we expected from OPEC 2.0 could be less than expected. Highlights Energy: Overweight. The U.S. EIA reported U.S. crude and product inventories rose 17.4mm barrels for the week ended August 10, 2018. Markets traded sharply lower as a result, falling more than 3% in WTI and 2% in Brent. As we went to press, October Brent was trading just above $70/bbl. We are maintaining our $70/bbl Brent forecast for 2H18. Base Metals: Neutral. Union leaders at BHP's Escondida mine in Chile, the largest in the world, will take proposed contract terms to members this week.1 We were stopped out of our tactical Dec18 copper call spread with a 10.2% loss. Precious Metals: Neutral. Gold remains under pressure as the broad trade-weighted USD rises. We remain long as a portfolio hedge. Ags/Softs: Underweight. USDA export data show year-to-date wheat and soybean exports are down 20% and 10% y/y in the Oct17 - Jun18 period. Feature Forward guidance from OPEC 2.0's leadership and its predecessor, the regular old OPEC, has not been helpful of late.2 This complicates our balances assessment this month (Chart of the Week), and raises the odds volatility will increase sooner than we expected. Chart of the Week2H18 Brent Forecast Stays At $70/bbl, 2019 Moved Up To $80/bbl 2H18 Brent Forecast Stays At $70/bbl, 2019 Moved Up To $80/bbl 2H18 Brent Forecast Stays At $70/bbl, 2019 Moved Up To $80/bbl KSA's reversal in July of its earlier, widely telegraphed decision to sharply raise production in response to aggressive tweeting from U.S. President Donald Trump beginning in May - to as much as 11mm b/d from just over 10mm b/d in the first five months of this year - was followed by an abrupt output cut of ~ 200k b/d last month. Last month, we expected KSA's crude production to average 10.60mm b/d in 2H18, and 10.50mm b/d next year. In our current balances estimate (Table 1), we now expect the Kingdom's output to average 10.28mm b/d in 2H18 and 10.35mm b/d in 2019, down 300k b/d and 150k b/d, respectively. Table 1BCA Global Oil Supply - Demand Balances (MMb/d) (Base Case Balances) OPEC 2.0 Sailing Close To The Wind OPEC 2.0 Sailing Close To The Wind Russia, OPEC 2.0's other putative leader, also is complicating assessments of liquids production by the producer coalition. Given the signaling it and KSA were providing over the past couple of months, we expected Russia to raise production 80k b/d in 2H18 to 11.27mm b/d, and by 160k b/d in 2019 to 11.35mm b/d. We still expect Russia to raise its production and revised our baseline estimates to 11.32mm b/d and to 11.43mm b/d for this year and next, respectively. However, it is difficult to reconcile our expectation with the 11.13mm b/d 2H18 liquids production expected by OPEC for Russia in its August Monthly Oil Market Report (MOMR), as we are highly confident Russia signed off on that estimate before it was published. Chart 2Physical Deficit Worsens Physical Deficit Worsens Physical Deficit Worsens Our global liquids supply estimate for 2H18 now stands at 101.08mm b/d, down 680k b/d from last month's estimate. For 2019, we lowered our supply estimate by 800k b/d to 101.01mm b/d. But this could end up overstating supply, given what we're seeing from OPEC 2.0 presently. On the demand side, we've lowered our 2018 and 2019 expectations slightly - to 1.67mm b/d and 1.62mm b/d, respectively, or ~ 50k b/d on average versus our previous estimates. This is still relatively stout demand growth - supported by still-strong global trade, particularly in the EM economies - which means storage will be forced to draw harder next year than we expected even a month ago (Chart 2). Physical Deficit Worsens In 2019 We expected OPEC 2.0's supply increase would persist at a higher level during 2H18, which would allow refiners to build precautionary inventories going into next year. This no longer is a tenable assumption, given what is being reported for OPEC 2.0's largest producers - KSA and Russia. In addition, we have amended our base case supply model, to reflect the loss of 1mm b/d of Iranian exports to U.S. sanctions for most of next year; we have this occurring in 250k b/d increments in the Nov18 - Feb 19 period, leaving production from March 2019 on at 2.8mm b/d. This replaces our earlier assumption of a 500k b/d by the end of 1H19. We took this action on the back of the increasingly strident rhetoric from the U.S. administration, and press reports indicating widespread compliance with the sanctions is expected - particularly reports suggesting China and India will not be looking to increase purchases of Iranian crude. Offsetting the higher Iranian export losses we foresee, our base case includes a re-start of Neutral Zone production in 2Q19.3 We expect KSA and Kuwait to each bring 175k b/d back on line, for a total of 350k b/d. It is not clear this is counted in both countries' spare capacity, but if it is, then spare capacity will become tighter within OPEC 2.0 next year. In our scenario analysis, we continue to give a relatively high weight to the loss of Venezuela's exports - anywhere from 800k to 1mm b/d - as that country's oil industry continues to degrade. Our ensemble analysis indicates OECD storage will draw more than previously estimated (Chart 3), on the back of these higher assumed Iranian export losses, and a reduction in OPEC 2.0's front-loaded production increases, particularly in 2019. As storage draws, days-forward-cover (DFC) also will contract (Chart 4). In addition to steepening the backwardation in crude forward curves, we expect implied option volatility to increase in 2019 (Chart 5). Chart 3Storage Will Draw##BR##Harder Next Year Storage Will Draw Harder Next Year Storage Will Draw Harder Next Year Chart 4Days-Forward-Cover##BR##Will Fall In 2019 Days-Forward-Cover Will Fall In 2019 Days-Forward-Cover Will Fall In 2019 Chart 5Implied Volatilities Will Rise,##BR##As OECD Storage Falls OPEC 2.0 Sailing Close To The Wind OPEC 2.0 Sailing Close To The Wind Ensemble Forecast Update In addition to moving the 1mm b/d loss of Iranian exports from a scenario and into our base case - offset somewhat by higher Neutral Zone production - we expect transportation bottlenecks in the Permian Basin to slow production growth in the U.S. shales even more. We have lowered our expected U.S. production growth to 1.21mm b/d this year and 1.22mm b/d in 2019, versus earlier estimates of 1.30mm b/d and 1.34mm b/d, as a result (Chart 6 shows the trajectory we expect from this scenario).4 Coupled with the lower-than-expected production increase from OPEC 2.0 and still-strong demand growth globally, this will lead to tighter markets in 2019. Chart 6Higher Volatility = Wider Expected Price Range Higher Volatility = Wider Expected Price Range Higher Volatility = Wider Expected Price Range We also are including a scenario showing a slowdown in demand growth, which takes y/y growth to 1.43mm b/d in 2018 and 2019, versus our current estimates of average growth of 1.64mm b/d over the two-year interval. Bottom Line: Numerous conflicting data have entered the oil pricing picture over the past month, which greatly complicates our analysis and forecasting. The fact that OPEC 2.0's leadership - KSA and Russia - is providing little in the way of forward guidance does not make this any easier. We admit to being puzzled by KSA's apparent decision to walk back its production increase going into 2019, when the likelihood of losing close to 2mm b/d of exports from Iran and Venezuela becomes markedly higher. Based on our current modeling we expect higher prices next year ($80/bbl vs. our earlier estimate of $75/bbl for Brent), and a steepening of the Brent and WTI backwardations next year. We continue to expect WTI to trade $6/bbl below Brent in 2H18 and 2019. The steepening backwardation will lift implied volatility, particularly next year. We remain long call option spreads along the Brent forward curve in 2019, in expectation prices and volatility will move higher. We continue to believe the balance of price risk is to the upside. However, as the lower-demand scenario in our ensemble forecast shows, an unexpected slowdown in growth can have profound effects on prices. Robert P. Ryan, Senior Vice President Commodity & Energy Strategy rryan@bcaresearch.com Hugo Bélanger, Senior Analyst Commodity & Energy Strategy HugoB@bcaresearch.com 1 Please see "Chile's Escondida union to take new labor proposal to members," published by reuters.com August 15, 2018. 2 OPEC 2.0 is the name we coined for the producer coalition led by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) and Russia. At the end of June, the coalition's member states agreed to increase production to bring it into line with the originally agreed deal to remove 1.8mm b/d of output from the market. 3 Please see "Kuwait, Saudi to resume output from Neutral Zone in 2019 - Toyo Engineering," published by reuters.com July 2, 2018. 4 We place our scenarios within the context of a market-generated confidence interval, which we calculate using implied volatilities derived from Brent and WTI options markets. Please see Ryan, Bob and Tancred Lidderdale (2009), "Energy Price Volatility and Forecast Uncertainty," particularly Appendix 1 beginning on p. 18, for a derivation of the confidence intervals. The article was published by the U.S. EIA. Investment Views and Themes Recommendations Strategic Recommendations Tactical Trades Commodity Prices and Plays Reference Table OPEC 2.0 Sailing Close To The Wind OPEC 2.0 Sailing Close To The Wind Trades Closed in 2018 Summary of Trades Closed in 2017 OPEC 2.0 Sailing Close To The Wind OPEC 2.0 Sailing Close To The Wind

Highlights China's policy headwinds have begun to recede, but Beijing is not riding to the rescue for emerging markets; While monetary policy has eased substantively, credit growth will be hampered by the government's financial crackdown; Potential changes to China's Macro-Prudential Assessment framework could be significant, but the impact on credit growth is overestimated at present; The recognition of non-performing loans (NPLs) and cleansing of China's banking system is still in early innings and will weigh on banks' risk appetite; The anti-corruption campaign is another reason to be cautious on EM. Geopolitical Strategy recommends clients stay overweight China (ex-tech) relative to EM. Feature In the first part of this two-part Special Report, we concluded that policy headwinds to China's economic growth have begun to recede, but recent easing measures will likely disappoint the markets.1 Chart 1Money Growth Bottomed, Credit Still Weak Money Growth Bottomed, Credit Still Weak Money Growth Bottomed, Credit Still Weak In essence, China is girding for a trade war with the United States, which favors stimulus. But it is still attempting to reduce systemic financial risk. As a result, fiscal stimulus may surprise to the upside, but credit growth will be lackluster. The problem for investors - especially for emerging market (EM) assets and the commodity complex - is that Chinese fiscal stimulus typically operates with a six-to-ten month lag, as opposed to credit stimulus which only takes about three months to kick in.2 July statistics confirm our suspicion that credit stimulus will be hampered by the government's crackdown on shadow banking. Total credit growth remains weak, although broad money (M2) does appear to be bottoming (Chart 1). Thus far, BCA's China Investment Strategy has been correct in characterizing the latest developments as "taking the foot off the brake" rather than "pressing down on the accelerator."3 In this report we take a deeper dive into the policy factors that cause us to limit our "stimulus overshoot" scenario to a 10% subjective probability. The three chief reasons are: overstated easing of macro-prudential controls; the continuing process of cleansing the banking sector of non-performing loans; and the anti-corruption campaign in the financial sector. A Preemptive Dodd-Frank Since the Xi administration redoubled its efforts to tackle systemic financial risk last year, we have urged investors to be cautious about Chinese growth.4 The creation of new institutions and new regulatory requirements set in motion processes that would be hard to reverse quickly. While these institutions are now making several compromises for the sake of stability, their operations will continue to weigh on credit growth. In July 2017, China's government held the National Financial Work Conference to address the major issues facing the country's financial system. This conference takes place once every five years and has often occasioned significant shakeups in financial regulation. In 1997, it initiated a sweeping purge of the banking system, and in 2002, it saw the creation of three financial watchdogs that would become critical institutional players throughout the 2000s.5 Chart 2Crackdown On Informal Credit Continues Crackdown On Informal Credit Continues Crackdown On Informal Credit Continues One of the skeletons in the closet from 2002 was the debate over whether financial regulation should be heavily centralized or divided among different, specialized, state agencies. Former Premier Wen Jiabao won the argument with the creation of the three watchdogs covering banking, securities, and insurance. After a series of controversies and conflicts, the Xi administration decided that these agencies had failed in their primary purpose of curbing systemic risk and ordered a reorganization with greater centralization. At the 2017 financial conference, Xi announced the creation of the Financial Stability and Development Committee (FSDC) to act as a centralized watchdog over the entire financial system. The FSDC would coordinate with the central bank, oversee macro-prudential regulation, and prevent systemic risk. Liu He, Xi's right-hand man on the economy and a policymaker with a hawkish reputation, was soon promoted to the Politburo and given the top job at the FSDC.6 As a second step, the Xi administration announced that it would combine the banking and insurance regulators into a single entity - the China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission (CBIRC). The CBIRC, to be headed by Xi ally, and notable hawk, Guo Shuqing, would continue and escalate the crackdown on shadow lending that Guo had begun at the helm of the bank watchdog in 2017 (Chart 2). The merging of the agencies would also close the regulatory gap that had seen the insurance regulator increase its dominion and rent-seeking by encouraging "excessive" financial innovation and risky pseudo-insurance products.7 The FSDC was expected, rightly, to bring a more hawkish tilt to Chinese macro-prudential regulation. In reference to the U.S.'s Financial Stability Oversight Council, we dubbed these moves a "Preemptive Dodd-Frank."8 We also argued, however, that the purpose was to bring unified command and control to financial regulation and that China would continue to prize stability above all. Therefore the degree of tightening or loosening should vary in accordance this goal.9 After a series of announcements in July and August, it is clear that China's government has shifted to a more accommodative posture (Chart 3). As usual, there are rumors of high-level political intrigue to go along with the policy shift: some argue that Premier Li Keqiang is making a comeback while Xi's golden boy, Liu He, has been sidelined due to his failure to forestall tariffs during his trade talks with Donald Trump this spring.10 Such rumors are valuable only in revealing the intensity of the policy debate in Beijing. Chart 3Monetary Policy Has Eased Substantively Monetary Policy Has Eased Substantively Monetary Policy Has Eased Substantively What is certain, however, is that the FSDC, with Liu He as chairman, only met for the first time as a fully assembled group in early July, just before the major easing measures were taken. This implies that any initial conclusions were pragmatic (i.e. not excessively hawkish). Moreover, Guo Shuqing is not only the CBIRC head but also the party secretary of the PBOC, meaning that central bank chief Yi Gang cannot have adopted easing measures without Guo's at least condoning it. Chinese policymakers see the recent easing measures as "fine-tuning" even as they continue the rollout of new regulatory institutions and systems. It is thus too soon to claim that Xi Jinping or any of these government bodies have thrown in the towel on their attempts to contain excessive leverage. Both the Politburo and the State Council - the highest party and state decision-makers - have made clear that they do not intend to endorse a massive stimulus on the magnitude of 2008-09 or 2015-16.11 They have also insisted that the "Tough Battle" against systemic financial risk, and the campaign to "deleverage" the corporate sector, will continue. What does this mean in practical terms? While new regulations will be compromised, they will also continue to be implemented. For example, authorities have watered down new regulations governing the $15 trillion asset management industry, yet the regulations are still expected to go into force by 2020. These rules will weigh on shadow banking activity (e.g. wealth management products) as banks prepare to meet the requirements.12 Two other examples are critical and will be discussed below: first, the potential easing of rules under the Macro Prudential Assessment (MPA) framework for stress-testing banks; second, this year's changes to rules governing non-performing loans (NPLs). In the former case, the degree of financial easing is potentially significant but at present overestimated by investors; in the latter case, the degree of tightening is already significant and widely underestimated. Bottom Line: New financial regulatory institutions will inherently suppress credit growth, especially by dragging on informal or non-bank credit growth. Macro-Prudential Assessments: Less Easing Than Meets The Eye A key factor in determining China's credit growth going forward will be banks' responses to any softening of the Macro Prudential Assessment (MPA) requirements. News reports have suggested that a relaxation of these rules may occur, but authorities have not finalized such a move. Furthermore, the impact on credit growth may be far less than the astronomical sums being floated around the investment community. The MPA framework began in 2016. It is an evaluative system of "stress-testing" China's banks each quarter. As such it is part of the upgrade of macro-prudential systems across the world in the aftermath of the global financial crisis, comparable to the American Financial Stability Oversight Committee or the European Systemic Risk Board.13 It is managed by the PBOC and the FSDC. The MPA divides banks into systemically important financial institutions and common institutions, and subdivides the former into those of national and regional importance. The evaluation method contains seven major criteria for assessing bank stability: Capital adequacy and leverage ratios; Bank assets and liabilities; Liquidity conditions; Pricing behavior for interest rates; Quality of assets; Cross-border financing; Execution of credit policy. The first and fourth of these criteria (capital adequacy and leverage ratios, and pricing behavior for interest rates) are in bold font because they result in a "veto" over the entire assessment: if a bank fails to maintain a sufficient capital buffer, or deviates too far from policy interest rates, it can fail the entire stress-test. Otherwise, failure of any two of the other five categories results in overall failure. A system of rewards and punishments awaits banks depending on how they perform (Diagram 1). Diagram 1China's Macro Prudential Assessment Framework Explained China: How Stimulating Is The Stimulus? Part Two China: How Stimulating Is The Stimulus? Part Two On July 20, the PBOC published a document saying that "in order to better regulate assets of financial institutions, during Macro Prudential Assessment (MPA), relevant parameters can be reasonably adjusted." Subsequently Reuters reported that the PBOC would reduce the "structural parameter" and the "pro-cyclical contribution parameter" of the capital adequacy ratio (CAR) requirements, thereby easing rules on one of the veto items. The structural parameter would fall from 1.0 to 0.5. Rumors suggest that the pro-cyclical parameter could fall from 0.4-0.8 to 0.3. No such changes have been finalized - only a few banks actually claim to have received notification of a change and there are regional differences. Clearly a general change of the rule would reduce regulatory constraints on bank credit. But how big would the impact be? Under the MPA, banks' CARs are not allowed to fall too far below the "neutral CAR," or C*, a variable that is calculated using the formula outlined in Diagram 2. Most of the variables in this formula will not change often: for instance, the minimum legal CAR will be slow to change, as will the capital reserve buffer and the bonus buffer for systemically important institutions. The one factor that can change frequently is the "discretionary counter-cyclical buffer," as it responds to the country's current place in the business cycle. Diagram 2China's Macro-Prudential Assessment Framework: Capital Adequacy Ratios China: How Stimulating Is The Stimulus? Part Two China: How Stimulating Is The Stimulus? Part Two The key input to this factor is broad credit growth. Thus, if authorities should reduce the CAR's cyclical parameter from a simple average of 0.6 to 0.3, broad credit growth could go higher without creating an excessive increase in the pro-cyclical buffer. In other words, at present about 60% of bank credit expansion in excess of nominal GDP growth counts toward a counter-cyclical capital buffer, which is added to other capital buffers. A tweak to this parameter could decrease that proportion to 30%, meaning that bank lending could go twice as high with the same impact on the counter-cyclical buffer. More significantly, if authorities should reduce the CAR's structural parameter from 1.0 to 0.5, any increase in credit growth would have a less dramatic impact on C*. Hence banks would be able to lend more while still keeping their neutral CAR within the appropriate range relative to their actual CAR. Banks could theoretically lend twice as much with the same impact on the assessment.14 On paper these changes could result in unleashing as much as 41.4 trillion RMB in new lending in 2018, or 28 trillion (33% of GDP) on top of what could have been expected without any adjustment to the macro-prudential rules. This is because broad credit growth would theoretically be allowed to grow as fast as 30% instead of 17%.15 But in reality this growth rate is extremely unlikely. Why? Because it assumes that banks will grow their lending books as rapidly as they are allowed. In fact, banks are currently increasing broad credit at a rate of about 10%, which is considerably lower than either today's or tomorrow's permitted rate of growth under the MPA framework (Chart 4). If tweaks to the MPA increase this speed limit to 30%, it does not mean that banks will drive any faster than they are already driving. They are lending at the current pace for self-interested reasons (and there is fear of excessive debt, default, or insolvency due to the government's ongoing regulatory and anti-corruption crackdown).16 Chart 4Banks Are Not Lending To The Regulatory Maximum China: How Stimulating Is The Stimulus? Part Two China: How Stimulating Is The Stimulus? Part Two Still, if the MPA rules are tweaked, then it will send a signal that macro-prudential scrutiny is abating and banks can lend more aggressively - this would have some positive effect on credit growth, at least for major banks that are secure in meeting their CARs. Moreover, there will be a practical consequence in that fewer banks will be punished for having insufficient CARs. At present, only rarely do banks fail the evaluations. But a strict CAR requirement during an economic downturn could change that. The proposed MPA adjustment would show that banks are graded on a sliding rule: the authorities would slide the grading scale downward to enable more banks to pass the test. This means fewer failures, which means fewer punitive measures that could upset liquidity or stability in the banking system. Ultimately, in order for the new system to have any credibility at all, punishment will have to be meted out to banks that fail the stress tests. A key punishment within the MPA system is exclusion from medium-term lending facility (MLF) loans from the PBOC. This is a regulatory action with teeth, as this is one of the PBOC's major means of injecting liquidity (Chart 5). A misbehaving bank could face short-term liquidity shortage or even insolvency. Therefore the authorities are opting to soften the rules so that the new regulatory system is preserved yet the harshest implications are avoided (for now). Chart 5Regulators Can Deprive Banks Of MLF Access Regulators Can Deprive Banks Of MLF Access Regulators Can Deprive Banks Of MLF Access This would be short-term gain for long-term pain, the opposite of what China needs from the standpoint of an investor looking for improvements to productivity and potential GDP growth. But it would not necessarily be a great boon for global risk assets in the near term. While it could help stabilize expectations for China's domestic growth, it is not clear that it would unleash a mass wave of new bank loans that would reaccelerate China's economy and put wings beneath EM assets and commodity prices. Bottom Line: Tweaking the MPA parameters is a clear example of policy easing. Yet the MPA system itself is a fairly rigorous means of stress-testing banks that is part of a much larger expansion of financial sector regulation. The results of the easier rules - if implemented - will not be as reflationary as might be expected from the headline 41 trillion RMB in new loans that could legally be created. Banks are already expanding loans more slowly than they are allowed to do, so increasing the speed limit will have little effect. The real purpose of the macro-prudential tweaks is to make it more difficult for banks to fail their stress tests in a downturn. As such, any tweaks would actually reveal that Chinese policymakers are expecting a more painful downturn, not that they are asking for a credit splurge. NPL Recognition Will Weigh On Credit Growth Another factor that we have highlighted that separates today's easing measures from outright stimulus: the growing recognition of non-performing loans (NPLs) in China's banks and the financial cleansing process. The government's reform push has already led to two trends that are relatively rare and notable in the Chinese context: rising corporate defaults (Chart 6) and rising bankruptcies (Chart 7). While the impact may be small relative to China's economic size, the direction of change is significant in a country that has been extremely averse to recognizing losses. Chart 6Defaults Are Rising China: How Stimulating Is The Stimulus? Part Two China: How Stimulating Is The Stimulus? Part Two Chart 7Creative Destruction In China China: How Stimulating Is The Stimulus? Part Two China: How Stimulating Is The Stimulus? Part Two These changes reflect the tightening of financial conditions and restructurings of various industries and as such are evidence of Xi's attempt to make progress on reforms while maintaining stability. They also reflect a general environment that is conducive to the realization of bad loans. Two recent policy decisions are affecting banks' accounting of bad loans. First, the CBIRC issued new guidance that eases NPL provision requirements for "responsible" banks (banks with good credit quality) while maintaining the existing requirements for "irresponsible" banks.17 Since the major state-controlled banks will largely meet the standards, they will be able to lend somewhat more (we estimate around 600 billion RMB or 0.7% of GDP). This would support the recent trend in which traditional bank lending rises as a share of total credit growth. Second, however, the CBIRC is requiring banks to reclassify all loans that are 90-or-more-days delinquent as NPLs, resulting in upward revisions of bank NPL ratios. This will send the official rate on an upward march toward 5%, from current extremely low 1.9% (Chart 8). It is the direction of change that matters, as NPL recognition can take on a life of its own. While many state banks may already have recognized the 90-day delinquent loans, many small and regional banks probably have not. Anecdotally, a number of small banks are reporting large NPL ratios as a result of the regulatory clampdown and definition change. Rural commercial banks, in particular, are in trouble with several showing NPLs in double digits (Chart 9). These small and regional banks will have until an unspecified date in 2019 to reclassify these loans and raise provisions against them. The result will hamper credit growth. Chart 8Bad Loan Ratios Set To Rise Bad Loan Ratios Set To Rise Bad Loan Ratios Set To Rise Chart 9City And Rural Commercial Banks Most At Risk Of Rising Bad Loans China: How Stimulating Is The Stimulus? Part Two China: How Stimulating Is The Stimulus? Part Two To get a more detailed picture of the NPL recognition process, we have updated our survey of 16 commercial banks listed on the A-share market.18 This research reveals that banks have continued to increase the amount of bad loans they have written off. While the NPL ratio has remained roughly the same, cumulative loan-loss write-offs combined with NPLs have reached 7% of total loans and are still rising (Chart 10). This shows that a cleansing process is well underway. It is concerning that write-offs have reached nearly 50% of pre-tax profits. And even as losses mount, the proportion of each year's losses to the previous year's NPLs has fallen, implying that the previous year's NPLs had grown bigger (Chart 11). Chart 10The Bank Cleansing Process Continues China: How Stimulating Is The Stimulus? Part Two China: How Stimulating Is The Stimulus? Part Two Chart 11Write-Offs Almost 50% Of Bank Profits Write-Offs Almost 50% Of Bank Profits Write-Offs Almost 50% Of Bank Profits Furthermore, while loan losses grow, the surveyed banks' profit growth has been reduced to virtually zero (Chart 12). Our updated "stress test" for Chinese banks, which is based on the same sample of 16 commercial banks, suggests that if total NPLs rise to a pessimistic, but still quite realistic, ratio of 13% (a weighted average of NPL ratio assumptions per sector, ranging from 10%-30%), then total losses could amount to 10.4 trillion RMB, or 12% of GDP (Table 1). Chart 12Write-Offs Weigh On##br## Bank Profit Growth China: How Stimulating Is The Stimulus? Part Two China: How Stimulating Is The Stimulus? Part Two Table 1Pessimistic Scenario Analysis ##br##For Commercial Bank NPLs China: How Stimulating Is The Stimulus? Part Two China: How Stimulating Is The Stimulus? Part Two In this scenario, banks' net equity would be impacted by 38% as this amount surpasses the buffer of net profits (1.75 trillion RMB) and NPL provisions (3 trillion). China's banks are well provisioned, but they would be less so after a hit of this nature. A similar stress-test by BCA's Emerging Markets Strategy found that equity impairment could range from 33%-49%, implying that Chinese banks were roughly 29% overvalued on a fair price-to-book-value basis.19 Looking at different economic sectors, it is apparent that domestic trade, manufacturing, and mining have seen the highest incidence of loans going sour (Table 2). In all three cases, it is reasonable to conjecture that the NPL ratio can continue to expand - and not only because of the definitional change. First, wholesale and retail (4.7%) consists largely of SMEs, and the government is publicly concerned about their ability to get credit. Second, manufacturing (3.9%) has been hit by changing trade patterns and rising labor costs and has not yet suffered the impact from recently imposed U.S. trade tariffs. Third, mining (3.6%) has felt the first wave of the impact from the government's cuts to overcapacity in recent years, but has seen very extensive restructuring and the fallout may continue. Table 2China: Troubled Sectors Can Produce More Bad Loans China: How Stimulating Is The Stimulus? Part Two China: How Stimulating Is The Stimulus? Part Two More realistic NPL recognition is an important and positive development for China over the long run. Over the short run, banks' efforts to write-off NPL losses will weigh on their willingness to lend and could pose a risk to overall economic activity. Bottom Line: The government's reform and restructuring efforts are initiating a process of creative destruction in the Chinese economy. This is most notable in the government's willingness to recognize NPLs, which will continue to weigh on credit growth. The government is trying to control the pace and intensity of this process, but we expect credit stimulus to be disappointing relative to fiscal stimulus as long as the financial regulatory crackdown is at least half-heartedly implemented. Anti-Corruption Campaign Is Market-Negative Another reason to expect total credit growth to remain subdued comes from the anti-corruption campaign and its probes into local government finances and the financial sector. Chart 13Anti-Corruption Campaign Trudges Onward Anti-Corruption Campaign Trudges Onward Anti-Corruption Campaign Trudges Onward One of the new institutions created in China's 2017-18 leadership reshuffle was the National Supervisory Commission (NSC). This is a powerful new commission that is capable of overseeing the highest state authority (the National People's Congress). It is also ranked above the formal legal system, the Supreme Court and the public prosecutor's office. It is charged with formalizing the anti-corruption campaign and extending it from the Communist Party into the state bureaucracy, including state-owned enterprises.20 Having operated for less than a year, it is not possible to draw firm conclusions about the doings of the NSC, let alone any macro impact. Tentatively, the commission has focused on financial and economic crimes that have the potential to create a "chilling effect" among government officials and bank executives.21 Notably, the NSC has investigated Lai Xiaomin, former chief executive of Huarong, the largest of the big four Asset Management Corporations (AMCs), i.e. China's "bad banks." There is more than one reason for Huarong to attract the attention of investigators, but it is notable that it had extensive investments in areas outside its official duty of acquiring and disposing of NPLs. The implication could be that the government wants the AMCs to focus on their core competency: cleaning up the coming deluge of NPLs. The anti-corruption is also targeting local government officials for misappropriating state funds. These investigations involve punishment of provincial officials for false accounting as well as embezzlement and other crimes. We have noted before that the provinces that revised down their GDP growth targets most aggressively this year were also some of the hardest hit with anti-corruption probes into falsifying data and misallocating capital.22 On several occasions it has appeared as if the anti-corruption campaign was losing steam, but the broadest tally of cases under investigation suggest that it is still going strong despite hitting a peak at the beginning of the year (Chart 13). The campaign remains a potential source of disruption among the very officials whose risk appetite will determine whether central government policy easing actually results in additional bank lending and local government borrowing. Bottom Line: While difficult to quantify, the anti-corruption campaign will dampen animal spirits within local governments and the financial sector as long as the new NSC is seeking to establish itself and the Xi administration remains committed to prosecuting the campaign aggressively. Investment Conclusions We would be surprised if credit growth did not perk up at least somewhat as a result of the past month's easing measures. But as outlined above, these measures may disappoint the markets as a result of the ongoing financial regulatory drive, the baggage of NPL recognition, and any negative impact on risk appetite due to the anti-corruption campaign. And this is not even to mention the dampening effects of ongoing property sector and pollution curbs.23 In lieu of a credit surge, Beijing is likely to rely more on fiscal spending to stabilize growth. Fiscal spending also faces complications, of course. In recent years, China's local governments have built up a potentially massive pool of off-balance-sheet debt due to structural factors limiting local government revenue generation (Table 3). Beijing is now attempting to force this debt into the light. The local government debt maturity schedule suggests a persistent headwind in coming years as hidden debt is brought onto the balance sheet and governments scramble to meet payment deadlines (Chart 14). In addition, the local government debt swap program launched in 2014-15 will wrap up this month. Table 3Estimates Of Hidden Local Government Debt China: How Stimulating Is The Stimulus? Part Two China: How Stimulating Is The Stimulus? Part Two Chart 14Local Governments Face Rising Debt Payments China: How Stimulating Is The Stimulus? Part Two China: How Stimulating Is The Stimulus? Part Two Nevertheless Beijing has introduced a new class of "refinancing bonds" in 2018 to help stabilize the fiscal situation. These bonds are separate from brand new bonds that have the potential to increase significantly over the second half of this year. China's Finance Ministry has also reportedly asked local governments to issue 80 percent of net new special purpose bonds by the end of September. Since only about a quarter of the year's 1.35 trillion RMB quota was issued in H1, this order would mean that about half of the quota (675 billion RMB out of 1.35 trillion RMB) would be issued in August and September alone - implying a significant surge to Chinese demand, albeit with a lag of six months or so.24 The latest data releases from July suggest that Beijing is trying to do two things at once: ease liquidity conditions while cracking down on excess leverage. Until we see a spike in credit growth, we will continue to expect the policy turn to be only moderately reflationary, with the ability to offset existing headwinds but not spark a broad-based reacceleration of the economy. Going forward, data for the month of August will be very important to monitor, as many of the easing measures were not announced until late July. For all the reasons outlined in this two-part Special Report, we would view a sharp increase in total credit as a game-changer that would point toward a "stimulus overshoot" (Table 4). Such an overshoot is less likely if the government relies more heavily on fiscal spending this time around, which is what we expect. Table 4Will China Over-Stimulate This Time Around? China: How Stimulating Is The Stimulus? Part Two China: How Stimulating Is The Stimulus? Part Two Meanwhile, turmoil in emerging markets - which we fully anticipated based on China's policy headwinds this year and our dollar bullish view - will only be exacerbated by China's unwillingness to stimulate massively.25 Matt Gertken, Associate Vice President Geopolitical Strategy mattg@bcaresearch.com Qingyun Xu, Senior Analyst qingyun@bcaresearch.com Yushu Ma, Contributing Editor yushum@bcaresearch.com 1 Please see BCA Geopolitical Strategy and China Investment Strategy Special Report, "China: How Stimulating Is The Stimulus?" dated August 8, 2018, available at gps.bcaresearch.com. 2 Please see BCA China Investment Strategy Special Report, "The Data Lab: Testing The Predictability Of China's Business Cycle," dated November 30, 2017, available at cis.bcaresearch.com. 3 Please see BCA China Investment Strategy Weekly Report, "China Is Easing Up On The Brake, Not Pressing The Accelerator," dated July 26, 2018, available at cis.bcaresearch.com. 4 Please see BCA Geopolitical Strategy Weekly Report, "Political Risks Are Understated In 2018," dated April 12, 2017, available at gps.bcaresearch.com. 5 Please see BCA Geopolitical Strategy Special Report, "China: Looking Beyond The Party Congress," dated July 19, 2017, available at gps.bcaresearch.com. 6 Please see BCA Geopolitical Strategy Special Report, "Geopolitics - From Overstated To Understated Risks," dated November 22, 2017, available at gps.bcaresearch.com. 7 Please see BCA Geopolitical Strategy Special Report, "Politics Are Stimulative, Everywhere But China," dated February 28, 2018, available at gps.bcaresearch.com. 8 Please see BCA Geopolitical Strategy Special Report, "The Wrath Of Cohn," dated July 26, 2017, available at gps.bcaresearch.com. 9 Please see footnote 8 above. 10 Please see BCA Geopolitical Strategy Weekly Report, "Italy, Spain, Trade Wars... Oh My!" dated May 30, 2018, available at gps.bcaresearch.com. 11 Please see Part I of this series in footnote 1 above. 12 Please see BCA China Investment Strategy Weekly Report, "Now What?" dated June 27, 2018, available at cis.bcaresearch.com. Note that according to the new asset management rules, financial institutions will be required to have a risk reserve worth 10% of their fee income, or corresponding risk capital provisions. When the risk reserve balance reaches 1% of the product balance, no further risk provision will be required. We estimate that setting aside these funds will be a form of financial tightening worth about 1.2% of GDP. 13 Please see Liansheng Zheng, "The Macro Prudential Assessment Framework of China: Background, Evaluation and Current and Future Policy," Center for International Governance Innovation, CIGI Papers No. 164 (March 2018), available at www.cigionline.com. 14 Recall that the second category of the MPA consists of bank assets and liabilities. This category also has a rule for broad credit growth, which is that it should not exceed broad money (M2) plus 20%-25%. Therefore passing this part of the exam already requires banks to meet a 28%-33% speed limit on new credit. Assuming that that the pro-cyclical parameter of the CAR category remains at its current minimum of 0.4, then the structural parameter cannot be effectively pushed any lower than 0.6-0.8. The bottom line is that pushing the CAR structural parameter lower is not going to yield a significant increase in the allowable rate of credit growth. 15 To reach this estimate, we began with the fact that the outstanding level of broad credit growth was around 207 trillion RMB by the end of 2017 (that is, loans plus bonds plus equities plus wealth management products and other off-balance-sheet assets). The 2017 growth rate was about 10% and is assumed to be the same in 2018. Therefore broad credit should reach 227.7 trillion by the end of the year. Then, if we assume that all banks lend at the maximum weighted growth rate allowed by adjusting the structural parameter in the MPA CAR requirement (which is 30%), outstanding broad credit would reach 269.1 trillion by the end of the year. Hence an extra 41.4 trillion RMB in broad credit growth would be released. For comparison, please see CITIC Bond Investment, "Deep Analysis: Impact of Parameter Adjustments in the MPA Framework," July 30, 2018, available at www.sohu.com. 16 Based on actual CARs in 2017, the limit to broad credit growth was 17%-22% for large state-owned banks, 10%-20% for joint-equity banks, and 15%-20% for city or rural commercial banks. However, the actual broad credit growth for most banks was a lot lower than that. For example, for all five state-owned banks (nationally systemically important financial institutions), it was below 10%, well beneath the 17%-22% determined by their actual CARs and C*. 17 Under current regulations, the loan provision ratio is 2.5% while the NPL provision coverage ratio is 150%. The higher of the two is the regulatory standard for commercial banks. On February 28, 2018, the China Banking Regulatory Commission issued a notice declaring that the coverage requirement would change to a range of 120%-150%, while the loan provision requirement would change to a range of 1.5%-2.5%. Banks would qualify for the easier requirements according to how accurately they classified their loans, whether they disposed of their bad loans, and whether they maintained appropriate capital adequacy ratios. This could result in a release of about 800 billion RMB worth of provisions that can be kept as core tier-1 capital or support new lending. 18 Please see BCA China Investment Strategy Special Report, "Stress-Testing Chinese Banks," dated July 27, 2016, available at cis.bcaresearch.com. 19 Please see BCA Emerging Markets Strategy Weekly Report, "Mind The Breakdowns," dated July 5, 2018, and Special Report, "Long Indian / Short Chinese Banks," dated January 17, 2018, available at ems.bcaresearch.com. 20 Please see Jamie P. Horsley, "What's So Controversial About China's New Anti-Corruption Body?" The Diplomat, May 30, 2018, available at thediplomat.com. 21 The NSC is operationally very close to the Central Discipline Inspection Commission (CDIC), which is the Communist Party corruption watchdog formerly headed by heavyweight Wang Qishan. It received only a 10% increase in manpower over the CDIC in order to expand its target range by 200% (covering all state agencies and state-linked organizations). It has allegedly meted out 240,000 punishments in the first half of 2018, up from 210,000 during the same period last year and 163,000 in H1 2016. About 28 of these cases were provincial-level cases or higher. The controversy over the "rights of the detained" has been highlighted by the beating of a local government official's limousine driver in one of the organization's first publicly reported actions. The NSC has also arrested local government officials tied to "corruption kingpin" Zhou Yongkang and known for misappropriating budgetary funds, and has secured the repatriation of fugitives who fled abroad and recovered the assets that they stole or embezzled. 22 The provinces include Tianjin, Chongqing, Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, etc. Please see BCA Geopolitical Strategy "Trump, Year Two: Let The Trade War Begin," dated March 14, 2018, available at gps.bcaresearch.com. There is empirical evidence that anti-corruption probes are correlated with debt defaults. Please see Haoyu Gao, Hong Ru and Dragon Yongjun Tang, "Subnational Debt of China: The Politics-Finance Nexus," dated September 12, 2017, available at gcfp.mit.edu. 23 Please see BCA Emerging Markets Strategy Special Report, "China Real Estate: A Never-Bursting Bubble?" dated April 6, 2018, available at ems.bcaresearch.com, and Commodity & Energy Strategy Weekly Report, "Blue Skies Drive China's Steel Policy," dated August 9, 2018, available at ces.bcaresearch.com. 24 Please see "As economy cools, China sets deadline for local government special bond sales," Reuters, dated August 14, 2018, available at www.reuters.com. For more on local government bond issuance, see Part I of this series in footnote 1 above. Note also rumors in Chinese media suggesting that a new local government debt swap program could be launched with the responsibility of tackling off-balance-sheet debts that are guaranteed by local governments. The program has thus far only swapped debts that local governments were obligated to pay. It is not clear what would happen to a third class of local debt, that which is neither an obligation upon local governments nor guaranteed by them but that nevertheless is deemed to serve a public interest. 25 Please see BCA Geopolitical Strategy Weekly Report, "The EM Bloodbath Has Nothing To Do With Trump," dated August 14, 2018, available at gps.bcaresearch.com.

Turkey's unorthodox macroeconomic policies have backfired. The pursuit of economic growth at all costs has created major macroeconomic imbalances including surging inflation, a large current account deficit, extreme reliance on foreign portfolio inflows and foreign borrowing as well as an over-expansion of domestic credit. The nation's financial markets have been in freefall since early this year, hit by external shocks as well as investors' realization that President Erdogan is reluctant to adopt requisite and orthodox macroeconomic policies. The political spat between Turkey and the U.S. over the detention of American pastor Andrew Brunson in the past two weeks was a trigger - not the cause - of the selloff in Turkish financial markets. The basis for the ongoing selloff since early this year has been unsustainable macro policies, and the resulting macroeconomic imbalances. The key questions for investors are whether these ongoing adjustments in Turkey's financial markets and economy have further to go, and how to position in terms of investment strategy going forward. Valuations Have Become Attractive With share prices having dropped by 60% in U.S. dollar terms since their peak at the beginning of the year, Turkish equity valuations have become utterly depressed. The same can be said about the lira. In brief, there is now good value in Turkish financial markets. The lira has reached two standard deviations below fair value, according to the unit labor cost-based real effective exchange rate - which is our favorite currency valuation measure (Chart 1). At the moment, the lira is cheap. That said, if high inflation persists (Chart 2), the currency will appreciate in real terms, even if the nominal exchange rate stays around these levels. Chart 3 demonstrates that the cyclically-adjusted P/E (CAPE) ratio for Turkish stocks is now, two standard deviations below the historical average. Chart 1The Lira Has Become Cheap The Turkish Lira Has Become Cheap The Turkish Lira Has Become Cheap Chart 2Turkey: Inflation Breakout bca.bcasr_sr_2018_08_15_c2 bca.bcasr_sr_2018_08_15_c2 Chart 3Turkish Equities Are Cheap Turkish Equities Are Cheap Turkish Equities Are Cheap Nevertheless, it is essential to recognize that the CAPE ratio is a structural valuation measure - i.e., it is intended to work in the long term, beyond short-term business cycle fluctuations. Furthermore, structural valuation measures assume there is no structural shift in financial markets or the economy. If the Turkish authorities move to impose capital controls and double down on their unorthodox macro policies, there will arguably be a structural shift in the nation's economy and financial markets, and any indicator based on the past, including this CAPE ratio, will lose its relevance. In short, investors who buy Turkish stocks now will have a high probability of making money in the long run - possibly in the next three years or beyond barring structural regime shift. That said, the CAPE ratio is not a useful gauge for investors with short- and medium-term time horizons. Turkish U.S. dollar credit spreads are now the widest in the EM corporate space (1300 basis points). Sovereign spreads have also spiked to 590 basis points, the widest in 9 years, although still below levels that prevailed in the early 2000s (Chart 4). Local currency bonds are yielding 23%, and their total return in U.S. dollars have plunged to new lows (Chart 5). Bottom Line: Valuations, especially for equities and the currency, have become cheap. Chart 4Turkish Sovereign ##br##Spreads Have Broken Out Turkish Sovereign Spreads Have Broken Out Turkish Sovereign Spreads Have Broken Out Chart 5Turkish Local Currency ##br##Bonds Have Collapsed Turkish Local Currency Bonds Have Collapsed Turkish Local Currency Bonds Have Collapsed Adjustment: How Complete Is It? From a macroeconomic perspective, Turkey has been over-spending, especially on foreign goods. Thus, a cheaper currency and higher borrowing costs were needed to force an adjustment - i.e. squeeze spending in general and imports in particular. Although the Turkish exchange rate has weakened dramatically, making imports more expensive, an adjustment in interest rates is still pending. The policy rate - the one-week repo rate - still stands at 17.75% while 3-month interbank rates have spiked to 22% compared with core inflation of 15%. Provided core inflation will rise further following the latest plunge in the lira's value, it is reasonable to conclude that the policy rate in Turkey in real (inflation-adjusted) terms is still low. As we have argued in the past,1 the pre-conditions for turning bullish on Turkey are (1) a very cheap currency (as well as low valuations for other asset classes), (2) reasonably high real policy rates (say between 2-4%) and (3) a switch and an adherence to orthodox macro policies, including the elimination of capital control risks. The first pre-condition - valuations - has been met, as we discussed above. The second pre-condition - high real interest rates - has only partially been met: market-driven interest rates have spiked, yet policy rates are still low. Finally, there has been no sign that Turkish policymakers have embraced more orthodox macro policies. Consequently, the risk of capital controls or additional unorthodox measures remains reasonably high. In term of the real economy, there is presently little doubt that it is heading into a major recession with the banking system under siege. This necessitates considerable bad-asset restructuring. However, financial market valuations have probably already priced these developments in. Bottom Line: Out of three pre-conditions for turning positive, only one and a half have been met. Investment Strategy: Book Profits On Shorts The investment strategy with respect to Turkish financial markets should take into account that valuations have become very attractive, yet uncertainty over policy remains unusually high. In particular, in the case of imposition of capital controls, investors will suffer more losses. Capital controls or other unorthodox measures would represent a structural breakdown, and historical valuation metrics will be of little value. It is impossible to forecast and quantify the probability of capital controls being imposed by Turkey because it is a decision only one individual can take: President Erdogan. Nevertheless, disciplined investors should never ignore extreme valuations. As shown in Charts 1 and 3 above, the currency and equities now trade at two standard deviations below their fair value. Therefore, balancing cheap valuations on the one hand and lingering risks of further unorthodox policies (capital controls in particular) on the other, we recommend the following: 1. Investors who are short should take profits. We are doing this on the following positions: Short TRY / long USD - we reinstated this position on April 19, 2017, and it has generated a 41% gain since that time. The cumulative gain on our short lira position is 65% since January 17, 2011 (Chart 6, top panel). Short Turkish bank stocks - we recommended this trade on April 19, 2017; it has produced a 65% gain since. Prior to this, we shorted banks from June 4, 2013 to January 25, 2017. The cumulative gain on our short bank stocks is 124% in U.S. dollar terms since June 4, 2013 (Chart 6, bottom panel). 2. For absolute return investors, we do not yet recommend going long Turkish assets, even if they are in distressed territory. Domestic policy uncertainty remains high, the U.S. dollar will advance further and the broad EM selloff will continue. It will be difficult for Turkish markets to rally meaningfully in absolute terms amid these headwinds. 3. As to dedicated EM equity and fixed income portfolios (both credit and local currency bonds), we recommend shifting from an underweight to neutral allocation. The odds of continued underperformance and risk of capital controls are somewhat offset by cheap valuations and oversold conditions (Chart 7). Chart 6Book Profits On Turkish Shorts Book Profits On Turkish Shorts Book Profits On Turkish Shorts Chart 7Turkish Fixed Income Markets ##br##Have Been Slammed Turkish Fixed Income Markets Have Been Slammed Turkish Fixed Income Markets Have Been Slammed A neutral stance on Turkey within fully invested EM portfolios would mean that dedicated investors eliminate the risk of being on the wrong side of the market in the case of either potential outperformance or continued underperformance. A Word On Contagion Although the plunge in Turkish markets this past week has certainly unnerved investors and caused selloffs in other vulnerable EMs, it is a mistake to blame this selloff on Turkey alone. BCA's Emerging Markets Strategy team maintains that many EM economies have poor fundamentals and are vulnerable for various reasons.2 In fact, a broad-based selloff in EM financial markets had already commenced earlier this year before the latest events in Turkey began to unfold. In short, recent events in Turkey have acted as an additional trigger - not a cause - for the EM carnage. For example, on the surface, it may seem that the South African rand has plunged due to the turmoil in Turkey. However, this is an incorrect rationalization. Chart 8 demonstrates that the rand and metals prices are very highly correlated. Therefore, the rand's selloff since early this year should be attributed to the broad strength in the U.S. dollar, falling metals prices (negative terms of trade) and poor domestic economic fundamentals that we have discussed extensively in our reports on South Africa. As we outlined in our June 14 report,3 bear markets and crises often develop in phases, where some markets plunge while others show temporary resilience. However, if our big-picture view - that EMs are in a bear market - is correct, then it is only a matter of time before the markets that are still resilient re-couple to the downside with the rest. That said, there are always going to be outperformers and underperformers. Our country allocation recommendations are presented at the end of each report (please refer to pages 9 and 10). Furthermore, investors should not focus solely on the impact of the Turkish crisis on developed financial markets. BCA's Emerging Markets Strategy team maintains that EM financial markets will continue to sell off, and that the downturn will eventually affect DM markets. Remarkably, DM ex-U.S. share prices have failed to recover from the January selloff along with the U.S. equity markets and still hover around their lows for the year (Chart 9). Chart 8The Rand Is Driven By ##br##Metal Prices Not By Turkey The Rand Is Driven By Metal Prices Not By Turkey The Rand Is Driven By Metal Prices Not By Turkey Chart 9No Recovery In DM ##br##ex-U.S. And EM Stocks No Recovery In DM ex-US And EM Stocks No Recovery In DM ex-US And EM Stocks Bottom Line: Woes in EM markets will persist, weighing on DM equities as well. The headwinds are slower global trade (for DM ex-U.S.) and a strong U.S. dollar for the S&P 500. The path of least resistance for the U.S. dollar is up, and U.S. stocks will continue to outperform European and Japanese equities in common currency terms. EM will be the worst performer among all regions. Arthur Budaghyan, Senior Vice President Emerging Markets Strategy & Frontier Markets Strategy arthurb@bcaresearch.com Stephan Gabillard, Senior Analyst stephang@bcaresearch.com 1 Please see the section on Turkey in Emerging Markets Weekly Report titled "The Dollar Rally And China's Imports," dated May 24, 2018, available on page 11. 2 Please see Emerging Markets Strategy Weekly Report titled "Understanding The EM/China Cycles," dated July 19, 2018, available on page 11. 3 Please see Emerging Markets Strategy Weekly Report titled "EM: Sustained Decoupling, Or Domino Effect?" dated June 14, 2018, available on page 11.

Highlights President Trump has little to do with the ongoing EM selloff; The macro backdrop is the real culprit behind Turkey's woes, particularly the strong dollar... ... Which is a product of global policy divergence, with the U.S. stimulating while China pursues growth-constraining reforms; Chinese stimulus is important to watch, as it could change the game, but we do not expect China to save EM as it did in 2015; Turkey's troubles are a product of its late-stage populist cycle and will not end with Trump's magnanimity; The positive spin on the EM bloodbath is that it may force the Fed to slow its rate hikes, prolonging the business cycle. Feature Chart 1EM: Bloodbath EM: Bloodbath EM: Bloodbath Markets are selling off in Turkey and the wider EM economies (Chart 1), with the financial media focusing on the actions taken by the U.S. President Donald Trump in the escalating diplomatic spat between the two countries. Investors should be very clear what it means to ascribe the ongoing selloff to President Trump's aggressive posture with Ankara in particular and trade in general. If President Trump started EM's troubles with his tweets, he can then end them with another late-night missive. This is not our view. Turkey is enveloped in a deep morass of populism and weak fundamentals since at least 2013. What is worse, the ongoing selloff is likely going to ensnare at least the other fragile EM economies and potentially take down EM as an asset class. In this Report, we recount the pernicious macro backdrop - both geopolitical and economic - that EM economies face today. We then focus on Turkey itself and show that President Trump has little to do with the current selloff. The Bloodbath Is Afoot, Again Every financial bubble, and every financial bust, begins with a compelling story grounded in solid fundamentals. The now by-gone EM "Goldilocks Era" (2001-2011) was primarily driven by exogenous factors: a generational debt-fueled consumption binge in DM; an investment-fueled double-digit growth rate in China that kicked off a structural commodity bull market; and the unleashing of pent-up EM consumption/credit demand (Chart 2).1 These EM tailwinds petered out by 2011. Subsequently, China and EM economies entered a major downtrend that culminated in a massive commodity rout that began in 2014. But before the bloodbath could motivate policymakers to initiate painful structural reforms, Chinese policymakers stimulated in earnest. In the second half of 2015, Beijing became unnerved and injected enormous amount of credit and fiscal stimulus into the mainland economy (Chart 3). The intervention, however, did not change the pernicious fundamentals driving EM economies but merely caused "a mid-cycle recovery, or hiatus, in an unfinished downtrend," as our EM strategists have recently pointed out (Chart 4).2 Chart 2Goldilocks Era##BR##Is Over For EM Goldilocks Era Is Over For EM Goldilocks Era Is Over For EM Chart 3Is China About To Cause Another##BR##EM Mid-Cycle Recovery? Is China About To Cause Another EM Mid-Cycle Recovery? Is China About To Cause Another EM Mid-Cycle Recovery? Take Brazil, for example. Instead of using the 2014-2015 generational downturn to double-down on painful fiscal and pension reforms, the country's politicians declared President Dilma Rousseff to be the root-cause of all evil that befell the nation, impeached her in April 2016, and then proceeded to unceremoniously punt all painful reforms until after this year's election (if ever). They were enabled to do so by the "mid-cycle recovery" spurred by Chinese stimulus. In other words, Brazil's policymakers did nothing to actually deserve the recovery in asset prices but got one anyway. The country now will experience "faceoff time" with the markets, with no public support for painful reforms (Chart 5) and hardly an orthodox candidate in sight ahead of the October general election.3 Chart 4Where Are China/EM In The Cycle? Where Are China/EM In The Cycle? Where Are China/EM In The Cycle? Chart 5Brazil's Population Is Not Open To Fiscal Austerity The EM Bloodbath Has Nothing To Do With Trump The EM Bloodbath Has Nothing To Do With Trump Could Brazilian and Turkish policymakers be in luck, as Chinese policymakers have blinked again?4 Our assessment is that the coming stimulus will not be as stimulative as in 2015. First, President Xi's monetary and fiscal policy, since coming into office in 2012, has been biased towards tightening (Chart 6). Second, Chinese leverage has plateaued (Chart 7). In fact, "debt servicing" is now the third-fastest category of fiscal spending growth since Xi came to power (Table 1). Third, the July 31 Politburo statement pledged to make fiscal policy "more proactive" and "supportive," but also reaffirmed the commitment to continue the campaign against systemic risk. Chart 6Xi Jinping Caps##BR##Government Spending And Credit Xi Jinping Caps Government Spending And Credit Xi Jinping Caps Government Spending And Credit Chart 7The Rise And Plateau##BR##Of Macro Leverage The EM Bloodbath Has Nothing To Do With Trump The EM Bloodbath Has Nothing To Do With Trump Whether China's mid-year stimulus will be globally stimulative is now the question for global investors. The key data to watch out of China will be August credit numbers, to be released September 9th through 15th. Is President Trump not to be blamed at all for the EM selloff? What about the trade war against China? If anything, tariffs against China have caused Beijing to "blink" and implement some stimulative measures this summer. If one must find fault in U.S. policy, it is the double dose of fiscal stimulus that has endangered EM economies. A key theme for BCA's Geopolitical Strategy this year has been the idea that global policy divergence would replace the global growth convergence.5 Populist economic stimulus in the U.S. and structural reforms in China would imperil growth in the latter and accelerate it in the former, forming a bullish environment for the U.S. dollar (Chart 8). Table 1Total Government Spending Preferences (Under Leader's General Control) The EM Bloodbath Has Nothing To Do With Trump The EM Bloodbath Has Nothing To Do With Trump Chart 8U.S. Outperformance Should Be Bullish USD U.S. Outperformance Should Be Bullish USD U.S. Outperformance Should Be Bullish USD As such, the White House is partly responsible for the EM selloff, but not in any way that can be changed with a tweet or a handshake. Furthermore, we do not see the upcoming U.S. midterm election as somehow capable of altering the global growth dynamics.6 It is highly unlikely that Democrats will seek to spend less, and they cannot raise taxes under Trump. Bottom Line: EM economies have never adjusted to the end of their Goldilocks era. A surge in global liquidity pushed investors further down the risk-curve, propping up EM assets despite poor macro fundamentals. China's massive 2015-2016 stimulus arrested the bear market, giving investors a perception that EM economies had recovered. This mid-cycle hiatus, however, has now been overtaken by the global policy divergence between Washington and Beijing, which is bullish USD. President Trump's trade tariffs and aggressive pressure on Turkey do not help. However, they are merely the catalyst, not the cause, of the selloff. As such, investors should not "buy" EM on a resolution of China-U.S. trade tensions or of the Washington-Ankara diplomatic dispute. Contagion Risk BCA's Emerging Market Strategy is clear: in all episodes of a major EM selloff, the de-coupling between different regions proved to be unsustainable, and the markets that showed initial resilience eventually re-coupled to the downside (Chart 9).7 One reason to expect contagion risk among all EM markets is that the primary export market for China and other East Asian exporters are other EM economies, particularly the commodity producers (Chart 10). As such, it is highly unlikely that East Asian EM economies will be able to avoid a downturn. In fact, leading indicators of exports and manufacturing, such as Korea's manufacturing shipments-to-inventory ratio and Taiwan's semiconductor shipments-to-inventory ratio herald further deceleration in their respective export sectors (Chart 11). Chart 9Asian And Latin American Equities:##BR##Unsustainable Divergences Asian And Latin American Equities: Unsustainable Divergences Asian And Latin American Equities: Unsustainable Divergences Chart 10EM Trades##BR##With EM EM Trades With EM EM Trades With EM Chart 11Asia Export##BR##Slowdown Is Afoot Asia Export Slowdown Is Afoot Asia Export Slowdown Is Afoot In respect of foreign funding requirements of EM economies, our EM strategists have pointed out that there is a substantive amount of foreign currency debt coming due in 2018 (Table 2), with majority EM economies facing much higher foreign debt burdens than in 1996 (Table 3).8 Investors should not, however, rely merely on debt as percent of GDP ratios for their vulnerability assessment. For example, Malaysia's private sector FX debt load stands at 63.7% of GDP, the second highest level after Turkey. But relative to total exports (a source of revenue for its indebted corporates) and FX reserves (which the central bank can use to plug the gap in the balance of payments), Malaysia actually scores fairly well. Table 2EM: Short-Term (Due In 2018) FX Debt The EM Bloodbath Has Nothing To Do With Trump The EM Bloodbath Has Nothing To Do With Trump Table 3EM Private Sector FX Debt: 1996 Versus Today The EM Bloodbath Has Nothing To Do With Trump The EM Bloodbath Has Nothing To Do With Trump Chart 12 shows the most vulnerable EM economies in terms of foreign currency private sector debt exposure relative to FX reserves and total exports. Unsurprisingly, Turkey stands as the most vulnerable economy, along with Argentina, Brazil, Indonesia, Chile, and Colombia. Chart 12BCA's Emerging Markets Strategy Has Already Pinned Turkey As The Most Vulnerable EM Economy The EM Bloodbath Has Nothing To Do With Trump The EM Bloodbath Has Nothing To Do With Trump Will the EM selloff eventually ensnare DM economies as well, particularly the U.S.? We think yes. The drawdown in EM will bid up safe-haven assets like the U.S. dollar. The dollar can be thought of as America's second central bank, along with the Fed. If both the greenback and the Fed are tightening monetary conditions, eventually the U.S. economy will feel the burn. As such, it is dangerous to dismiss the ongoing crisis in Turkey as a merely localized problem that could, at its worst, spread to other EM economies. In 1997, Thailand played a similar role to that of Turkey. The Fed tightened rates in early 1997 and largely remained aloof of the developing East Asia crisis that eventually spread to Brazil and Russia, ignoring the tumult abroad until September 1998 when it finally cut rates three times. Fed policy easing at the end of 1998 ushered in the stock market overshoot and dot-com bubble, whose burst caused the end of the economic cycle. The same playbook may be occurring today. The Fed, motivated by the strong U.S. economy and fears of being too close to the zero-bound ahead of the next recession, is proceeding apace with its tightening cycle. It is likely to ignore troubles in the rest of the world until the USD overshoots or U.S. equities are impacted directly. At that point, perhaps later this year or early next year, the Fed will back off from tightening, ushering the one last overshoot phase ahead of the recession in 2020 - or beyond. Bottom Line: Research by BCA's EM strategists shows that EM contagion is almost never contained in just a few vulnerable economies. For investors who have to remain invested in EM economies, we would recommend that they go long Chinese equities relative to EM, given that Beijing policymakers are stimulating the economy to ensure that Chinese growth is stabilized. While this will be positive for China, it is likely to fall short of the 2015 stimulus that also stimulated non-China EM. An alternative play is to go long energy producers vs. the rest of EM - given our fundamentally bullish oil view combined with rising geopolitical risks regarding sanctions against Iran.9 We eventually expect EM risks to spur an appreciation in the USD that the Fed has to lean against by either pausing its tightening cycle, or eventually reversing it as it did in the 1997-1998 scenario. This decision will usher in the final blow-off stage in U.S. equities that investors will not want to miss. What About Turkey? Chart 13Turkey: Volatile Politics, Volatile Stocks Turkey: Volatile Politics, Volatile Stocks Turkey: Volatile Politics, Volatile Stocks In 2013, we called Turkey a "canary in the EM coal mine" arguing that its historically volatile financial markets would mean-revert as domestic politics became turbulent (Chart 13).10 Turkey is a deeply divided society equally split between the secularist cities, which are primarily located on the Mediterranean (Istanbul, Izmir, Bursa, Adana, etc.), and the religiously conservative Anatolian interior. This split dates back to the founding of the modern Turkish Republic in the post-World War I era (and in truth, even before that). The ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP), a religiously conservative but initially pro-free-market party, managed to appeal to the conservative Anatolia while neutering the most powerful secularist institution in Turkey, its military. Investors hailed AKP's dominance because it reduced political volatility and initially promised both pro-market policies and even accession to the EU. However, the AKP has struggled to win more than 50% of the popular vote in a slew of elections and referendums since coming to power (Chart 14), a fact that belies its supposed iron-grip hold on Turkish politics since it came to power in 2002. The vulnerability behind AKP's hold on office has largely motivated President Recep Tayyip Erdogan's attempt to consolidate political power. While we disagree with the consensus view that Erdogan's constitutional changes have turned Turkey into a dictatorship, some of his actions do suggest a deep fear of losing power.11 Populist leadership is characterized by a strategy of "giving people what they want" so that the policymakers in charge remain in office. Erdogan's perpetually slim hold on power has motivated several populist policy decisions that have stretched Turkey's macro fundamentals. First, Turkey's central bank has essentially been conducting quantitative easing since 2013 via net liquidity injections into the banking system (Chart 15). Notably, these injections began at the same time as the May 2013 Gezi Park protests, which saw a huge outpouring of anti-government sentiment across Turkey's large cities. Essentially, politics has been motivating Ankara's monetary policy over the past five years. Chart 14AKP's Stranglehold On Power Is Overstated The EM Bloodbath Has Nothing To Do With Trump The EM Bloodbath Has Nothing To Do With Trump Chart 15Turkey's Populist Policies Began##BR##With Gezi Park Protests Turkey's Populist Policies Began With Gezi Park Protests Turkey's Populist Policies Began With Gezi Park Protests Second, Turkey's current account balance has suffered under the weight of rising energy costs, with no attempt to improve the fiscal balance (Chart 16). The government has done little in terms of structural reforms or fiscal austerity, instead President Erdogan has continued to challenge central bank independence on interest rates, despite a clear sign that the country is experiencing a genuine inflationary breakout (Chart 17). Chart 16Populism Means No Austerity Is In Sight Populism Means No Austerity Is In Sight Populism Means No Austerity Is In Sight Chart 17Genuine Inflation Breakout Genuine Inflation Breakout Genuine Inflation Breakout Overall, Turkey is a classic example of how populism in a highly divided and polarized country can get out of control. Foreign investors have long assumed that Erdogan's populism was benign, if not even positive, given the presumably ample political capital at the president's disposal. However, with every election or referendum, the government did not double-down on pro-market structural reforms. Instead, the pressure on the central bank only increased while Turkey's expensive and extravagant geopolitical adventures in neighboring Syria accelerated. In this pernicious macro context, it has not taken much to knock Turkey's assets off balance. President Trump's threats to expand sanctions to Turkish trade are largely irrelevant, given that the vast majority of Turkey's exports and FDI sources are non-American (Chart 18). However, given past behavior - such as after the shadowy Gülen "plot" to take over power or the 2016 coup d'état - markets are by now conditioned to expect that Turkish policymakers will double-down on populist policies in the face of renewed pressure. Chart 18Turkey-U.S. Relationship Is Not Economic Turkey-U.S. Relationship Is Not Economic Turkey-U.S. Relationship Is Not Economic What of Turkey's membership in NATO? Should investors fear broader geopolitical instability due to the domestic crisis? No. Ankara has used its membership in NATO, and particularly the U.S. reliance on its Incirlik air base in southern Turkey, as levers in previous negotiations and diplomatic spats with Europe and the U.S. If Ankara were to renege on its commitments to the Western military alliance, it would likely face a united front from Europe and the U.S. As such, we would expect Turkey neither to threaten exit from NATO, which it has not done in the past, nor even to threaten U.S. operations in Incirlik, which Erdogan's government has threatened before. The most likely outcome of the ongoing diplomatic spat, in fact, would be to see Ankara give in to U.S. demands, given the accelerating financial and economic crisis. Such an outcome, however, will not arrest the downturn. Turkey's economy and assets are fundamentally under pressure due to the realization by investors that this year's main macro theme is not the resynchronized global growth recovery, but rather the global policy divergence between the U.S. and China, which has appreciated the U.S. dollar. No amount of kowtowing by Ankara will change this macro trend. Bottom Line: The list of Turkish policy sins is long. Erdogan's reign has been characterized by deep polarization and populism, leading to suboptimal policy choices since at least 2013. The latest U.S.-Turkey spat is therefore merely one of many problems plaguing the country. As such, its resolution will not be a buying opportunity for investors. Investment Implications Our main investment theme in 2018 was that the global policy divergence between the U.S. and China - emblematized by fiscal stimulus in the U.S. and structural reforms in China - would end the global growth resynchronization. As the U.S. economy outperformed the rest of the world, the U.S. greenback would appreciate, imperiling EM economies. The best cognitive roadmap for today is the late 1990s, when the U.S. economy continued to grow apace as the rest of the world suffered from an EM crisis. The problems eventually washed onto American shores in the form of a stronger dollar, forcing the Fed to back off from tightening in mid-1998. Policy easing then led to the overshoot phase in U.S. equities in 1999. Investors should prepare for a similar roadmap by being long DXY relative to EM currencies, long DM equities (particularly U.S.) relative to EM equities, and tactically cautious on all global risk assets. Strategically, however, it makes sense to remain overweight equities as a Fed capitulation would be a boon for risk assets. If the current selloff in EM gets worse, we would expect that the Fed would again back off from tightening as it did in 1998, ushering in a blow-off stage in equities ahead of the next recession. Once the dollar peaks and EM assets bottom, U.S. equities will become the laggard, with global cyclicals outperforming. A secondary conclusion is that President Trump's trade rhetoric in general, and aggressive policies towards Turkey in particular, are merely a catalyst for the selloff. As such, if President Trump changes his mind, we would fade any rally in EM assets. The fundamental policy decisions that have led to the greenback rally have already been taken in 2017 and early 2018. The profligate tax cuts and the two-year stimulative appropriations bill, combined with Chinese policymakers' focus on controlling financial leverage, are the seeds of the current EM imbroglio. Finally, a small bit of housekeeping. We are booking gains on our long Malaysian ringgit / short Turkish lira trade for a gain of 51.2% since May. We are also closing our speculative long Russian equities relative to EM trade for a loss of -0.9% as a result of the persistent headwind from U.S. sanctions. Marko Papic, Senior Vice President Chief Geopolitical Strategist marko@bcaresearch.com 1 Please see BCA Geopolitical Strategy Special Report, "The Coming Bloodbath In Emerging Markets," dated August 12, 2015, available at gps.bcaresearch.com. 2 Please see BCA Emerging Markets Strategy Weekly Report, "Understanding The EM/China Cycles," dated July 19, 2018, available at ems.bcaresearch.com. 3 Please see BCA Emerging Markets Special Report, "Brazil: Faceoff Time," dated July 27, 2018, available at ems.bcaresearch.com. 4 Please see BCA Geopolitical Strategy Special Report, "China: How Stimulating Is The Stimulus?" dated August 8, 2018, available at gps.bcaresearch.com. 5 Please see BCA Geopolitical Strategy Strategic Outlook, "Three Questions For 2018," dated December 13, 2017, and Weekly Report, "Upside Risks In U.S., Downside Risks In China," dated January 17, 2018, available at gps.bcaresearch.com. 6 Please see BCA Geopolitical Strategy Weekly Report, "Will Trump Fail The Midterm?" dated April 18, 2018, available at gps.bcaresearch.com. 7 Please see BCA Emerging Markets Strategy Weekly Report, "EM: Sustained Decoupling, Or Domino Effect?" dated June 14, 2018, available at ems.bcaresearch.com. 8 Please see BCA Emerging Markets Strategy Special Report, "A Primer On EM External Debt," dated June 7, 2018, available at ems.bcaresearch.com. 9 Please see BCA Geopolitical Strategy and Commodity & Energy Strategy Special Report, "U.S., OPEC Talk Oil Prices Down; Gulf Tensions Could Become Kinetic," dated July 19, 2018, available at gps.bcaresearch.com. 10 Please see BCA Geopolitical Strategy Monthly Report, "Turkey: Canary In The EM Coal Mine?" in "The Coming Political Recapitalization Rally," dated June 13, 2013, available at gps.bcaresearch.com. 11 Please see BCA Geopolitical Strategy and Emerging Markets Strategy Weekly Report, "Turkey: Deceitful Stability," in "EM: The Beginning Of The End," dated April 19, 2017, available at ems.bcaresearch.com.

This week we are publishing Part 1 of an overview of the cyclical profiles of emerging market (EM) economies. This all-in-charts presentation illustrates the business cycle conditions of the largest EMs. The aim of this report is to provide investors with a quick assessment of where each EM economy stands. In addition, we provide our view on each market. The rest of the countries will be covered in next week’s Part 2. Chart A CHART A CHART A Chart B CHART B CHART B Korea: Overweight Equities Korea: Overweight Equities CHART 1 CHART 1 Korea: Overweight Equities CHART 2 CHART 2 Korea: Overweight Equities CHART 3 CHART 3 ...But Negative On Currency ...But Negative On Currency CHART 6 CHART 6 ...But Negative On Currency CHART 4 CHART 4 ...But Negative On Currency CHART 5 CHART 5 ...But Negative On Currency CHART 7 CHART 7 Taiwan: Overweight Equities But... Taiwan: Overweight Equities... CHART 8 CHART 8 Taiwan: Overweight Equities... CHART 10 CHART 10 Taiwan: Overweight Equities... CHART 9 CHART 9 Taiwan: Overweight Equities... CHART 11 CHART 11 ...Absolute Return Investors Should Mind Cracks In Semi Sector ...Absolute Return Investors Should ##br##Mind Cracks In Semi Sector CHART 12 CHART 12 ...Absolute Return Investors Should ##br##Mind Cracks In Semi Sector CHART 13 CHART 13 India: Remain Overweight India: Remain Overweight CHART 14 CHART 14 India: Remain Overweight CHART 17 CHART 17 India: Remain Overweight CHART 15 CHART 15 India: Remain Overweight CHART 16 CHART 16 India: Strong Domestic Growth & Advanced NPL Recognition India: Strong Domestic Growth & ##br##Advanced NPL Recognition CHART 18 CHART 18 India: Strong Domestic Growth & ##br##Advanced NPL Recognition CHART 20 CHART 20 India: Strong Domestic Growth & ##br##Advanced NPL Recognition CHART 19 CHART 19 India: Strong Domestic Growth & ##br##Advanced NPL Recognition Cyclical Profiles Of EM Economies: Part 1 Cyclical Profiles Of EM Economies: Part 1 South Africa: On Shaky Foundations - Underweight South Africa: On Shaky Foundations CHART 22 CHART 22 South Africa: On Shaky Foundations CHART 23 CHART 23 South Africa: On Shaky Foundations CHART 24 CHART 24 South Africa: On Shaky Foundations CHART 25 CHART 25 South Africa: Strong Consumption, No CAPEX And No Competitiveness South Africa: Strong Consumption, ##br##No CAPEX And No Competitiveness CHART 26 CHART 26 South Africa: Strong Consumption, ##br##No CAPEX And No Competitiveness CHART 28 CHART 28 South Africa: Strong Consumption, ##br##No CAPEX And No Competitiveness CHART 27 CHART 27 South Africa: Strong Consumption, ##br##No CAPEX And No Competitiveness CHART 29 CHART 29 Brazil: Heading Towards A Fiscal Debacle - Underweight Brazil: Heading Towards A Fiscal Debacle CHART 30 CHART 30 Brazil: Heading Towards A Fiscal Debacle CHART 31 CHART 31 Brazil: Heading Towards A Fiscal Debacle CHART 32 CHART 32 Brazil: More Downside In Financial Assets Brazil: More Downside In Financial Assets CHART 33 CHART 33 Brazil: More Downside In Financial Assets CHART 35 CHART 35 Brazil: More Downside In Financial Assets CHART 34 CHART 34 Brazil: More Downside In Financial Assets CHART 36 CHART 36 Mexico: Domestic Fundamentals Are Improving - Overweight Mexico: Domestic Fundamentals Are Improving CHART 44 CHART 44 Mexico: Domestic Fundamentals Are Improving CHART 45 CHART 45 Mexico: Domestic Fundamentals Are Improving CHART 46 CHART 46 Mexico: External Sector Is Faring Well Mexico: External Sector Is Faring Well CHART 47 CHART 47 Mexico: External Sector Is Faring Well CHART 49 CHART 49 Mexico: External Sector Is Faring Well CHART 48 CHART 48 Russia: Orthodox Monetary And Fiscal Policies Russia: Orthodox Monetary And Fiscal Policies CHART 37 CHART 37 Russia: Orthodox Monetary And Fiscal Policies CHART 38 CHART 38 Russia: Orthodox Monetary And Fiscal Policies CHART 39 CHART 39 Russia: Orthodox Monetary And Fiscal Policies CHART 40 CHART 40 Russia: Gradual Cyclical Improvements - On Upgrade Watchlist Russia: Gradual Cyclical Improvements CHART 40 CHART 40 Russia: Gradual Cyclical Improvements CHART 42 CHART 42 Russia: Gradual Cyclical Improvements CHART 43 CHART 43 Turkey: A Genuine Inflation Breakout Amidst Credit Excesses Turkey: A Genuine Inflation ##br##Breakout Amidst Credit Excesses CHART 50 CHART 50 Turkey: A Genuine Inflation ##br##Breakout Amidst Credit Excesses CHART 51 CHART 51 Turkey: A Genuine Inflation ##br##Breakout Amidst Credit Excesses CHART 54 CHART 54 Turkey: A Genuine Inflation ##br##Breakout Amidst Credit Excesses CHART 52 CHART 52 Turkey: A Genuine Inflation ##br##Breakout Amidst Credit Excesses CHART 53 CHART 53 Turkey: Still In Dangerous Territory - Underweight Turkey: Still In Dangerous Territory CHART 55 CHART 55 Turkey: Still In Dangerous Territory CHART 58 CHART 58 Turkey: Still In Dangerous Territory CHART 56 CHART 56 Turkey: Still In Dangerous Territory CHART 57 CHART 57 Equity Recommendations Fixed-Income, Credit And Currency Recommendations

Highlights Seasonal capacity restrictions in China during the winter heating months - when pollution from steel mills is particularly high - and continued efforts to limit particulate emissions in major cities will drive steel prices higher. The steel rebar market in China is backwardated, indicating physical markets are tight; inventories have been falling since mid-March. We expect prices to remain elevated going into the winter months, when capacity restrictions kick in. Ongoing capacity reductions in steelmaking will favor higher-grade iron ores, which will widen price differentials versus lower-grade ores. We are recommending a long China rebar futures on the SHFE in 1Q19 vs short 62% Fe iron ore futures on the Dalian DCE in 1Q19 at tonight's close, based on our research. Energy: Overweight. Loadings of Iranian crude are expected to be curtailed beginning this month, as the November 4 deadline for the imposition of U.S. secondary sanctions kick in. Our base case calls for the loss of 500k b/d of exports from Iran; our ensemble forecast includes an estimate of 1mm b/d. Base Metals: Neutral. BHP asked the Chilean government to intervene in the strike called by unions at its Escondida mine. Union officials delayed strike action while talks are being held. Negotiators have until August 14 to reach an agreement. Reuters reported Chile's copper production was up 12.3% y/y in 1H18 to 2.83mm MT.1 Precious Metals: Neutral. U.S. sanctions on trading gold and precious metals with Iran went into effect earlier this week. Ags/Softs: Underweight. Chinese imports of U.S. soybeans could fall 10mm MT over the next year, if pig and chicken farmers switch to lower-protein feed and substitutes like sunflower seeds, and boost local production of the legume, state-run news service Xinhua reported.2 The USDA expects U.S. exports of 55.52mm MT of soybeans in the 2018 - 19 crop year, down 1.22mm MT from last year. Feature Steel prices have performed exceptionally since the beginning of 2Q18, seemingly oblivious to Sino - U.S. trade tensions, a stronger USD, and risks to China's economy roiling other metal markets (Chart of the Week). The MySteel Composite Index we use to track steel prices is up 7% since the beginning of April. With demand growth leveling off, steel's price dynamics highlight the continued relevance of the market's supply-side developments. Most notably, Beijing's battle for blue skies: Winter capacity curbs, and, to a lesser extent, ongoing efforts to retire older, highly polluting capacity will keep prices elevated over the next 9 months. Winter Curbs: China's New Normal As we highlighted in our April 12 weekly, despite the much-ballyhooed reductions in China's steel capacity over the 2017 - 18 winter months, markets in China and globally remained relatively well supplied over the winter.3 However, several key changes this year suggest the impact of these measures will intensify this time around, keeping producers constrained in their ability to ramp up production of the metal. For one, the data suggest strong production levels amid the anti-pollution curbs last winter were a result of an increase in output from regions unaffected by the capacity restrictions (Chart 2). This went a long way in muting the impact of the restrictions in the heavily industrialized Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region of northern China. Chart of the WeekSteel Oblivious To Pessimism Steel Oblivious To Pessimism Steel Oblivious To Pessimism Chart 22017/18 Winter Cuts: A Net Non-Event Blue Skies Drive China's Steel Policy Blue Skies Drive China's Steel Policy This year's curbs will broaden the regions targeted by anti-pollution restrictions. The campaign will encompass 83 cities, up from last year's 28, thereby reducing the potential production ramp up from regions not covered by these measures (Chart 3). This coming winter's closures will cover regions where producers traditionally account for 68% of China's steel output (Chart 4). Chart 3Second Annual Winter Capacity ##br##Restrictions Will Broaden Coverage... Blue Skies Drive China's Steel Policy Blue Skies Drive China's Steel Policy Chart 4...And##br## Impact Blue Skies Drive China's Steel Policy Blue Skies Drive China's Steel Policy The anti-pollution campaign is one of the three battles prioritized in Xi Jinping's plan for the coming years. These curbs will be implemented during the October 1, 2018 to March 31, 2019 heating season, extending the duration from last year's mid-November to Mid-March period. Because the minimal effect observed per last year's closures was due to specifying too narrow a range of plants and regions, not to non-compliance, we expect the measures announced for this coming winter to be fully implemented. These measures come amid already-tight market conditions. The steel rebar market in China is in backwardation - meaning a physical shortage is pushing up prompt prices relative to those further out the curve. Inventories have been falling since mid-March, reflecting supply-demand dynamics in other steel product markets. Thus, we expect prices to remain elevated going into the winter months. Capacity Impacts Are Difficult To Gauge Opaqueness and discretionary authority in the new rules clouds the outlook on how anti-pollution reforms will impact the steel market. This makes it difficult to estimate their impact with precision. This time around, China's State Council announced that curbs will be implemented in a more scientific and targeted approach, ensuring maximum efficiency to attain the targets. This means the constraints this year will depend on emissions in each region, which will be set at the discretion of local authorities.4 For example, steel mills in six key cities including Tianjin, Shijiazhuang, Tangshan, Handan, Xingtai and Anyang will be asked to keep capacity below 50% this winter, while producers in the rest of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region will keep production running at less than 70% of capacity. Furthermore, a draft plan by the city of Changzhou - which planned to implement the curbs beginning August 3 - suggests production curbs may vary by company, depending on operational situations and emission levels.5 These restrictions are applied to capacity, rather than production. Without up-to-date and accurate information on crude steel-making capacity across the different regions, it is extremely difficult to accurately quantify the impact. Specifics of the plans are up to the discretion of local authorities. Thus, these restrictions can be applied to different stages in the steel-making process (Diagram 1), impacting furnaces, pig iron or sintering plants. In some cases, the output curbs are not only restricted to the winter heating months. Several regions have been implementing curbs throughout the year on an as-needed basis. The cities of Tangshan and Changzhou are two such examples, implementing restrictions during the summer months as well. Furthermore, all industrial plants in the city of Xuzhou remain shut. High profit margins at steel mills may incentivize the shuttered illegal furnaces to restart. The industry ministry acknowledges this threat, and claims it will carry out checks on these producers to ensure they do not come back online. Diagram 1Steelmaking Production Process: Restrictions Can Be Applied To Different Stages Blue Skies Drive China's Steel Policy Blue Skies Drive China's Steel Policy Without full knowledge of these details, quantifying the impact of these restrictions is a challenge. Morgan Stanley estimates the impact of these curbs on steel output to be 78mm MT during the winter period by assuming capacity utilization is restricted to 50% in the key cities, while the rest of the areas cut capacity by 30%. The estimated production loss from these restrictions accounts for 9% of China's 2017 crude steel output.6 China's Ongoing Capacity-Reduction Reforms Most of the planned permanent capacity shutdowns have already taken place. Of the targeted 150mm MT of cuts between 2016 and 2020, 115mm MT have already taken place over the past two years. Furthermore, 1H17 witnessed the closure of all illegal induction furnaces producing sub-par quality steel, estimated to account for 140mm MT of crude steel capacity (Table 1).7 Table 1De-Capacity Reforms Still Ongoing Blue Skies Drive China's Steel Policy Blue Skies Drive China's Steel Policy We expect the magnitude of cutbacks to slow considerably. Even though the industry ministry issued a statement in February that it plans to meet steel capacity reduction targets this year - two years ahead of schedule. Furthermore, mills face restrictions on new steel capacity. China's State Council announced it intends to prevent new steel capacity additions in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Guangdong province, and Yangtze River Delta regions, and a cap set at 200mm MT in Hebei by 2020. The capacity replacement plan, which allows a maximum of 0.8 MT of new capacity for each MT of eliminated capacity, will ensure capacity does not grow going forward. In fact, not all mills are eligible to take advantage of the replacement policy. Among others, now-shuttered induction furnace capacity, as well as producers that previously benefited from cash and policy support will not meet the requirements for this program. Steel And Iron Ore Prices Will Not Reconverge As a result of China's reform policies in the steel industry, iron ore prices have diverged from steel. Reduced steel production lowers demand for raw materials, including iron ore. This is reflected in falling Chinese iron ore imports amid contracting production (Chart 5). Chart 5Weak Demand For Iron Ore Weak Demand For Iron Ore Weak Demand For Iron Ore Chart 6EAF Penetration In China: Still Some Catching Up To Do Blue Skies Drive China's Steel Policy Blue Skies Drive China's Steel Policy China's reform and anti-pollution campaigns have had serious consequences on iron ore markets. For starters, China is encouraging the adoption of electric arc furnaces (EAF), rather than additional new blast furnaces.8 While the latter primarily uses iron ore, the former uses scrap steel. EAF penetration in China's steel industry significantly lags the rest of the world (Chart 6). This means that even if the capacity-replacement program allows eliminated furnaces to be replaced with newer, more up-to-date capacity, this will not spur demand for iron ore. Instead, we expect to see higher scrap steel prices (Chart 7). Furthermore, as we first highlighted in our January report, China's anti-pollution campaign coupled with high steel profit margins has incentivized the use of higher grade iron ore and iron ore pellets, widening the price spread between high- and low- grade ores (Chart 8).9 Chart 7EAFs Support Scrap Steel Demand EAFs Support Scrap Steel Demand EAFs Support Scrap Steel Demand Chart 8IO Grade Premiums Will Remain Elevated IO Grade Premiums Will Remain Elevated IO Grade Premiums Will Remain Elevated While high-grade ores are more expensive, they emit less pollution in the steelmaking process. Similarly, unlike fines, pellets which are direct charge feedstock, are not required to undergo the highly polluting sintering stage and can be fed directly into the furnace. China's Steel Dynamics Overshadow Global Markets The ongoing supply-side reforms in China are overshadowing events in other markets. Globally, steel is expected to remain in physical deficit this year (Chart 9). This is largely on the back of an increase in world ex-China demand, and the decline in Chinese supply, despite expectations of weaker Chinese demand, and increased supply from the rest of the world (Table 2). Chart 9Physical Steel Deficit Will Persist... Blue Skies Drive China's Steel Policy Blue Skies Drive China's Steel Policy Table 2...Despite Weaker Chinese Demand And Stronger RoW Supply Blue Skies Drive China's Steel Policy Blue Skies Drive China's Steel Policy These figures do not consider the impact of the ongoing Sino - U.S. trade dispute, which could evolve into a full-blown trade war, weighing on EM incomes and demand. In such a scenario, global demand for steel would take a hit, potentially shifting global markets into surplus. In theory, trade barriers on U.S. steel imports could lead to weaker domestic supply for American users and at the same time, leave more of the metal for use by the rest of the world. The net effect of that would be a higher price for American steel relative to the rest of the world. However, since May, 20,000 requests for steel tariff exemptions have been filed in the U.S., of which the Commerce Department has denied 639. To the extent that American steel users are able to obtain tariff exemptions, the impact of the barriers on global steel markets will be muted. Bottom Line: We expect China's steel market to tighten as we go into the winter season, during which capacity cuts will be broadened to 82 cities, from last year's 28. This will keep steel prices elevated. At the same time, we expect prices of 62% Fe material and lower iron ore grades to weaken, as appetite for the steelmaking raw material contracts during these months. Mills still running in the mid-November to mid-March period will have a preference for higher-grade ores and pellets, keeping premiums on these grades elevated. Barring a significant demand-side shock, expect more upside to steel prices and downside to iron ore prices over the coming 9 months. Based on our research, we are recommending a long China rebar futures on the SHFE in 1Q19 vs. short 62% Fe iron ore futures on the Dalian DCE in 1Q19 at tonight's close. Roukaya Ibrahim, Editor/Strategist Commodity & Energy Strategy RoukayaI@bcaresearch.com 1 Please see "BHP asks for government mediation in talks at Chile's Escondida," published August 6, 2018, by uk.reuters.com. 2 Please see "Economic Watch: China can cut soybean imports in 2018 by over 10 mln tonnes," published August 5, 2018, by xinhuanet.com. 3 Please see Commodity & Energy Strategy Weekly Report titled "Chinese Steel, Aluminum Markets Well Supplied Despite Winter Capacity Cuts," dated April 12, 2018, available at ces.bcaresearch.com. 4 Please see "Chinese steel output cuts to vary from mill to mill next winter," dated July 21, 2018, available at reuters.com. 5 The restrictions will not only apply to the city's steel mills, but also to copper smelters, chemical makers as well as cement producers. Please see "China's Changzhou plans to enforce output curbs in steel, chemical plants," dated July 30, 2018, available at reuters.com. 6 Please see "Shanghai steel resumes rise, coke rallies as China eyes winter curbs," dated August 2, 2018, available at reuters.com. 7 Low-quality steel produced by induction furnaces, also referred to as ditiaogang, is made by melting scrap steel using induction heat, preventing sufficient control over the quality of the steel. Platts estimates ditiaogang production in 2016 to be 30-50mm MT. As we explain in our September 7, 2017 Weekly Report titled "Slow-Down In China's Reflation Will Temper Steel, Iron Ore In 2018," given that ditiaogang is illegal, these closures are not reflected in official steel production figures. Thus the closures of these mills have no impact on actual steel production, but instead raise the capacity utilization rates for Chinese steel producers. 8 China launched a carbon trading system in January 2018, which penalizes blast furnace operators with higher environmental taxes relative to EAF processes. 9 Please see Commodity & Energy Strategy Weekly Report titled "China's Environmental Reforms Drive Steel & Iron Ore," dated January 11, 2018, available at ces.bcaresearch.com. Investment Views and Themes Recommendations Strategic Recommendations Tactical Trades Commodity Prices and Plays Reference Table Blue Skies Drive China's Steel Policy Blue Skies Drive China's Steel Policy Trades Closed in 2018 Summary of Trades Closed in 2017 Blue Skies Drive China's Steel Policy Blue Skies Drive China's Steel Policy

Highlights China is turning moderately reflationary, but Xi's reform agenda will remain a drag on the economy, as China will not entirely abandon the "Reform Reboot" that began last October. Fiscal spending, rather than a sharp acceleration in credit growth, will dominate China's reflationary efforts, and even a strong fiscal response would involve more "soft infrastructure" than in the past. Consequently, expectations that Chinese reflation will dramatically reverse both the looming export shock as well as the underlying slowdown in China's old economy are not likely to be met. The goal of policymakers is merely to prevent a substantial, uncontrolled downturn in domestic demand. Convincing signs that China is likely to end up overstimulating in a way that results in a net positive for the global economy would cause us to advocate a more pro-cyclical investment stance. There is a small chance this may occur, but it is far from our base case view. For now, stay neutrally positioned towards Chinese stocks within a global equity portfolio, and favor low-beta sectors within the Chinese investable universe. Feature Today's Weekly Report is abridged, as we are sending you part 1 of a 2-part report written by my colleague Matt Gertken, Associate Vice President of BCA's Geopolitical Strategy (GPS) service. Last year our geopolitical team made the case that China's General Secretary Xi Jinping would double down on his reform agenda in 2018, specifically the bid to control financial risk. This view has played out quite well, and today's report presents an assessment of the likely impact of China's recent stimulus announcements along with the implications for investors. Matt's report concludes that China is turning moderately reflationary: a substantial boost to fiscal thrust, and possibly a smaller boost to credit growth, is in the works. Yet Xi's reform agenda will remain a drag on the economy, as China will not entirely abandon the "Reform Reboot" that began last October. This will be discussed next week in the second-part of the two-part series. Today's GPS report is quite timely, as the intensity of China's reflationary efforts is at the forefront of investor attention. BCA's China Investment Strategy (CIS) argued in our July 26 Weekly Report that China is taking its foot off of the brake rather than pressing the accelerator,1 meaning that so far the stimulus announced has fallen short of a substantially reflationary response that would dramatically reverse both the looming export shock as well as the underlying slowdown in China's old economy. Chart 1 shows that market signals are so far consistent with this view, at least in terms of fiscal and/or infrastructure spending. The chart shows how domestic infrastructure stocks are outperforming the broad domestic market (in response to news two weeks ago of stepped up infrastructure spending), but that their performance remains anemic relative to global stocks. Presumably, "big bang" fiscal spending in China would cause the earnings outlook for domestic infrastructure stocks to brighten considerably relative to the global average. Matt notes in today's joint report that even a strong fiscal response would involve more "soft infrastructure" than in the past, and for now investors do not seem to be betting on an intense, "hard infrastructure" boom. Chart 1The Performance Of Infrastructure Stocks Does Not Herald "Big Bang" Stimulus The Performance Of Infrastructure Stocks Does Not Herald "Big Bang" Stimulus The Performance Of Infrastructure Stocks Does Not Herald "Big Bang" Stimulus Chart 2At First Blush, This Implies Maximum Reflationary Efforts At First Blush, This Implies Maximum Reflationary Efforts At First Blush, This Implies Maximum Reflationary Efforts However, one development that is not consistent with CIS' "foot off the brake" view is the extraordinary decline in interbank interest rates that has occurred over the past month. Chart 2 shows that the 3-month interbank repo rate (China's "de-facto" policy rate) has collapsed even further than it had when we published our July 26 report which, at first blush, suggests that the PBOC has turned the policy dial to maximum reflation. Chart 3 presents a stylized view of the possible PBOC reactions to the imposition of U.S. tariff imposition against China. In scenario 1, the PBOC eases policy in a way that is proportional to the tariff-induced deterioration in the growth outlook, which would stabilize the economy but not result in an acceleration in growth from conditions in place prior to the impact of tariffs on exports. In scenario 2, the PBOC stimulates disproportionately, giving investors license to expect that monetary easing will result in a growth outcome that is net positive. Chart 3A Proportional Monetary Response To A Deceleration In Growth Isn't A Net Positive For The World Somewhere Between Fire And Ice Somewhere Between Fire And Ice As Matt notes in his report, the decline in interbank interest rates may not feed through into significantly stronger credit growth if banks are afraid to lend, which could occur as long as the Xi administration remains even partially committed to its crackdown on the financial sector. The decline in the repo rate may not reflect the PBOC's intention to forcefully stimulate credit growth via lower borrowing rates, but rather is a necessary consequence of substantially increasing liquidity in the banking system to avoid any financial system instability stemming from a major shock to exports. We agree that the collapse in the 3-month repo rate is more consistent with scenario 2 than scenario 1, although there are two important counterpoints to consider: Chart 4Possibly Due To Rising NIMs, Rather Than A Significant Acceleration In Credit Growth Possibly Due To Rising NIMs, Rather Than A Significant Acceleration In Credit Growth Possibly Due To Rising NIMs, Rather Than A Significant Acceleration In Credit Growth On the second point, the crackdown on shadow banking over the past 18 months has substantially (negatively) impacted small Chinese banks, and it is conceivable that the PBOC has acted to prevent a liquidity problem from become an outright solvency problem for some financial institutions. If true, this suggests that the extent of the decline in the repo rate may be temporary, or that policymakers will employ other tools to limit the feedthrough from lower interbank borrowing costs to lending rates in the real economy in order to limit the resulting pickup in credit growth. The latter option would, in effect, purposely engineer an expansion in bank net interest margins, a scenario that could explain the recent uptick in domestic bank relative performance without resorting to a forecast of surging credit growth (Chart 4). What does this all mean for investors? Were we to see convincing signs that China is likely to end up overstimulating in a way that results in a net positive for the global economy, we would recommend a more pro-cyclical investment stance. This could likely include the constituent assets of the China Play Index presented by my colleague Mathieu Savary, Vice President of BCA's Foreign Exchange Strategy service in his last Weekly Report,2 and we plan on employing the index as a gauge of investors' stimulus expectations. But for now, we are comfortable with our existing recommendations: investors should remain neutrally positioned towards Chinese stocks within a global equity portfolio, and should favor low-beta sectors within the Chinese investable universe. We will be monitoring the upcoming export shock as well as further policymaker responses continually over the coming weeks and months, and invite investors to come along for the ride. Stay tuned! Jonathan LaBerge, CFA, Vice President Special Reports jonathanl@bcaresearch.com 1 Please see BCA Research's China Investment Strategy Special Report "China Is Easing Up On The Brake, Not Pressing The Accelerator," published July 26, 2018. Available at cis.bcaresearch.com. 2 Please see BCA Research's Foreign Exchange Strategy Weekly Report "The Dollar And Risk Assets Are Beholden To China's Stimulus," published August 3, 2018. Available at fes.bcaresearch.com. Cyclical Investment Stance Equity Sector Recommendations

Highlights Xi Jinping is trying to do two things at once: ease policy while cracking down on systemic financial risk; The trade war with the U.S. is a genuine crisis for China and is eliciting fiscal stimulus; Credit growth is far more likely to "hold the line" than it is to explode upward or collapse downward; The 30% chance of a policy mistake from financial tightening has fallen to 20% only, as bad loan recognition is underway and a critical risk to monitor; Hedge against the risk of a stimulus overshoot. Feature "We have upheld the underlying principle of pursuing progress while ensuring stability." - Xi Jinping, General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, October 18, 2017 "Any form of external pressure can eventually be transformed into impetus for growth, and objectively speaking will accelerate supply-side structural reforms." - Guo Shuqing, Secretary of the China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission, July 5 Last year we made the case that China's General Secretary Xi Jinping would double down on his reform agenda in 2018, specifically the bid to control financial risk, and that this would bring negative surprises to global financial markets as policymakers demonstrated a higher pain threshold.1 This view has largely played out, with economic policy uncertainty spiking and a bear market in equities developing alongside an increase in corporate and even sovereign credit default risk (Chart 1). We also argued, however, that Xi's "deleveraging campaign" would be constrained by the Communist Party's need for overall stability. Trade tensions with the U.S., and Beijing's perennial fear of unemployment, would impose limits on how much pain Beijing would ultimately tolerate: The Xi administration will renew its reform drive - particularly by curbing leverage, shadow banking, and local government debt. Growth risks are to the downside. But Beijing will eventually backtrack and re-stimulate, even as early as 2018, leaving the reform agenda in limbo once again.2 Over the past month, China has clearly reached its pain threshold: authorities have announced a series of easing measures in the face of a slowing economy, a trade war, and a still-negative broad money impulse (Chart 2). Chart 1Policy Uncertainty Up, Stocks Down Policy Uncertainty Up, Stocks Down Policy Uncertainty Up, Stocks Down Chart 2PMI Falling, Money Impulse Still Negative PMI Falling, Money Impulse Still Negative PMI Falling, Money Impulse Still Negative How stimulating is the stimulus? Will it lead to a material reacceleration of the Chinese economy? What will it mean for global and China-dedicated investors? We expect policy to be modestly reflationary. A substantial boost to fiscal thrust, and at least stable credit growth, is in the works. Yet Xi's reform agenda will remain a drag on the economy. While this new stimulus will not have as dramatic an effect as the stimulus in 2015-16, it will have a positive impact relative to expectations based on China's performance in the first half of the year. We advise hedging our negative EM view against a rally in China plays and upgrading expectations for Chinese growth in 2019. The policy headwind is receding for now. Xi Jinping's "Three Tough Battles" Xi will not entirely abandon the "Reform Reboot" that began last October. From the moment he came to power in 2012-13, he pursued relatively tight monetary and fiscal policy. Total government spending growth has dropped substantially under his administration, while private credit growth has been capped at around 12% (Chart 3). Chart 3Xi Jinping Caps Government Spending And Credit Xi Jinping Caps Government Spending And Credit Xi Jinping Caps Government Spending And Credit Xi partly inherited these trends, as China's credit growth and nominal GDP growth dropped after the massive 2008 stimulus. But he also embraced tighter policy as a way of rebalancing the economy away from debt-fueled, resource-intensive, investment-led growth. A comparison of government spending priorities between Xi and his predecessor makes Xi's policy preferences crystal clear: the Xi administration has increased spending on financial and environmental regulation, while minimizing subsidies for housing and railways to nowhere (Table 1 and 2). Table 1Central Government Spending Preferences (Under Leader's Immediate Control) China: How Stimulating Is The Stimulus? China: How Stimulating Is The Stimulus? Table 2Total Government Spending Preferences (Under Leader's General Control) China: How Stimulating Is The Stimulus? China: How Stimulating Is The Stimulus? These policies are "correct" insofar as they are driven not merely by Xi's preferences but by long-term constraints: The middle class: Pollution and environmental degradation threaten the living standards of the country's middle class. Broadly defined, this group has grown to almost 51% of the population, a level that EM politicians ignore only at their peril (Chart 4). Asset bubbles: The rapid increase in China's gross debt-to-GDP ratio since 2008 is a major financial imbalance that threatens to undermine economic stability and productivity as well as Beijing's global aspirations (Chart 5). The constraint is clear when one observes that "debt servicing" is the third-fastest category of fiscal spending growth since Xi came to power (Table 2). Chart 4Emerging Middle Class A Latent Political Risk Emerging Middle Class A Latent Political Risk Emerging Middle Class A Latent Political Risk Chart 5The Rise And Plateau Of Macro Leverage China: How Stimulating Is The Stimulus? China: How Stimulating Is The Stimulus? The problem is that Xi also faces a different, shorter-term set of constraints arising from China's declining potential GDP, "the Middle-Income Trap," and the threat of unemployment.3 The interplay of these short- and long-term constraints has forced Xi to vacillate in his policies. In 2015, the threat of an economic "hard landing," ahead of the all-important mid-term party congress in 2017, forced him to stimulate the "old" industrial economy and sideline his reforms. Only when he had consolidated power over the Communist Party in 2016-17 could he resume pushing the reform agenda.4 In July 2017, Xi announced the so-called "Three Critical Battles" against systemic financial risk, pollution, and poverty. The three battles are interdependent: continuing on the capital-intensive economic model will overwhelm any efforts to cut excessive debt or pollution (Chart 6), yet sudden deleveraging could derail the Communist Party's basic claim to legitimacy through improving the lot of poor Chinese. The macroeconomic impact of the three battles is broadly deflationary, as credit growth falls and industries restructure. The first battle - the financial battle - will determine the outcome of the other two battles as well as the growth rate of China's investment-driven economy, Chinese import volumes, and emerging market stability (Chart 7). Chart 6Credit Stimulus Correlates With Pollution Credit Stimulus Correlates With Pollution Credit Stimulus Correlates With Pollution Chart 7Credit Determines Growth And Imports Credit Determines Growth And Imports Credit Determines Growth And Imports On July 31, in the midst of worldwide speculation about China's willingness to stimulate, Xi reaffirmed this "Three Battles" framework. Remarkably, despite a general slowdown, a sharp drop in the foreign exchange rate, the revival of capital flight, and a bear market, he announced that the battle against systemic financial risk would continue in the second half of 2018. However, he also admitted that domestic demand needed a boost in the short term. Hence there should be no doubt in investors' minds about the overarching policy framework or Xi Jinping's intentions in the long run. The question driving the markets today is what China will do in the short term and whether it will initiate a material reacceleration in economic activity. Bottom Line: Xi Jinping remains committed to the reform agenda that he has pursued since coming to power in 2012. But he is forced by circumstances to vary the pace and intensity. At the top of the agenda is the control of systemic financial risk. This is a policy driven by the belief that China's economic and financial imbalances threaten to undermine its overall stability and global rise. Why The Shift Toward Easier Policy? The gist of the July 31 Politburo statement was that policy will get more dovish in the short term. It mentioned "stability" five times. The Politburo pledged to make fiscal policy "more proactive" and to find a better balance between preventing financial risks and "serving the real economy." This direct promise from Xi Jinping of more demand-side support gives weight to the State Council's similar statement on July 23 and will have reflationary consequences above and beyond the central bank's marginal liquidity easing thus far. What is motivating this shift in policy, which apparently flies in the face of Xi's high-profile deleveraging campaign? If we had to name a single trigger for China's change of tack, it is not the economic slowdown so much as the trade war with the United States. The war began when the U.S. imposed sanctions on Chinese firm ZTE in April and China depreciated the RMB, but it escalated dramatically when the U.S. posted the Section 301 tariff list in June (Chart 8).5 This is a sea change in American policy that is extremely menacing to China. China runs a large trade surplus and has benefited more than any other country from the past three decades of U.S.-led globalization. Its embrace of globalization is what enabled the Communist Party to survive the fall of global communism! Chart 8More Than Market Dynamics At Work More Than Market Dynamics At Work More Than Market Dynamics At Work Chart 9China Is Less Export-Dependent China Is Less Export-Dependent China Is Less Export-Dependent True, China has already seen its export dependency decline (Chart 9). But Beijing has so far managed this transition gradually and carefully, whereas a not-unlikely 25% tariff on $250-$500 billion of Chinese exports will hasten the restructuring beyond its control (Chart 10). A very large share of China's population is employed in manufacturing (Chart 11). To the extent that the tariffs actually succeed in reducing external demand for Chinese goods, these jobs will be affected. Chart 10Tariffs Will Add More Pain To Factory Workers Tariffs Will Add More Pain To Factory Workers Tariffs Will Add More Pain To Factory Workers Chart 11Manufacturing Unemployment A Huge Threat Manufacturing Unemployment A Huge Threat Manufacturing Unemployment A Huge Threat Unemployment is anathema to the Communist Party. And China is simply not as experienced as the U.S. in dealing with large fluctuations in unemployment (Chart 12). While Chinese workers will blame "foreign imperialists" and rally around the flag, the pain of unemployment will eventually cause trouble for the regime. Domestic demand as well as exports will suffer. It is even possible that worker protests could evolve into anti-government protests. Chart 12China Not Experienced With Layoffs China Not Experienced With Layoffs China Not Experienced With Layoffs Given that Chinese and global growth are already slowing, it is no surprise that the Politburo statement prioritized employment.6 China's leaders will prepare for social instability as the worst possible outcome of the showdown with America - and that will push them toward stimulus. In addition, there will be no short-term political cost to Xi Jinping for erring on the side of stimulus, as there is no opposition party and the public is not demanding fiscal and monetary austerity. Moreover, the main macro implication of Xi's decision last year to remove term limits - enabling himself to be "president for life" in China - is that his reforms do not have to be achieved by any set date. They can be continually procrastinated on the basis that he will return to them later when conditions are better.7 The policy response to tariffs from the Trump administration also signals another policy preference: perseverance. Xi would not be straying from his reform priorities if not for a desire to counter American protectionism. China is not interested in kowtowing but would rather gird itself for a trade war. Still, our baseline view is that the Xi administration will stimulate without abandoning the crackdown on shadow lending or launching a massive "irrigation-style" credit surge that exacerbates systemic risk.8 Policy will be mixed, as Xi is trying to do two things at once. Bottom Line: China's slowdown and the outbreak of a real trade war with the United States is forcing Xi Jinping to ease policy and downgrade the urgency of his attempt to tackle systemic financial risk this year. Can Fiscal Easing Overshoot? Yes. How far will China's policy easing go? China has a low level of public debt, and fiscal policy has been tight, so we fully expect fiscal thrust to surprise to the upside in the second half of the year, easily by 1%-2% of GDP, possibly by 4% of GDP. A remarkable thing happened this summer when researchers at the People's Bank of China and the Ministry of Finance began debating fiscal policy openly. Such debates usually occur during times of abnormal stress. The root of the debate lay in the national budget blueprint laid out in March at the National People's Congress. There, without changing official rhetoric about "proactive fiscal policy," the authorities revealed that they would tighten policy this year, with the aim of shrinking the budget deficit from 3% of GDP target in 2017 to 2.6% in 2018. The IMF, which publishes a more realistic "augmented" deficit, estimates that the deficit will contract from 13.4% of GDP to 13% (Chart 13). This fiscal tightening coincided with Xi's battle against systemic financial risk. Hence both monetary and fiscal policy were set to tighten this year, along with tougher regulatory and anti-corruption enforcement.9 Thus it made sense on May 8 when the Ministry of Finance revealed that the quota for net new local government bond issuance this year would increase by 34% to 2.18 trillion RMB. This quota governs new bonds that go to brand new spending (i.e. it is not to be confused with the local government debt swap program, which eases repayment burdens but does not involve a net expansion of debt). Local government spending is the key because it makes up the vast majority (85%) of total government spending, which itself is about the same size as new private credit each year. Chart 13Fiscal Tightening Was The Plan For 2018 China: How Stimulating Is The Stimulus? China: How Stimulating Is The Stimulus? Table 3Local Government Bond Issuance And Quota China: How Stimulating Is The Stimulus? China: How Stimulating Is The Stimulus? In June, local governments took full advantage of this opportunity, issuing 316 billion RMB in brand new bonds (up from a mere 17 billion in May - an 11.8% increase year-on-year) (Table 3). This spike in issuance is later than in previous years. Combined with the Politburo and State Council pledging to boost fiscal policy and domestic demand, it suggests that net new issuance will pick up sharply in H2 2018 (Chart 14).10 Chart 14Local Government Debt Can Surprise In H2 China: How Stimulating Is The Stimulus? China: How Stimulating Is The Stimulus? Chart 15June Issuance Surged, Special Bonds To Pick Up China: How Stimulating Is The Stimulus? China: How Stimulating Is The Stimulus? At the same time, the risk that special infrastructure spending will fall short this year is receding. About 1.4 trillion RMB of the year's new bond allowance consists of special purpose bonds to fund projects. The State Council said on July 23 it would accelerate the issuance of these bonds, since, at most, only 27% of the quota was issued in the first half of the year (Chart 15). The risk of a shortfall - due to stricter government regulations over the quality of projects - is thereby reduced. What is the overall impact of these moves? The Chinese government provides an annual "debt limit" that applies to the grand total of explicit, on-balance-sheet, local government debt. The limit increased by 11.6% for 2018, to 21 trillion RMB (Table 4), which, theoretically, enables local governments to splurge on a 4.5 trillion RMB debt blowout. Should that occur, 2.6 trillion RMB of that amount, or 3% of GDP, would be completely unexpected new government spending in 2018 (creating a positive fiscal thrust).11 Table 4Local Government Debt Quota Is Not A Constraint China: How Stimulating Is The Stimulus? China: How Stimulating Is The Stimulus? Such a blowout may not be likely, but it is legally allowed - and the political constraints on new issuance have fallen with the central government's change of stance. This means that local governments' net new bond issuance can move up toward this number. More feasibly, local governments could increase their explicit debt to 19.3 trillion RMB, a 920 billion RMB increase on what is expected, which would imply 1% of GDP in new spending or "stimulus" in 2018.12 The above only considers explicit, on-balance-sheet debt. Local governments also notoriously borrow and spend off the balance sheet. The total of such borrowing was 8.6 trillion RMB at the end of 2014, but there is no recent data and the stock and flow are completely opaque.13 The battle against systemic risk is supposed to curtail such activity this year. But the newly relaxed supervision from Beijing will result in less deleveraging at minimum, and possibly re-leveraging. Similarly, the government has said it is willing to help local governments issue refinancing bonds to deal with the spike in bonds maturing this year.14 This frees them up to actually spend or invest the money they raise from brand new bonds. In short, our constraints-based methodology suggests that the risk lies to the upside for local government debt in 2018, given that it is legal for debt to increase by as much as 2.5 trillion RMB, 3% of GDP, over the 1.9 trillion RMB increase that is already expected in the IMF's budget deficit projections for 2018. What about the central government? Its policy stance has clearly shifted. The central government could quite reasonably expand the official budget deficit beyond the 2.6% target. Indeed, that target is already outdated given that new individual tax cuts have been proposed, which would decrease revenues (add to the deficit) by, we estimate, a minimum of 0.44% of GDP over a 12-month period starting in October.15 Other fiscal boosts have also been proposed that would add an uncertain sum to this amount.16 The total of these measures can quite easily add up to 1% of GDP, albeit with the impact mostly in 2019. Finally, the strongest reason to err on the side of an upward fiscal surprise is that an expansion of fiscal policy will allow the Xi administration to boost demand without entirely relying on credit growth. First, local governments are actually flush with revenues due to strong land sales (Chart 16), which comprise around a third of their revenues. This enables them to increase spending even before they tap the larger debt allowance. Second, China's primary concern about financial risk is due to excessive corporate (and some household) leverage, particularly by state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and shadow banking. It is not due to public debt per se. It is entirely sensible that China would boost public debt as it attempts to limit leverage. In fact, this would be the Zhu Rongji playbook from 1998-2001. This was the last time that China announced a momentous three-year plan to crack down on profligate lending, hidden debts, and credit misallocation. The authorities deliberately expanded fiscal policy to compensate for the anticipate credit crunch and its drag on GDP growth (Chart 17).17 Chart 16Land Sales Enable Non-Debt Fiscal Spending Land Sales Enable Non-Debt Fiscal Spending Land Sales Enable Non-Debt Fiscal Spending Chart 17China Boosted Fiscal During Last Bad Debt Purge China Boosted Fiscal During Last Bad Debt Purge China Boosted Fiscal During Last Bad Debt Purge As for the impact on the economy, the money multiplier will be meaningful because the economy is slowing and fiscal policy has been tight. But fiscal spending does operate with a six-to-ten month lag, meaning that China/EM-linked risk assets will move long before the economic data fully shows the impact. Our sense, judging by the unenthusiastic response of copper prices thus far, is that the market does not anticipate the fiscal overshoot that we now do. Bottom Line: The political constraints on local government spending have fallen. Fiscal policy could add as much as 1%-3% of GDP to the budget deficit in H2 2018, namely if local government spending is unleashed by the recently announced policy shift. This is comparable to the 4% of GDP fiscal boost in 2008-09 and 3% in 2015-16. Can Monetary Easing Overshoot? Yes, But Less Likely. Credit is China's primary means of stimulating the economy, especially during crisis moments, and it has a much shorter lag period than fiscal spending (about three months). But Xi's agenda makes the use of rapid, credit-fueled stimulus more problematic. Based on the sharp drop in the interbank rate - in particular, the three-month interbank repo rate that BCA's Emerging Markets Strategy and China Investment Strategy use as a proxy for China's benchmark rate - it is entirely possible that credit growth will increase to some degree in H2 2018. Interbank rates have now fallen almost to 2016 levels, while the central bank never hiked the official 1-year policy rate during the recent upswing (Chart 18). In other words, the monetary setting has now almost entirely reversed the financial crackdown that began in 2017. The sharp drop in the interbank rate is partly a consequence of the three cuts to required reserve ratios (RRRs) this year, which amounts to 2.8 trillion RMB in new base money from which banks can lend.18 One or two more RRR cuts are expected in H2 2018, which could free up another roughly 800 billion-to-1.6 trillion RMB in new base money. With China accumulating forex reserves at a slower pace than in the past, and facing a future of economic rebalancing away from exports and growing trade protectionism, RRRs can continue to decline over the long run (Chart 19). China will not need to sterilize as large of inflows of foreign exchange.19 Chart 18Monetary Settings Back To Easy Levels Monetary Settings Back To Easy Levels Monetary Settings Back To Easy Levels Chart 19RRR Cuts Can Continue RRR Cuts Can Continue RRR Cuts Can Continue If China's banks and borrowers respond as they have almost always done, then credit growth should rise. The risk to this assumption is that the banks may be afraid to lend as long as the Xi administration remains even partially committed to its financial crackdown. Moreover, the anti-corruption campaign is continuing to probe the financial sector. While this has only produced a handful of anecdotes so far, they are significant and may have helped cause the decline in loan approvals since early 2017. Critically, China has begun the process of recognizing non-performing loans (NPLs), by requiring that "special mention loans" be reclassified as NPLs, thus implying that NPL ratios will spike, especially among small and regional lenders (Chart 20). This is part of the deleveraging process we expect to continue, but it can take on a life of its own and will almost certainly weigh on credit growth to some extent for as long as it continues. Chart 20NPL Recognition Underway (!) NPL Recognition Underway (!) NPL Recognition Underway (!) Chart 21Three Scenarios For Private Credit In H2 2018 China: How Stimulating Is The Stimulus? China: How Stimulating Is The Stimulus? What will be the prevailing trend: monetary easing or the financial crackdown? In Chart 21 we consider three scenarios for the path of overall private credit growth (total social financing, ex-equity) for the rest of the year, with our subjective probabilities: In Scenario A, 10% probability, we present an extreme case in which Beijing panics over the trade war and the banks engage in a 2009-style lending extravaganza. Credit skyrockets up to the 2010-17 average growth rate. This would mark a massive 11.9 trillion RMB or 13.8% of GDP increase in excess of the amount implied by the H1 2018 data. This size of credit spike would be comparable to the huge spikes that occurred during past crises, such as the 22% of GDP increase in 2008-09 or the 9% of GDP increase in 2015-16. Needless to say, this is not our baseline case, but it could materialize if the trade war causes a global panic. In Scenario B, 70% probability, we assume, more reasonably, that traditional yuan bank loans are allowed to rise toward their average 2010-17 growth rate as a result of policy easing, yet Xi maintains the crackdown on non-bank credit in accordance with this "Three Battles" framework. Credit growth would still decelerate in year-on-year terms, but only just: it would fall from 12.3% in 2017 to 11.5% in 2018. Additional policy measures could easily bump this up to a modest year-on-year acceleration, of course. This scenario would result in a credit increase worth 2.9 trillion RMB or 3.4% of GDP on top of the level implied by H1 2018. In Scenario C, 20% probability, we assume that the 2018 YTD status quo persists: bank credit and non-bank credit continue growing at the bleak H1 2018 rate. The administration's attempt to maintain the crackdown on financial risk could frighten banks out of lending. This would mean no credit increase in 2018 beyond what is naturally extrapolated from the H1 2018 data. Credit growth would slow from 12.3% to 10.7% in 2018. This scenario would be surprising, but not entirely implausible given that the Politburo is insisting on continuing the Three Battles. The collapse in interbank rates and the easing measures already undertaken - such as reports that the Macro-Prudential Assessments will lighten up, and that the People's Bank is explicitly softening banks' annual loan quotas20 - lead us to believe that Scenario B is most likely, and possibly too conservative. This is the scenario most consistent with the latest Politburo statement: that authorities will continue the campaign against systemic risk, namely through the policy of "opening the front door" (traditional bank loans go up) and "closing the back door" (shadow lending goes down), which began in January. The Chinese government has always considered control of financial intermediation to be essential. The only way to reinforce the dominance of the state-controlled banks, while preventing a sharp drop in aggregate demand, is to allow them to grow their loan books while regulators tie the hands of their shadow-bank rivals (Chart 22). Chart 22Opening The Front Door, Closing The Back Opening The Front Door, Closing The Back Opening The Front Door, Closing The Back One factor that could evolve beyond authorities' control is the velocity of money. Money velocity is essentially a gauge of animal spirits. If a single yuan changes hands multiple times, it will drive more economic activity, but if it is deposited away for a rainy day, then the bear spirit is in full force. Thus, if credit growth accelerates, but money in circulation changes hands more slowly, then nominal GDP can still decelerate - and vice versa.21 China's money velocity suffered a sharp drop during the tumult of 2015, recovered along with the policy stimulus in 2016, and has tapered a bit in 2018 in the face of Xi's deleveraging campaign. Yet it remains elevated relative to 2012-16 and clearly responds at least somewhat to policy easing. The implication is that money velocity should remain elevated or even pick up in H2. Again, the risk to this view is that Xi's ongoing battle against financial risk, and anti-corruption campaign in the financial sector, could suppress money velocity as well as credit growth. Bottom Line: We see a subjective 70% chance that the drop in credit growth will be halted or reversed in H2 as a result of the central bank's liquidity easing and the Politburo's willingness to let traditional bank lending grow while it discourages shadow lending. Our baseline case says the impact could amount to new credit worth 3.4% of GDP in H2 2018 that markets do not yet expect. Investment Conclusions Beijing's shift in policy suggests that our subjective probability of a policy mistake this year, leading to a sharp economic deceleration, should be reduced from 30% to 20% (Credit Scenario C above).22 Why is this dire scenario still carrying one-to-five odds? Because we fear that the financial crackdown and rising NPLs could take on a life of their own. Meanwhile the risk of aggressive re-leveraging has risen from 0% to 10% (Credit Scenario A above). Summing up, Table 5 provides a simple, back-of-the-envelope estimate of the size of both fiscal and monetary policy measures as a share of GDP. Table 5Potential Magnitude Of Easing/Stimulus China: How Stimulating Is The Stimulus? China: How Stimulating Is The Stimulus? Our bias is to expect a strong fiscal response combined with a weak-to-moderate credit response. This would reflect the Xi administration's desire to prevent asset bubbles while supporting growth. A more proactive fiscal policy harkens back to China's handling of its last financial purge in 1998-2001. If banks prove unable or unwilling to lend sufficiently, additional fiscal expansion will pick up the slack. New local government debt can surprise by 1% of GDP or more, while formal bank lending amidst an ongoing crackdown on shadow lending could add new credit of around 3.4% of GDP and hence mitigate or halt the slowdown in credit growth. The combined effect would be an unexpected boost to demand worth 4.4% of GDP in H2 2018, which would exert an unknown, but positive, multiplier effect. We are replacing our "Reform Reboot" checklist, which has seen every item checked off, with a new "Stimulus Checklist" that we will monitor going forward (Appendix). Chart 23How To Monitor The Stimulus Impact How To Monitor The Stimulus Impact How To Monitor The Stimulus Impact Neither the size of this stimulus, nor the composition of fiscal spending, will be quite as positive for EM/commodities as were past stimulus efforts. China's investment profile is changing as the reform agenda seeks to reduce industrial overcapacity and build the foundations for stronger household demand and a consumer society. Increases in fiscal spending today will involve more "soft infrastructure" than in the past. We recommend reinstituting our long China / short EM equity trade, using MSCI China ex-tech equities. We also recommend reinitiating our long China Big Five Banks / short other banks trade, to capture the disparity of the financial crackdown's impact. To capture the new upside risk for global risk assets, our colleague Mathieu Savary at BCA's Foreign Exchange Strategy has devised a "China Play" index that is highly sensitive to Chinese growth - it includes iron ore prices, Swedish industrial stocks, Brazilian stocks, and EM junk bonds (all in USD terms), as well as the Aussie dollar-Japanese yen cross. BCA Geopolitical Strategy also recommends this trade as a portfolio hedge to our negative EM view (Chart 23).23 A major risk to the "modest reflation" argument in this report will materialize if the RMB depreciates excessively in response to the escalating trade war (Trump will likely post a new tariff list on $200 billion worth of goods in September).24 This could result in renewed capital outflows breaking through China's capital controls, the PBC appearing to lose control, EM currencies and capital markets getting roiled, EM financial conditions tightening sharply, and global trade and growth slowing sharply. China would ultimately have to stimulate more (moving in the direction of Credit Scenario A above), but a market selloff would occur first and much economic damage would be done. Matt Gertken, Associate Vice President Geopolitical Strategy mattg@bcaresearch.com Qingyun Xu, Senior Analyst qingyun@bcaresearch.com Yushu Ma, Contributing Editor yushum@bcaresearch.com 1 Please see BCA Geopolitical Strategy Weekly Report, "Political Risks Are Understated In 2018," dated April 12, 2017, available at gps.bcaresearch.com. 2 Please see BCA Geopolitical Strategy Special Report, "China: Looking Beyond The Party Congress," dated July 19, 2017, available at gps.bcaresearch.com. 3 Please see The Bank Credit Analyst Special Report, "A Long View Of China," dated December 28, 2017, available at bca.bcaresearch.com. 4 The fact that he began tightening financial policy in late 2016 and early 2017 was especially significant because only a very self-assured leader would attempt something so risky ahead of a midterm party congress. 5 Please see BCA Geopolitical Strategy Weekly Reports, "Trump, Year Two: Let The Trade War Begin," dated March 14, 2018, and "Trump's Demands On China," dated April 4, 2018, available at gps.bcaresearch.com. 6 The statement declared in its first paragraph that China would "maintain the stability of employment," with employment being the first item in a list. A similar emphasis on employment has not been seen in Politburo statements since the troubled year of 2015, and it has not been mentioned substantively in 11 key meetings since the nineteenth National Party Congress last October. 7 Please see footnote 2 above. 8 After the State Council meetings on July 23 and 26, Vice-Minister of Finance Liu Wei elaborated on the government's thinking: "These [measures] further add weight to the overall broad logic at the start of the year ... It isn't at all that the macro-economy has undergone any major volatility, and we are not undertaking any irrigation-style, shock-style measures." Please see "Beijing Sheds Light On Plans For More Active Fiscal Policy," China Banking News, July 27, 2018, available at www.chinabankingnews.com. 9 Our colleagues in BCA's Emerging Markets Strategy service have dubbed this policy "triple tightening." Please see BCA Emerging Markets Strategy Weekly Report, "EM And China: A Deleveraging Update," dated November 8, 2017, available at gps.bcaresearch.com. 10 This spike in net new issuance in the single month of June is equivalent to 19.8% of the total net new issuance in 2017. It is also much higher than the average monthly issuance in 2014-17 or in 2017 alone. However, since June and July have typically seen the largest spikes in new issuance, it will be critical to see if new issuance in 2018 remains elevated after July. Notably, local government bond issuance is currently divided between brand new bonds, debt swap bonds, and refinancing bonds, but the debt swap program will expire in August, and the refinancing bonds are separate, meaning that a larger share of the allowed new issuance will involve new spending. 11 The IMF expects the change in local government explicit debt this year to be 1.9 trillion RMB. That is, a rise from 16.5 trillion existing to 18.4 trillion estimated. 12 This number is derived by assuming that total debt reaches 92.2% of the debt limit in 2018, which is the share it reached in 2015 (since 2015 the share has fallen to 87.5% in 2017). However, 2015 was a year of fiscal easing, so it is not unreasonable to apply this ratio to 2018 as an upper estimate, now that the government's easing signal is clear. One reason that local governments have been increasing debt more slowly than allowed was that the central government was tightening investment restrictions, for instance on urban rail investment. Many new subway projects of second-tier cities have been suspended, and after raising the qualifications for subway and light rail, the majority of third- and fourth-tier cities were not qualified to build urban rail at all. As a result, local governments' investment intentions were dropping. Now this may change. 13 This estimate comes from the Ministry of Finance. The previous estimate was from the National Accounting Office and stood at 7 trillion RMB as of June 2013. 14 Maturities will spike in the coming years, so this policy signal suggests that further support for refinancing will be forthcoming. There are even unconfirmed rumors of a second phase of the local government debt swap program, which would cover "hidden debt." 15 We say "minimum" because we do not include projections of the impact of tax deductions, lacking details. We only estimate the headline savings to household incomes - loss to government revenues - based on the increase of the individual income tax eligibility threshold and the reduction in tax rates for different income brackets. 16 Additional fiscal measures include corporate tax cuts, R&D expense credits, VAT rebates, and reductions in various fees. 17 Please see BCA Geopolitical Strategy Monthly Report, "What Geopolitical Risks Keep Our Clients Awake?" dated March 9, 2016, available at gps.bcaresearch.com. 18 In fact it is more like 1.9 trillion due to strings attached, but a fourth or even fifth RRR cut could push it 3.5 trillion for the year, assuming the average 800 billion cut. 19 Ultimately this trend will result in tightening liquidity conditions in China, but for now forex reserves are not draining massively, while the RRR cuts are easing domestic liquidity. 20 Please see "China Said To Ease Bank Capital Rule To Free Up More Lending," Bloomberg, July 25, and "China's Central Bank Steps Up Effort To Boost Lending," August 1, 2018, available at www.bloomberg.com. 21 Please see BCA Emerging Markets Strategy Special Report, "Ms. Mea Challenges The EMS View," dated October 19, 2017, available at ems.bcaresearch.com. 22 Please see BCA Research Special Report, "China: Party Congress Ends ... So What?" dated November 2, 2017, available at bca.bcaresearch.com. 23 Please see BCA Foreign Exchange Strategy Weekly Report, "The Dollar And Risk Assets Are Beholden To China's Stimulus," dated August 3, 2018, available at fes.bcaresearch.com. 24 Please see BCA Global Investment Strategy Weekly Report, "Three Macro Paradoxes Are About To Come True," dated August 3, 2018, available at gis.bcaresearch.com. Appendix China: How Stimulating Is The Stimulus? China: How Stimulating Is The Stimulus? China: How Stimulating Is The Stimulus? China: How Stimulating Is The Stimulus?

Highlights The 2018 dollar rally is principally the consequence of the slowdown in global industrial activity and global trade, itself a reverberation of China's efforts to de-lever and reform its economy. For China, reforms and deleveraging are here to stay, suggesting the dollar rally and EM rout are not over. However, in response to U.S. President Donald Trump's trade battling, China is stimulating its economy in order to limit its own downside. The chances of miscalculation on the part of Beijing are high. This raises the risk that investors begin pricing in a much more aggressive reflation campaign. Such a reflation campaign would cause a correction in the dollar and give more lift to the current rebound in EM assets. In order to track this risk and hedge it, investors should monitor and buy a portfolio made up of iron ore, Brazilian equities, AUD/JPY, Swedish industrial equities and EM high-yield bonds. Feature Many assign the strength in the dollar this year to the Federal Reserve increasing interest rates at a faster pace than other advanced economies. While monetary divergences seems like both a historically plausible and intuitive explanation, it rings hallow. The Fed was hiking rates at a much faster pace than the rest of the world last year, yet the dollar had a horrendous 2017, falling 10%. In our view, the trend in global growth has had a much more important role in explaining the dollar's performance. When global trade and global industrial production is strong, this normally leads to a period of weakness in the dollar. The opposite also holds true; soft global growth is associated with a strong dollar (Chart I-1). Behind this relationship lies the low-beta nature of the U.S. economy. Since its economy is not as levered to exports and manufacturing as the rest of the world is, the U.S. benefits less when global growth is improving (Chart I-2). As a result, when global growth is on the up and up, investors can upgrade the economic and inflation outlook for Europe faster than they can for the U.S. In the process, long-term rate expectations rise faster in Europe than the U.S., attracting money into Europe and out of the U.S. The process can be replicated across most economies outside the U.S. This hurts the dollar. Chart I-1The Dollar Likes ##br##Poor Global Growth The Dollar Likes Poor Global Growth The Dollar Likes Poor Global Growth Chart I-2The U.S. Economy Is Less##br## Sensitive To Global Growth The Dollar And Risk Assets Are Beholden To China's Stimulus The Dollar And Risk Assets Are Beholden To China's Stimulus To understand the outlook for the greenback, it is crucial to understand the outlook for global economic activity. Many commentators have pinned the blame of slowing global growth on the back of rising protectionism. The problem with this thesis is that global growth began slowing before investors took protectionist risks seriously. Instead, in our view, the key culprit behind the global growth slowdown has been policy tightening in China. Therein lies the issue. China has slowed, and President Xi Jinping is signaling that his administration will continue to push ahead with deleveraging the Chinese economy. This should imply weaker industrial growth in China and in the rest of the world and therefore a stronger dollar. However, with protectionism on the rise, the Chinese authorities are announcing virtually every day new measures to soften the blow to the Chinese economy. This stimulus could support global growth, and hurt the dollar, at least tactically. Our Geopolitical Strategy team believes the desire to reform and de-lever the Chinese economy will ultimately prevail, and thus so will a stronger dollar. However, the growing list of stimulus measures implemented in China supports our thesis, articulated last month, that a counter-trend correction in the dollar will first materialize before the greenback rally begins anew.1 As such, we continue to recommend investors hedge their long USD bets, and that traders with a short-term horizon take advantage of a portfolio we propose in this report. China Drives Growth And Returns Differentials We have long argued that China has a disproportionate role in determining what happens to growth outside the U.S. To some extent, this argument is almost tautological: at PPP exchange rates, China produces 24% of global GDP outside the U.S. But there is more than meets the eye to this argument. China is the world largest investor, with Chinese capital investment accounting for 26% of global capital formation, or 6.5% of the world's GDP. This means that the growth rate of Chinese investment has a large direct impact on global industrial good exports around the world. There is a second-round effect as well: China is also the largest consumer of industrial commodities globally. This implies that China is the marginal consumer and thus the price-setter of many natural resources. However, commodity producers account for a large share of global capex, 10.5% from 2004 to 2017. Thus, through its impact on commodity prices, China also impacts the demand for global industrial and capital goods via the capex needs of commodity exports. This large footprint can result in some counterintuitive relationships. For example, why is it that Chinese economic variables explain so well the gyrations of French exports to Germany, its largest export market (Chart I-3)? This conundrum is explained by the fact that German economic activity is deeply affected by Chinese growth. Since German growth is the key determinant of German imports, it follows that Chinese activity plays a large role in driving French exports. This pattern gets repeated across Europe, as Germany is the leading trading partner of most European nations. China does not have the same impact on the U.S. economy (Chart I-4) as total U.S. exports only represent 13% of GDP and exports to China, a measly 0.6% of GDP. Manufacturing also only represents 11% of U.S. GDP, again limiting the impact of secondary benefits of Chinese growth on the U.S. economy. Chart I-3What Drives French Exports To Germany: China What Drives French Exports To Germany: China What Drives French Exports To Germany: China Chart I-4Chinese Growth Has Little Impact On U.S. Growth Chinese Growth Has Little Impact On U.S. Growth Chinese Growth Has Little Impact On U.S. Growth Thanks to this difference, we can spot one very useful relationship that we have highlighted to our clients for more than a year: when the Chinese authorities stimulate their economy, European growth picks up sharply vis-a-vis the U.S. (Chart I-5).2 In this optic, the growth outperformance of Europe in 2017 made perfect sense; it was a consequence of China's aggressive push to reflate after 2015. 2018 is the mirror image of 2017; European growth is underperforming as a result of China's efforts to limit growth. This also means that wherever China goes going forward, so will the growth gap between the euro area and the U.S. Chart I-5AIf European Growth Beats That ##br##Of The U.S., Thank China (I) If European Growth Beats That Of The U.S., Thank China (I) If European Growth Beats That Of The U.S., Thank China (I) Chart I-5BIf European Growth Beats That ##br##Of The U.S., Thank China (II) If European Growth Beats That Of The U.S., Thank China (II) If European Growth Beats That Of The U.S., Thank China (II) Since Chinese growth affects the distribution of economic activity around the world, China affects the distribution of rates of returns around the world as well. Nowhere is the influence of China more evident than in the spread between U.S. and global bond yields. If we accept that Chinese growth exerts a limited influence on the domestically driven U.S. economy but exerts a large impact on the rest of the world, Chinese economic fluctuations should have an implication on the relative interest rate outlook between the U.S. and the rest of the world. This is indeed the case. As Chart I-6 shows, when the growth of China's nominal manufacturing GDP slows relative to the U.S., U.S. bond yields rise relative to yields in other major economies. Since money flows where it is best treated, the impact of China on relative rates of returns and interest rates around the world should be felt in the dollar. This is also the case. When Chinese nominal manufacturing GDP growth accelerates, the dollar tends to suffer as money leaves the U.S. and finds its way into Europe, Australia, Canada, EM and so forth to take advantage of rising marginal rates of returns relative to the U.S. (Chart I-7). Chart I-6Treasurys Vs. The World Equals U.S. Nominal GDP ##br##Vs. Chinese Manufacturing Treasurys Vs. The World Equals U.S. Nominal GDP Vs. Chinese Manufacturing Treasurys Vs. The World Equals U.S. Nominal GDP Vs. Chinese Manufacturing Chart I-7The DXY Moves In Opposition##br## To Chinese Manufacturing The DXY Moves In Opposition To Chinese Manufacturing The DXY Moves In Opposition To Chinese Manufacturing Bottom Line: The U.S. economy does not benefit as much from rising Chinese economic activity as the rest of the world does. This means that U.S. relative rates of return fall when China booms and rise when China busts. This also implies that China is just as important as the Fed in determining the trend in the dollar: A strong China is associated with a weak dollar, and vice-versa. Chinese Deleveraging Is Dollar Bullish, But... Despite its large debt load, China does not have a debt problem per se. With a savings rate of 46% of GDP and a limited stock of foreign currency debt, China does not exhibit the necessary conditions to end up like Argentina or Asian economies in the late 1990s. Instead, China's problem remains misallocated capital. China's debt load has increased by USD23.6 trillion since 2008. This is a lot of capital to invest in a short time span. Poor investments have been made, resulting in excess capacity in many industries, and most crucially a collapse in total factor productivity (Chart I-8). This decline in productivity represents a real threat to China's long-term viability, especially as China's labor force is set to begin declining and its leadership wants to avoid the middle-income trap that has plagued so many EM economies in the past. In order to avoid this trap, China's long-term growth is dependent on a sustained effort to de-lever and reform. Our Geopolitical Strategy team is adamant that Xi Jinping remains committed to this agenda. Long-term growth is his priority - a luxury now made possible by his "long-term" mandate.3 The impact of reforms is most evident through the evolution of credit growth. As Chart I-9 illustrates, total social financing has been slowing. The bottom panel of Chart I-9 also illustrates that the collapse in the Chinese credit impulse has followed the implosion of bond issuance by small financial institutions. This essentially tells us that the ongoing administrative and regulatory tightening of the shadow banking system is bearing fruit: Financial institutions are curtailing their issuance of exotic instruments, which is hurting overall credit growth - even if old-school bank loans are proving resilient. Chart I-8China: Labor Force And Total Factor ##br##Productivity The Need For Reforms China: Labor Force And Total Factor Productivity The Need For Reforms China: Labor Force And Total Factor Productivity The Need For Reforms Chart I-9Deleveraging In ##br##Action Deleveraging In Action Deleveraging In Action Since credit growth is so fundamental to generating investment and supporting the country's manufacturing sector, this implies that Chinese manufacturing activity has ample downside. As a result, we would anticipate that China will continue to be a drag on the rest of the world for many more quarters. This implies that the U.S. dollar has upside, and that EM plays as well as commodity currencies are especially vulnerable. While this view seems clear, and most investors now well understand the investment ramifications of Chinese reforms and deleveraging, sand has been thrown in the wheels of this narrative. As a result, the uptrend in the dollar and the downtrend in EM assets may take a pause. Bottom Line: China needs to de-lever further and reform its economy. Without this growth strategy, the country will be stuck in the dreaded middle-income trap, as its productivity has collapsed. Since deleveraging in China means less investment and slower manufacturing sector growth, this also means that the dollar should benefit, and EM-related assets should suffer, but... ... Stimulus Is A Potent Narrative The sand in the wheels of the dollar-bullish scenario created by Chinese reforms and their retardant effect on Chinese industrial growth is, paradoxically, President Trump's trade war with China. China decided to implement reforms last year because stronger growth out of the euro area and the U.S., its two largest export markets, should have buffeted its economy against some of the deflationary consequences of deleveraging. However, if President Trump tries to limit the growth of Chinese exports to the U.S., this create yet another shock that China does not need. This makes it much more difficult for China to deal with the deflationary consequences of its own reform efforts. As a result, not only have the Chinese authorities let the yuan depreciate by 8% since April, the fastest pace of decline since the 1994 devaluation, they have also begun announcing a slew of stimulus measures over the course of recent weeks: The People's Bank of China has engaged in RMB502 billion of liquidity injections, especially through its medium-term lending facility; Three reserve requirement ratio cuts have been implemented, freeing up RMB2.8 trillion of liquidity; Local governments have been allowed to increase net new bond issuance this year by up to RMB2.2 trillion; The issuance of special purpose bonds by local governments has been accelerated; Banks with high credit quality standards can reduce provisioning for NPLs; Individual income tax cuts have been announced; And modifications to the macro prudential assessment's structural component have been announced, which will free up new lending by commercial banks. These stimulus measures are not designed to cause growth to accelerate. In fact, as Jonathan LaBerge argues in our China Investment Strategy service, they pale in comparison to the total amount of stimulus implemented in 2015, especially as back then, RMB5 trillion in credit had also been injected into the economy.4 However, a problem remains for investors. Even if these measures are far from enough to cause Chinese growth to re-accelerate, they can easily foment the following narrative: Chinese policymakers are trying to calibrate their policy response in order to support growth. However, they are human beings, and do not know a priori how much stimulus will be needed to support growth without causing credit growth to actually surge. As a result, they will push stimulus into the system until the economy responds. But once the economy responds, it will be too late, and the lagged impact of stimulus will cause a sharp rebound in credit and capex. The opacity of Chinese policy and data raises the chance that this simplification will take over the investment community. Such reversion to simplicity in the face of ambiguity and intractable complexity is a well-documented phenomenon in sociology.5 Even if this narrative is mistaken and not based in actual reality, investors who view Chinese fundamentals as bullish to the dollar and bearish to EM and commodity plays need to be ready for this eventuality. We are reluctant to close our long dollar trade based on a narrative alone. Instead, we have purchased protection by selling USD/CAD as a hedge. However, we also offer investors a mean to observe if this narrative does take hold of the market, by tracking a portfolio of assets very sensitive to the outlook for Chinese growth, and thus very sensitive to Chinese reflation. These assets are: Chinese Iron ore prices, expressed in USD; Swedish industrial equities, expressed in USD; Brazilian equities, expressed in USD; AUD/JPY; And EM high-yield bond denominated in USD. Chart I-10 illustrates the performance of a portfolio composed of these assets, weighted in such a way that they contribute equally to the variance of the portfolio. As the chart illustrates, not only is this portfolio massively oversold, suggesting there is plenty of negatives already priced into China-linked assets, it has begun to rebound. Chart I-11 illustrates that the Chinese Li-Keqiang Index of industrial activity leads this index.6 The recent rebound in the LKI already supports the idea that this portfolio could have upside in the coming months. Moreover, if investors do extrapolate that additional stimulus measures are likely to come out of Beijing, this will support even greater upside to this portfolio. Chart I-10An Index To Monitor... An Index To Monitor... An Index To Monitor... Chart I-11...Or A Vehicle To Bet On Impactful Stimulus ...Or A Vehicle To Bet On Impactful Stimulus ...Or A Vehicle To Bet On Impactful Stimulus As a result, we would go one step beyond suggesting this portfolio as a tracker for Chinese reflation. Investors should buy it. If you are bearish on the Chinese growth outlook, buying this portfolio offers protection against countertrend moves that would hurt long-dollar and short-EM bets (our preferred strategy). If, however, you are bullish on Chinese reflation, this portfolio should prove a very rewarding vehicle to implement such views. Bottom Line: Chinese reforms are a tailwind for the dollar. However, they are now confronted with the reality of trade wars, which is causing the Chinese authorities to stimulate their economy to put a floor under growth. Nevertheless, this exercise is fraught with calibration errors - a risk that market participants can easily uncover. This raises the probability that a countertrend correction in the dollar will emerge. To monitor this risk, we recommend investors track a portfolio of assets heavily influenced by Chinese growth: Iron ore, Swedish industrial equities, Brazilian stocks, AUD/JPY, and EM high-yield bonds. Moreover, if one is already long the dollar, this portfolio can also be used as a hedge against the risk created by investors pricing in large-scale Chinese stimulus. If one disagrees with our view that reforms will ultimately take primacy on stimulus, one can also use this portfolio as a high-octane way to play Chinese reflation. Mathieu Savary, Vice President Foreign Exchange Strategy mathieu@bcaresearch.com 1 Please see Foreign Exchange Strategy Weekly Reports, titled "Time To Pause And Breathe", dated July 6, 2018 and "That Sinking Feeling" dated July 13, 2018, available at fes.bcaresearch.com 2 Please see Foreign Exchange Strategy Weekly Report, "ECB: All About China?" dated April 7, 2017, available at fes.bcaresearch.com 3 Please see Geopolitical Strategy Special Reports, titled "China: Looking Beyond The Party Congress" dated July 19, 2017, and "China: Party Congress Ends...So What?" dated November 1, 2017, both available at gps.bcaresearch.com 4 Please see China Investment Strategy Weekly Report, "China Is Easing Up On The Brake, Not Pressing The Accelerator" dated July 26, 2018, available at cis.bcaresearch.com 5 Smelser, Neil J. "The Rational and the Ambivalent in the Social Sciences: 1997 Presidential Address." American Sociological Review, vol. 63, no. 1, Feb. 1998, pp. 1-16. 6 The Li-Keqiang index is based on railways freight traffic, bank credit, and electricity output. Currencies U.S. Dollar Chart II-1USD Technicals 1 USD Technicals 1 USD Technicals 1 Chart II-2USD Technicals 2 USD Technicals 2 USD Technicals 2 Recent data in the U.S. has been mixed: Gross Domestic Product growth underperformed expectations slightly, coming in at 4.1%, reflecting a large decline in inventories. In fact, real final sales were strong, growing at a 5.1%. The ISM manufacturing survey also came in slightly below expectations, softening to 58.1 from 60.2 in July. It is still indicative of above-trend growth. However, the Chicago PMI surprised positively, coming in at 65.5. This measure also increased form last month's reading. While the DXY was able to rally this week thanks to growing tensions between the U.S. and China, we expect the dollar to have short-term downside, as the temporary stimulus by the Chinese authorities should give an ephemeral boost to global growth, a development that would hurt the dollar. That being said, impact should ultimately prove to be transient, and the dollar. Report Links: Rhetoric Is Not Always Policy - July 27, 2018 Time To Pause And Breathe - July 6, 2018 What Is Good For China Doesn't Always Help The World - June 29, 2018 The Euro Chart II-3EUR Technicals 1 EUR Technicals 1 EUR Technicals 1 Chart II-4EUR Technicals 2 EUR Technicals 2 EUR Technicals 2 Recent data in the euro area has been mixed: The yearly growth of GDP underperformed expectations, coming in at 2.1%. This also represented a decrease relative to the previous quarter. However, both core and headline inflation surprised to the upside, coming in at 2.1% and 1.1% respectively. Moreover, the European Commission's economic sentiment indicator also outperformed to the upside, coming in at 112.1. However, this measure decreased from last month's reading. EUR/USD was relatively flat for most of the week until a wave of risk aversion prompted by worries of a Sino-U.S. trade war took hold of the market, lifting the dollar in the process. In a mirror image to our dollar view, we expect the euro to have upside in the next couple of months, but resume its downward trajectory by the end of the year. Report Links: Time To Pause And Breathe - July 6, 2018 What Is Good For China Doesn't Always Help The World - June 29, 2018 Updating Our Long-Term FX Fair Value Models - June 22, 2018 The Yen Chart II-5JPY Technicals 1 JPY Technicals 1 JPY Technicals 1 Chart II-6JPY Technicals 2 JPY Technicals 2 JPY Technicals 2 Recent data in Japan has been mixed: Retail sales yearly growth beat expectations, coming in at 1.5%. Moreover, the jobs-to-applicants ratio also surprised to the upside, coming in at 1.62. However, the unemployment rate surprised negatively, coming in at 2.4% and increasing from last month's number. However, this reflected an increase in the participation rate. Finally, the consumer confidence index also underperformed expectations, coming in at 43.5. USD/JPY has risen by roughly 0.5% this week after it became clear that the BoJ only marginally adjusted its policy, in a way that only confirmed its highly dovish bias. Interestingly, while the spike in JGB yields has reverberated across global bond markets, it has not been able to provide a boost for the yen. While we expect the trade-weighted yen to appreciate by the end of this year as Chinese policymakers still want China to de-lever, a period of interim weakness is possible as the PBoC tries to buffet the Chinese economy against the impact of U.S. protectionism. Report Links: Rhetoric Is Not Always Policy - July 27, 2018 Updating Our Long-Term FX Fair Value Models - June 22, 2018 Rome Is Burning: Is It The End? - June 1, 2018 British Pound Chart II-7GBP Technicals 1 GBP Technicals 1 GBP Technicals 1 Chart II-8GBP Technicals 2 GBP Technicals 2 GBP Technicals 2 Recent data in the U.K. has been mixed: The Nationwide house price index yearly growth rate outperformed expectations, coming in at 2.5%. This measure also increased relatively to last month's number. Moreover, PMI construction also surprised to the upside, coming in at 55.8, and increasing from last month's reading. However, Markit manufacturing PMI underperformed expectations, coming in at 54. GBP/USD was relatively flat this week, but ultimately experienced a large fall following the hike by the BoE as investors began to worry that the "old lady" is making a policy error that will need to be reversed. Overall, we remain negative on cable, as the ability for the BoE to continue on their hiking campaign will be limited given the current political turmoil in Britain. Report Links: Updating Our Long-Term FX Fair Value Models - June 22, 2018 Inflation Is In The Price - June 15, 2018 Updating Our Intermediate Timing Models - May 18, 2018 Australian Dollar Chart II-9AUD Technicals 1 AUD Technicals 1 AUD Technicals 1 Chart II-10AUD Technicals 2 AUD Technicals 2 AUD Technicals 2 Recent data in Australia has been mixed: Building permit yearly growth outperformed expectations, coming in at 1.6%. Moreover, producer prices also surprised positively, coming in at 1.5%. However this measure decreased compared to last month's reading. Finally, the RBA Commodity Index SDR yearly growth surprised to the downside, coming in at 7.6%. AUD/USD fell this week as market wrestle with the risk to global growth created by the China-U.S. trade war. Overall, we continue to be negative on the Aussie on a cyclical basis, as this currency is the most exposed in the G10 to a slowdown in the Chinese industrial sectors. That said, a bout of stimulus in China could provide some short-term upside to AUD. Report Links: What Is Good For China Doesn't Always Help The World - June 29, 2018 Updating Our Long-Term FX Fair Value Models - June 22, 2018 Updating Our Intermediate Timing Models - May 18, 2018 New Zealand Dollar Chart II-11NZD Technicals 1 NZD Technicals 1 NZD Technicals 1 Chart II-12NZD Technicals 2 NZD Technicals 2 NZD Technicals 2 Recent data in New Zealand has been mixed: Employment growth surprised to the upside, coming in at 0.5%. However, this measure slowed from last month's reading. Moreover, the participation rate outperformed expectations, coming in at 10.9% and increasing from last month's number. However, the unemployment rate underperformed expectations, coming in at 4.5% and increasing from last month's reading. NZD/USD experienced a large fall this week. We are negative on the NZD on a cyclical basis, as tightening by both China and the U.S. along with trade tensions will provide for a toxic cocktail for small open economies like New Zealand. Report Links: Updating Our Long-Term FX Fair Value Models - June 22, 2018 Updating Our Intermediate Timing Models - May 18, 2018 Value Strategies In FX Markets: Putting PPP To The Test - May 11, 2018 Canadian Dollar Chart II-13CAD Technicals 1 CAD Technicals 1 CAD Technicals 1 Chart II-14CAD Technicals 2 CAD Technicals 2 CAD Technicals 2 Recent data in Canada has been mixed: Industrial production month-mon-month growth outperformed expectations, coming in at 0.5%. Moreover, Monthly GDP growth also surprised positively, coming in at an annualized rate of 0.5%. However, the Markit Manufacturing PMI underperformed expectations, coming in at 56.9. This measure also declined relative to last month's number. The CAD is the only currency that managed to appreciate against the USD this week, despite a rather pitiful performance for crude oil. This dynamics comforts in our tactical bullish stance on the loonie. In fact, this pair is our preferred vehicle to play the countertrend correction in the U.S. dollar. Meanwhile, on a cyclical basis we are positive on the Canadian dollar within the commodity complex. Not only do supply constraint within OPEC will help oil outperform base metals, but also, the BoC is the only central bank within this group that is currently lifting interest rates. Report Links: Updating Our Long-Term FX Fair Value Models - June 22, 2018 Inflation Is In The Price - June 15, 2018 Rome Is Burning: Is It The End? - June 1, 2018 Swiss Franc Chart II-15CHF Technicals 1 CHF Technicals 1 CHF Technicals 1 Chart II-16CHF Technicals 2 CHF Technicals 2 CHF Technicals 2 Recent data in Switzerland has been mixed: The KOF leading indicator underperformed expectations, coming in at 101.1, and declining relatively to last month's reading. However, retail sales yearly growth surprised to the upside, coming in at 0.3%. Finally, the SVME Purchasing Manager's Index also surprised positively, coming in at 61.9, and increasing from last month's number. EUR/CHF has been relatively flat this week. On a long term basis, we are bullish on this cross, as inflationary pressures are still very weak in Switzerland. Therefore, the SNB will maintain its ultra-dovish stance, hurting the franc in the process. Report Links: Updating Our Long-Term FX Fair Value Models - June 22, 2018 Updating Our Intermediate Timing Models - May 18, 2018 Value Strategies In FX Markets: Putting PPP To The Test - May 11, 2018 Norwegian Krone Chart II-17NOK Technicals 1 NOK Technicals 1 NOK Technicals 1 Chart II-18NOK Technicals 2 NOK Technicals 2 NOK Technicals 2 USD/NOK rallied vigorously this week. While the generalized dollar strength has been key culprit behind the depreciation of the NOK, the fall in oil prices only added fuel to the fire. Overall, we expect this cross to go up by the end of the year, as the interaction of Chinese and U.S. policy will likely push up the USD and weigh on commodities. That being said, the NOK will probably outperform within the commodity space, given that it is cheap and that supply cuts by OPEC should help oil prices on a relative basis. Report Links: Updating Our Long-Term FX Fair Value Models - June 22, 2018 Updating Our Intermediate Timing Models - May 18, 2018 Value Strategies In FX Markets: Putting PPP To The Test - May 11, 2018 Swedish Krona Chart II-19SEK Technicals 1 SEK Technicals 1 SEK Technicals 1 Chart II-20SEK Technicals 2 SEK Technicals 2 SEK Technicals 2 Recent data in Sweden has been mixed: Retail sales yearly growth surprised to the downside, coming in at 0.2%, and declining substantially, from 3.1% last month. However, the annual growth rate of GDP outperformed expectations, coming in at very strong 3.3%. This measure stayed flat relative to the first quarter. Finally, Manufacturing PMI came in at 57.4, increasing from last month's number. USD/SEK still rallied this week as the SEK is particularly sensitive to the outlook for global growth. We are positive on the Swedish Krona on a long-term basis, as Sweden is the country in the G10 where monetary policy is most misaligned with economic fundamentals. Thus, if the Sweden continues to show strength, the Riksbank will eventually have to respond. Report Links: Updating Our Long-Term FX Fair Value Models - June 22, 2018 Updating Our Intermediate Timing Models - May 18, 2018 Value Strategies In FX Markets: Putting PPP To The Test - May 11, 2018 Trades & Forecasts Forecast Summary Core Portfolio Tactical Trades Closed Trades