Economic Growth

Banks face many challenges from a slower economy and tighter financial conditions, which offset benefits from rising rates and higher net interest income. It is likely that things will get worse, a sentiment supported by many banking executives. However, negative expectations have already been priced in. We will maintain our overweight for now but will fade this position after a bounce in the next bear market rally. The long-term outlook is negative. We prefer Regional Banks to Diversified Banks.

BCA’s Emerging Markets Strategy team’s view remains that US inflation will prove to be sticky. That said, in this report, we examine under what conditions a considerable drop in US core inflation, whenever it transpires, would be bullish for stocks. Potentially significant US disinflation would be bullish for stocks if it is due to an improvement in supply-side dynamics, but bearish if it is demand driven.

In this report, we assess that sterling likely bottomed below 1.04. We expect volatility in the currency to remain in place but are buyers below current levels. On balance, there is a tug of war between irresponsible fiscal policy and the pound as a global reserve currency. This will create a buy-in opportunity for investors who missed the latest dip.

In this report, we elaborate on why the Chinese central government has been reluctant to open stimulus taps as much as in the past, especially when it comes to the ailing property market. In recent years, there has been a major shift in Beijing’s assessment of the trade-offs between short-term economic growth, sociopolitical stability and the nation's long-term goals. We explain this difficult balancing act, little-known in the global investment community.

This week, we present our quarterly review of the BCA Research Global Fixed Income Strategy (GFIS) model bond portfolio for Q3/2022. We also discuss the model portfolio’s expected performance over next 3-6 months after our recent moves to reduce overall duration exposure and increase the underweight to US Treasuries.

Investors should go long US treasuries and stay overweight defensive versus cyclical sectors, large caps versus small caps, and aerospace/defense stocks. Regionally we favor the US, India, Southeast Asia, and Latin America, while disfavoring China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, eastern Europe, and the Middle East.

This week’s <i>Global Investment Strategy</i> report titled Fourth Quarter 2022 Strategy Outlook: A Three-Act Play discusses the outlook for the global economy and financial markets for the rest of 2022 and beyond.

In Section I, we note that the Fed’s new interest rate projections show that US monetary policy is set to rise soon into restrictive territory even relative to what we consider to be the neutral rate of interest, and to a level that has been consistent with the onset of recession since the 1960s. Imminent supply-side and pandemic-related disinflation is crucial for the US to avoid a recession over the coming year. Stay neutral stocks versus bonds for now, but the next shift in our recommended asset allocation stance is more likely to be a downgrade to underweight rather than an upgrade to overweight. In Section II, a guest piece from our European Investment Strategy service discusses the outlook for European assets.

Please note I will be hosting a live webcast on September 29, 2022 at 9:00 AM HKT for the APAC region. I will discuss the global/China/EM macro outlooks and financial market implications. For clients in the Americas and EMEA, we had a webcast on September 28, 2022. You can access the replay via this link. Arthur Budaghyan Executive Summary Global Semi Stock Prices: Further Downside Ahead Global Semi Stock Prices: Further Downside Ahead Global Semi Stock Prices: Further Downside Ahead Global semiconductor stock prices are still vulnerable to meaningful downside over the next three months. Global semi consumption will contract due to the corresponding waning demand of smartphones, personal computers, and other consumer electronics. Global semi demand in sectors of automobiles and datacenters will continue growing. However, such an increase in demand cannot offset the demand reduction in other sectors. Semiconductor consumption in China has entered a contraction phase.  Semiconductor inventories have swelled. Alongside a sharp upsurge in chip production capacity, this increase in inventories will lead to chip price deflation in the next nine months. Nevertheless, the structural outlook for global semiconductor demand remains constructive. We are waiting for a better entry point for semi stocks.  Bottom Line: There is more downside in global semiconductor share prices as well as Taiwanese and Korean tech stocks. We will seek to recommend buying semiconductor stocks when a more material decline in semi companies’ profits is priced in their share prices. At the moment, we are downgrading Taiwanese stocks from neutral to underweight relative to the EM equity benchmark but are maintaining an overweight stance on the Korean bourse within an EM equity portfolio.   The global semiconductor equity index is breaking below its technical support (Chart 1). The implication is that these share prices are in an air pocket and investors should not chase a declining market. Based on previous cycles, we expect global semiconductor stocks to bottom late this year or early next year and semi sales to trough in 2023Q2. In the previous five cycles, global semi stocks always bottomed before global semi sales and lead times varied from three-to-six months. Chart 2 shows that Taiwan’s semiconductor new export orders lead global semi sales by about three months, and they continue to point to considerable downside in the global semi-industry. Chart 1Global Semi Stocks: Breaking Down Global Semi Stocks: Breaking Down Global Semi Stocks: Breaking Down Chart 2Global Semi Sales: More Downside Ahead Global Semi Sales: More Downside Ahead Global Semi Sales: More Downside Ahead The semiconductor industry has a history of cyclicality. Shortages have been followed by oversupply, which has led to declining prices, revenues, and profits for semi producers. This time is no exception Global Semi Sales: A Cyclical Slump Underway Global semiconductor demand began its downward trajectory in May of this year and will continue to slide in the next three-to-six months. Both the volume and value of China’s semiconductor imports are in a deep contraction and China’s imports from Taiwan have also plummeted (Chart 3). China is the world’s largest consumer of semiconductors, accounting for 35% of global demand. We expect semi sales to remain in contraction in China and to shrink in regions outside China in the next six-to-nine months (Chart 4).  Chart 3China's Semi Imports Plummeted China's Semi Imports Plummeted China's Semi Imports Plummeted Chart 4Semi Sales Will Contract Across Regions Semi Sales Will Contract Across Regions Semi Sales Will Contract Across Regions There are several important reasons for the retrenchment worldwide. First, the lockdowns around the world in 2020 and 2021 generated an unprecedented increase in online activities and a corresponding surge in demand for smartphones/PCs/tablets/game consoles/electronic gadgets. This was the main driving force for the boom in global semiconductor sales from 2020Q3 to 2022Q1. The excessive demand for consumer goods and electronics has run its course and global demand will sag in the next six months. As we have been contending since early this year, global exports are set to contract. Households that bought these goods in the past two years probably will not make new purchases in the near term. In addition, declining real disposable income and rising interest rates will constrain consumer spending. Smartphones, PCs, tablets, home appliances, and other household electronic goods consume about half of global semi output. In addition, rising job uncertainties resulting from China’s dynamic zero-COVID policy and slowing household income growth will curb consumption within China. Here are our takeaways for each segment: Chart 5China's Output Of Mobile Phones And PCs Has Been Shrinking China's Output Of Mobile Phones And PCs Has Been Shrinking China's Output Of Mobile Phones And PCs Has Been Shrinking Mobile phones: Mobile phones are the largest contributor to global semi sales, with a share of 31% as of 2021, based on the data from World Semiconductor Trade Statistics (WSTS). According to the International Data Corporation (IDC), global smartphone shipments are set to decline by 6.5% year-over-year in volume terms in 2022. Smartphone OEMs cut their orders drastically in 2022 because of high inventories and low demand, with no signs of an immediate recovery. China accounts for 67% of global mobile phone production and its mobile phone production has been contracting (Chart 5, top panel).   Traditional PCs and tablets: Based on data from the IDC, global traditional PC1  and tablet shipments are set to decline by 12.8% year-over-year in 2022 and by an additional 2.6% next year in volume terms. Computer production in China, which is the world’s largest computer producer and exporter, also shows massive downsizing (Chart 5, bottom panel).   Home appliances: China is also the largest producer and exporter of air conditioners (ACs), washing machines, refrigerators, and freezers. Except for a slight growth in AC output in response to heatwaves in China and Europe, China’s output of other home appliances will shrink. Globally, these industries accounted for about half of all semiconductor sales in 2021. Given the overconsumption of these goods worldwide over the past two years, we expect a material decline in these sectors in the next six-to-nine months. Second, automobiles, servers, and industrial electronics, which together account for about 30% of global semi sales, will have positive single-digit growth going forward. Yet, such an increase will not be enough to offset the lost demand from the consumer electronic goods sector in the next six-to-nine months.  Chart 6Global Auto Production Will Rise Global Auto Production Will Rise Global Auto Production Will Rise Automotive (accounts for 11% of world chip demand): The chip shortage in this sector has eased only moderately. Auto output levels in major producing countries remain well below their pre-pandemic levels (Chart 6). In light of improved foundry capacity, semiconductor producers will be able to produce automotive chips and reduce lingering shortages. However, for most chips to automakers, there are no supply shortages. Only a small number of categories of automotive chips, such as microcontrollers (MCU) and insulated-gate bipolar transistors (IGBT), are still in tight supply. Given that the total automotive sector only accounted for about 5% of total global semi sales last year, the recovery in global automobile output will contribute only limited growth to global semi sales.   Servers (account for 10% of world chip demand): The surge in online activities resulted in greater demand for cloud services and remote work applications, both of which require computer servers. Total server demand is comprised of data servers for cloud providers and private enterprises, with the former as the main driving force in recent years.  Data center expansion among cloud service providers will be driven by 5G, automotive, cloud gaming, and high-performance computing. After expanding by 10% last year, the pace of annual growth in global server shipments will likely be more moderate, to about 5%-6% in the next couple of quarters.   Chart 7Global Industrial Demand For Chips Is Set to Decelerate Global Industrial Demand For Chips Is Set to Decelerate Global Industrial Demand For Chips Is Set to Decelerate Industrial electronics (account for 9% of world chip demand): The growth rate in semi demand for this sector is falling. The global manufacturing new order-to-inventory ratio has plunged, and global manufacturing production is set to decline for the rest of this year and through to 2023H1 (Chart 7). Nevertheless, given structural tailwinds for industrial electronics, we expect semi demand in this sector to dip to single-digit growth in the near term rather than to contract.  Third, with semiconductor inventories having surged, new orders for chips, and hence their production, will plummet.   The length and intensity of the chip shortage, which started in 2020H2, triggered stockpiling among a broad range of customers, including manufacturers of smartphones and other consumer electronics. Moreover, the recent slowdown in smartphone/PC demand increased the inventory of silicon chips. Chart 8Semiconductor Inventory Overhang Semiconductor Inventory Overhang Semiconductor Inventory Overhang China had also stockpiled semiconductors from 2020Q2 to 2021Q4. With faltering demand, the country will continue its destocking process in the next couple of quarters. Semiconductor inventories in Taiwan and Korea have surged, corroborating the fact that the current cyclical downturn in the global semi sector will be a severe one (Chart 8). Hence, businesses in the semi supply chain will continue to draw upon their inventories rather than increase their semiconductors orders. This will reduce semiconductor demand meaningfully in the coming months. Bottom Line: The cyclical slump in worldwide semiconductor sales has further to go, with the sector’s sale volumes and prices projected to contract in the next six months. Semi producers will experience a substantial decline in their profits. Comparing Cycles Previous cycles may provide insight in the downside of the cyclical slump in global semi sales. In the previous five cycles, global semi sales experienced a contraction, ranging from 7% to 45% (Table 1). In the current cycle, global semi sales still had 7% year-over-year growth in 2022Q2 (Chart 9). Table 1Six Cyclical Downturns In Global Semiconductor Market Have Global Semi Stocks Hit Bottom? Have Global Semi Stocks Hit Bottom? Chart 9Global Semi Stocks And Global Semi Sales Global Semiconductor Market: Sales & Share Prices Global Semi Stocks And Global Semi Sales Global Semiconductor Market: Sales & Share Prices Global Semi Stocks And Global Semi Sales Global Semiconductor Market: Sales & Share Prices In fact, the current downturn could be deeper than the one between 2018 and 2019 (when sales contracted by 16%) for the following reasons: Sales of both cell phones and PCs will likely dwindle further this time than they did in 2018 to 2019. The pandemic boosted demand for consumer electronics, but this also brought forward future demand. In comparison with 2018, the current cycle might have a longer replacement cycle for mobile phones and PCs. Unlike 2019, global demand for consumer goods will likely contract rather than decelerate. This has ramifications for the duration and magnitude of the semi downturn.   Economic growth, and job and income uncertainties in China are much worse now than they were between 2018 and 2019. These factors will likely lead to a bigger cut in IT spending by both consumers and businesses, resulting in a larger downturn in global semi demand in this cycle. The tech battle between the US and China is more intense than in it was from 2018 to 2019. In mid-2018, the U.S. imposed a 25% tariff on Chinese imports of semiconductor goods, including machines and flat panel displays. China retaliated by imposing its own 25% tariff on U.S. exports of semiconductor goods, such as test equipment. This month, the US imposed new restrictions on NVIDIA and AMD in relation to selling artificial intelligence chips to Chinese customers. The US also plans to curb further its shipments of chipmaking tools to China. These plans will cut China’s imports of high-end semi products, for which producers enjoy high profit margins. In addition, the shortage of these chips will stall the development and sales of many consumer products within China, which will thereby reduce demand for other types of chips needed for consumer products. Chart 10Rapid Semi Capacity Expansion Worldwide Rapid Semi Capacity Expansion Worldwide Rapid Semi Capacity Expansion Worldwide Global semi capacity expansion has recently been much stronger in current cycle than it was in the 2016-2018 cycle. This may lead to a bigger supply surplus in this cycle than in the last one. It takes about 18-24 months, on average, to build a new semiconductor fabrication plant. Thus, large capital expenditures by semi producers in 2021-22 entail considerable new supply in 2023-24. According to IC Insights, the annual wafer capacity growth rates were 6.5% in 2020, 8.5% in 2021 and 8.7% in 2022. This compares with 4%-6.5% between 2016 and 2018 (Chart 10). Rapid capacity expansion typically leads to price deflation for chips and is therefore negative for the semi producers’ profitability and their share prices. Are global semi stock prices already pricing bad news? We do not think so. Nearly all major players saw a drop in revenues in the past cycle. In sharp contrast, only Intel’s revenues have dropped so far in the current cycle (Chart 11). Global semi stock prices will continue falling as companies report shrinking sales and earnings in the next couple of quarters. In former cycles when global semi stocks bottomed, investor sentiment – as measured by the net EPS revisions – was more downbeat than it is currently (Chart 12). Chart 11More Semi Companies' Sales Are Likely To Contract More Semi Companies' Sales Are Likely To Contract More Semi Companies' Sales Are Likely To Contract Chart 12Global Semi Stock Prices: Net EPS To Drop More Global Semi Stock Prices: Net EPS To Drop More Global Semi Stock Prices: Net EPS To Drop More Bottom Line: The global semiconductor sector’s cyclical slump could be deeper than it was in the 2018-2019 cycle. Hence, shares prices will fall considerably more than they did in late 2018. Ramifications For Taiwanese And Korean Markets Taiwanese and Korean semiconductor stock prices will probably continue to fall in absolute terms. The former recently broke its three-year moving average and the latter its six-year moving average (Chart 13). Chart 13Taiwanese And Korean Semi Stock Prices Will Fall Further Taiwanese And Korean Semi Stock Prices Will Fall Further Taiwanese And Korean Semi Stock Prices Will Fall Further Chart 14TSMC: Smartphone And HPC Make 81% Of Revenue Have Global Semi Stocks Hit Bottom? Have Global Semi Stocks Hit Bottom? For TSMC, the smartphone sector still accounts for 38% of revenues (Chart 14). Hence, a contraction in global smartphone sales in the next six-to-nine months could hurt the company’s top and bottom lines considerably. Meanwhile, the high-performance computing (HPC) sector became the largest contributor of TSMC revenues with a 43% share. A slowdown in data center investment and a decrease in GPU demand due to falling bitcoin prices will also materially affect the company’s profitability. In addition, the US government’s AI chips export restriction policy will decrease NVIDIA and AMD AI sales to China. According to NVIDIA’s news release, approximately US$400 million in potential chip sales to China (including Hong Kong) will likely be subject to this new restriction. AI chips are manufactured by TSMC with its advanced node technology and have a high-profit margin. Hence, the new policy will negatively impact TSMC’s revenues and profits. For Samsung, the memory market is in a free-fall due to plummeting demand (Chart 15). TrendForce expects the average overall DRAM price to drop by 13-18% in 2022Q4 because of high inventories in the supply chain and stagnant demand. The semi shipment-to-inventories ratios for both Taiwan and South Korea nosedived, pointing to lower semi stock prices in these two markets (Chart 16). Chart 15Samsung: Vulnerable To Sinking Prices Of Memory Chips Samsung: Vulnerable To Sinking Prices Of Memory Chips Samsung: Vulnerable To Sinking Prices Of Memory Chips Chart 16Semi Shipments-to-Inventory Ratios Plunged In Taiwan And Korea Semi Shipments-to-Inventory Ratios Plunged In Taiwan And Korea Semi Shipments-to-Inventory Ratios Plunged In Taiwan And Korea Bottom Line: Both TSMC and Samsung stock prices have more downside over the next three months.  Equity Valuations And Investment Conclusions The global semiconductor stock index in USD terms has tumbled by 45% from its recent peak. Multiples of semiconductor stocks are near their long-term average levels (Chart 17 and 18). These multiples could undershoot as they did in 2018-2019, which means even more downside is ahead. Chart 17Multiples Of Semi Stocks Could Undershoot Multiples Of Semi Stocks Could Undershoot Multiples Of Semi Stocks Could Undershoot Chart 18Multiples Of Semi Stocks Could Undershoot Multiples Of Semi Stocks Could Undershoot Multiples Of Semi Stocks Could Undershoot Aside from the profit outlook, higher US bond yields are also causing multiple compression for global semiconductor stocks (Chart 19). As to the allocation to semi stocks within an EM equity portfolio, we recommend downgrading Taiwan from a neutral allocation to underweight and reiterate an overweight stance on the KOSPI. The US-China geopolitical confrontation will escalate in the coming years and Taiwan is at the epicenter of this. These are relative calls, that is against the EM benchmark (Chart 20). We remain negative on their absolute performance. Chart 19Higher US Bond Yields = Multiple Compression In Global Semi Stocks Higher US Bond Yields = Multiple Compression In Global Semi Stocks Higher US Bond Yields = Multiple Compression In Global Semi Stocks Chart 20Downgrade Taiwan To Underweight Relative To The EM Benchmark Downgrade Taiwan To Underweight Relative To The EM Benchmark Downgrade Taiwan To Underweight Relative To The EM Benchmark   Finally, the structural outlook for global semiconductor demand remains constructive. We are waiting for a better entry point. We would recommend buying semiconductor stocks after pricing in a more material contraction in semi companies’ revenues and profits. Ellen JingYuan He Associate Vice President ellenj@bcaresearch.com Footnotes 1     Traditional PCs are comprised of desktops, notebooks and workstations.

Executive Summary Upward Repricing Of Bond Yields Continues Upward Repricing Of Bond Yields Continues Upward Repricing Of Bond Yields Continues In this report, we discuss our move last week to shift to a below-benchmark overall global duration stance in more detail. Our strongest conviction view on developed market government bonds is underweighting US Treasuries. The outcome of last week’s FOMC meeting, where the Fed committed to a rapid shift to restrictive US monetary policy, supports that position. Our strongest conviction overweight is on Japan, with the Bank of Japan both willing and able to maintain its cap on longer-term JGB yields. We are also overweight countries where it will be difficult for central banks to lift rates as much as markets expect – core Europe, Australia and Canada. The explosion in UK bond yields, and collapse of the British pound, seen after last week’s UK “mini-budget” shows that investors have not lost the power to punish fiscal and monetary policies that are non-credible - like a massive debt-financed tax cut at a time of high inflation. As a result, the Bank of England will now be forced to raise rates much more than we had been expecting, and Gilts will remain extremely volatile in the near-term. Bottom Line: Maintain a below-benchmark overall duration stance in global bond portfolios. Stay underweight US Treasuries. Upgrade exposure to government bonds in Japan and Canada to overweight, but tactically downgrade UK Gilts to underweight until a more market-friendly policy mix leads to greater stability of the British pound. Feature We shifted our recommended stance on overall global portfolio duration to below-benchmark in a Special Alert published last week. In this report, we go into the rationale for that move in more detail, and present specific details of that shift in terms of allocations by country across the various yield curves. Related Report  Global Fixed Income StrategyReduce Global Portfolio Duration To Below-Benchmark The global inflation and monetary policy backdrops remain toxic for bond markets. Last week saw interest rate increases from multiple developed economy central banks, including the Fed and Bank of England (BoE). The magnitudes of the rate hikes unnerved bond investors, with even the likes of perennial low yielders like the Swiss National Bank and Riksbank lifting rates by 75bps and 100bps, respectively. The Fed followed up its own 75bp hike by digging in its heels on the need for additional policy tightening after the 300bps of hikes already delivered this year (Chart 1). Fed Chair Jerome Powell strongly hinted that a policy-induced US recession is likely the only way to return overshooting US inflation back to the Fed’s 2% target. This triggered a breakout of the benchmark US 10-year Treasury yield above 3.5%. But the real fireworks in global bond markets occurred after the UK government announced its “mini-budget” last Friday that included massive tax cuts to be funded by debt issuance, triggering a sharp decline in the British Pound and spike in UK Gilt yields – a move that spilled over into other bond markets, pushing government bond yields to cyclical highs in the US and euro area. Chart 1Central Banks Keep Trying To “Out-Hawk” Each Other The Global Bond Bear Market Continues The Global Bond Bear Market Continues Chart 2Yields Are Now Driven By Rate Hike Expectations, Not Inflation Yields Are Now Driven By Rate Hike Expectations, Not Inflation Yields Are Now Driven By Rate Hike Expectations, Not Inflation We had been anticipating another move upward in global bond yields for this cycle, and we shifted to a below-benchmark overall global duration stance in advance of the Fed and BoE meetings last week. We see this next move higher in yields as being driven not by rising inflation expectations but by an upward repricing of interest rate expectations, leading to additional increases in real bond yields (Chart 2). Trying to pick a top in bond yields has now become a game of forecasting the level to which policy rates must rise in the current global monetary tightening cycle. On that front, there is still scope for rate expectations, and bond yields, to move higher in most developed market countries, justifying our downgrade of our recommended overall duration exposure to below-benchmark. Shifting rate expectations also lead to the changes in country bond allocations we announced last week. Rate Expectations And Country Bond Allocations Our proxy for medium-term nominal terminal rate expectations in developed market countries, the 5-year/5-year forward overnight index swap (OIS) rate, has been tracking 10-year bond yields very closely in the US and UK and, to a lesser extent, Europe (Chart 3). In those regions, the OIS curves are pricing in an increasing medium-term level of policy rates, leading to markets repricing government bond yields higher. In the US, the OIS curve is pricing in a 2023 peak for the fed funds rate of 4.67%, but with only a modest path of rate cuts in 2024 and 2025, leading to a 5-year/5-year OIS projection of 3.36% as of Monday’s market close. After the Gilt market rout, the UK OIS curve is now pricing in a 2023 peak Bank Rate over 6%, with our medium-term nominal rate proxy settling at 3.69%. In the euro area, the OIS curve is discounting a 2023 peak in the ECB policy rate of 3.22%, with a 5-year/5-year forward OIS rate of 2.7%. For all three of those regions, the market is now pricing in the highest peak in rates for the current tightening cycle. That is not the case in Canada or Australia, where rate expectations and longer-term bond yields are still below cyclical peaks (Chart 4). Japan remains the outlier, with the Bank of Japan’s yield curve control keeping 10-year JGB yields capped at 0.25%, even with the Japan OIS curve pricing in a medium-term terminal rate of 0.75%. Chart 3Rising Yields Reflect Higher Terminal Rate Expectations Rising Yields Reflect Higher Terminal Rate Expectations Rising Yields Reflect Higher Terminal Rate Expectations Chart 4Our High-Conviction Government Bond Overweights Our High-Conviction Government Bond Overweights Our High-Conviction Government Bond Overweights After looking at all the repricing of interest rate expectations and bond yields, we can determine our preferred government bond allocations within our strategic model bond portfolio framework. The US Remains Our Favorite Government Bond Underweight The new set of interest rate forecasts (“the dots”) presented at last week’s Fed meeting showed that the median FOMC member was forecasting the fed funds rate to rise to 4.4% by the end of 2022 and 4.6% by the end of 2023, before falling to 3.9% and 2.9% and the end of 2024 and 2025, respectively. Those are all significant increases from the June dots, where the expectations called for the funds rate to hit 3.4% by end-2022 and 3.8% by end-2023. The median Fed forecasts are now broadly in line with the pricing in the US OIS curve for 2022-2024, although the market expects higher rates than the FOMC in 2025 (Chart 5). Chart 5USTs Still Vulnerable To Additional Fed Hawkish Surprises The Global Bond Bear Market Continues The Global Bond Bear Market Continues There has been a lot of back and forth between the Fed and the markets this year, but the market has generally lagged the Fed interest rate projections for 2023 and 2024 before last week. Market pricing is now in line with the Fed dots, as investors have adjusted to the increasingly hawkish message from Fed officials that are focused solely on slowing growth, and tightening financial conditions, in an effort to bring US inflation down. We see the US Treasury curve as still vulnerable to additional hawkish messaging from the Fed, and a potentially higher-than-anticipated peak in the funds rate versus the FOMC dots. The US consumer is facing a lot of headwinds from higher interest rates and rising food and gasoline prices. However, the latter has fallen 26% from the June 13/2022 peak and is acting as a “tax cut” that also helps reduce US inflation expectations (Chart 6). Consumer confidence measures like the University of Michigan expectations survey have already shown improvement alongside the fall in gas prices, which has boosted real income expectations according to the New York Fed’s Consumer Survey (bottom panel). Even a subtle improvement in consumer confidence due to some easing of inflation expectations can help support a somewhat faster pace of consumer spending at a time of robust labor demand and accelerating wage growth. The Atlanta Fed Wage Tracker is now growing at a year-over-year pace of 5.7%, while the ratio of US job openings to unemployed workers remains near a record high (Chart 7). Fed Chair Powell has noted that the Fed must see significant weakening of the US jobs market for the Fed to consider pausing on its current rate hike path. So far, there is little evidence pointing to a loosening of US labor market conditions that would ease domestically-generated inflation pressures. Chart 6Lower Gas Prices Can Provide A Lift To US Consumer Spending Lower Gas Prices Can Provide A Lift To US Consumer Spending Lower Gas Prices Can Provide A Lift To US Consumer Spending Chart 7A Tight US Labor Market Will Keep The Fed Hawkish A Tight US Labor Market Will Keep The Fed Hawkish A Tight US Labor Market Will Keep The Fed Hawkish Chart 8Stay Underweight US Treasuries Stay Underweight US Treasuries Stay Underweight US Treasuries We expect overall US inflation to decelerate next year on the back of additional slowing of goods inflation, but will likely settle in the 3-4% range in 2023 given stubbornly sticky services inflation and wage growth. The Fed should follow through on its current interest rate projections, with a good chance that rates will need to be pushed up even higher in response to resilient labor market conditions in the first half of 2023. The risk/reward still favors higher US Treasury yields over at least the next 3-6 months, particularly with an improving flow of US data surprises and with bond investor duration positioning now much closer to neutral according to the JPMorgan client survey (Chart 8). Bottom Line: The US remains our highest conviction strategic government bond underweight in the developed markets. Recommended Allocations In Other Countries The path for monetary policy rates outside the US shows a similar profile as in the US, with a “front loading” of rate hikes to mid-2023 followed by modest rate cuts over the subsequent two years (Chart 9). The OIS-implied path for the level of rates is nearly identical in the US, Australia and Canada. On the other hand, markets are discounting much lower of levels of policy rates in Europe and Japan compared to the US, and a considerably higher path for rates in the UK (more on that in the next section). Chart 9Markets Priced For Global 'Front-Loaded' Rate Hikes Markets Priced For Global 'Front-Loaded' Rate Hikes Markets Priced For Global 'Front-Loaded' Rate Hikes We would lean against the US-like pricing of interest rates in Australia and Canada. Based on work we published in a recent Special Report along with our colleagues at BCA Research European Investment Strategy, the neutral real interest rate (“r-star”) is estimated to be deeply negative in Australia and Canada after adjusting for the high level of non-financial debt in those countries (Table 1). That financial fragility makes it much less likely that the Bank of Canada and Reserve Bank of Australia can raise rates as much as the Fed. Table 1Some Big Swings In Our R* Estimates When Including Debt The Global Bond Bear Market Continues The Global Bond Bear Market Continues US-like interest rates would almost certainly trigger a major downturn in house prices and household wealth given the inflated housing values in those two countries – the growth of which is already slowing rapidly in response to rate hikes delivered in 2022. We are maintaining our overweight recommendation on Australian government bonds, while we upgraded Canada to overweight from neutral after last week’s duration downgrade. Chart 10Move To Overweight Japan Move To Overweight Japan Move To Overweight Japan We are also staying overweight on German and French government bonds, as the ECB is unlikely to deliver the full extent of rate increases discounted in the European OIS curve. Our estimated debt-adjusted r-star is also quite negative in the euro area, suggesting that financial fragility issues (due to high government debt in Italy and high corporate debt in France) will likely limit the ECB’s ability to continue with recent chunky rate increases for much longer. In Japan, we continue to view JGBs as an “anti-duration” instrument, given the Bank of Japan’s persistence in maintaining negative interest rates and yield curve control. That makes JGBs a good overweight when global bond yields are rising and a good underweight when global bond yields are falling (Chart 10). Given our decision to reduce our recommended duration exposure to below-benchmark, the logical follow through decision is to upgrade JGBs to overweight. The only remaining country to consider is our view on UK Gilts, which has now become more complicated. Anarchy In The UK The selloff in the UK Gilt market has been stunning in its ferocity. Dating back to last Thursday’s 50bp rate hike by the BoE, the 10-year UK Gilt yield has jumped 120bps and now sits at 4.52%. The increase in yields was identical at the front-end of the Gilt curve, with the 2-year yield jumping 120bps to 4.68%.  The surge in longer-term Gilt yields stands out to the rise in bond yields seen outside the UK, as it also incorporates an increase in our estimate of the UK term premium – a move that was not matched in other countries (Chart 11). The rise in Gilt yields was also much more concentrated in real yields compared to inflation expectations (Chart 12), as markets aggressively repriced the path for UK policy rates after the UK government’s announced debt-financed fiscal package, including £45bn of tax cuts. Chart 11Upward Repricing Of Bond Yields Continues Upward Repricing Of Bond Yields Continues Upward Repricing Of Bond Yields Continues Chart 12The Gilt Market Becomes Unhinged The Gilt Market Becomes Unhinged The Gilt Market Becomes Unhinged The UK’s National Institute for Economic And Social Research (NIESR) estimates that the combined impact of the tax cuts and additional spending measures would increase the UK government deficit by a whopping £150bn, or 5% of GDP. The NIESR also estimated that the fiscal measures, including the previously-announced plan for the UK government to cap energy price increases, would result in positive UK GDP growth in the 4th quarter and also lift annual real GDP growth to 2% over 2023-24. The UK government now faces a major credibility issue with markets on its announced fiscal plans. The sheer size of the package, coming at a time when the US economy was already operating at full employment with high inflation, invites a greater than expected monetary policy tightening response from the BoE. The UK OIS curve now forecasts a peak in rates of 6.3% in October 2023, up from the current 2.25%. That would be a massive move in rates in just one year from a central bank that has been relatively gun shy in lifting rates since the 2008 financial crisis, even during the current inflation overshoot. New UK Prime Minister Liz Truss, and her new Chancellor of the Exchequer Kwasi Kwarteng, have both noted they would prefer a mix of looser fiscal policy (aimed at boosting the supply side of the economy to lift potential growth) with tighter monetary policy that would prevent asset bubbles and inflation overshoots. While there is certainly merit in any plan designed to boost medium-term growth by lifting anemic UK productivity through supply-side reforms, the timing of the announcement could not have been worse. Just one day earlier, the BoE announced a plan to go forward with the sale of Gilts from its balance sheet accumulated during quantitative easing. The Truss government needs to find buyers for all the Gilts that must be issued to pay for the tax cuts and stimulus, but the BoE will not be one of them. In the end, however, the BoE’s expected path for interest rates matters more than the increase in Gilt supply in determining the level of Gilt yields and the slope of the Gilt curve. The NIESR estimates that the UK public debt/GDP ratio will rise to 92% by 2024-25, versus its pre-budget forecast of 88%. While that is a meaningful increase, the correlation between the debt/GDP ratio and the slope of the Gilt curve has been negative for the past few years (Chart 13, top panel). The stronger relationship is between the slope of the curve and the level of the BoE base rate (bottom panel), which is pointing to an inversion of the 2-year/30-year curve if the BoE follows market pricing and lifts rates to 6%. Our view dating back to the early summer was that a low neutral interest rate would prevent the BoE from lifting rates as much as markets were discounting without causing a deep recession, lower inflation and, eventually, a quick reversal of rate hikes. The huge UK fiscal stimulus package changes that calculus, as the nominal neutral rate that will be needed to bring UK inflation back to target is likely now much higher. We have always believed that when a thesis underlying an investment recommendation is challenged by new information, it is best to adjust the recommendation to reflect the new facts. Thus, this week, we are tactically downgrading UK Gilts to underweight in our model bond portfolio framework. We still see a significant medium-term opportunity to go overweight Gilts, as UK policy rates pushing into the 4-6% range are not sustainable. However, the BoE will likely have no choice to begin lifting rates at a much more aggressive pace to restore UK policy credibility, especially with the British pound under immense selling pressure (Chart 14). Despite rumors of an inter-meeting rate hike by the BoE this week to try and support the pound, that is likely too risky a step for the BoE to take as it would invite a battle with investors and currency speculators. Such a battle would be difficult to win without a more credible and market-friendly medium-term fiscal policy from the Truss government. Chart 13The BoE Matters More Than Debt Levels For Gilts The BoE Matters More Than Debt Levels For Gilts The BoE Matters More Than Debt Levels For Gilts Chart 14Tactically Move To Underweight UK Gilts Tactically Move To Underweight UK Gilts Tactically Move To Underweight UK Gilts   Bottom Line: We will review our UK Gilt stance once there are more clear signals of stability in the pound, but for now, we will step aside and limit our recommended exposure to Gilts – even after the huge selloff seen to date, which likely has more to go. Summarizing All The Changes In Our Model Bond Portfolio All the changes to our recommended duration exposure and country allocations after the past week, including the new weightings in our model bond portfolio, are shown in the tables on pages 14-16. To summarize: We moved the overall recommended global duration exposure to below-benchmark, and shifted the model bond portfolio duration to 0.9 years below that of the custom benchmark index. We increased the size of the US Treasury underweight, and moved Canada and Japan to overweight. We moved the UK to underweight, on top of the reduction in UK duration exposure that was part of last week’s move to reduce overall portfolio duration. We are also cutting exposure to UK investment grade corporates to underweight, as part of an overall move to reduce UK risk in the portfolio. We slightly increased the overweight in Germany. In next week’s report, we will present the quarterly performance review of our model bond portfolio and, more importantly, we will present out scenario-based return expectations after all the changes made this week. Robert Robis, CFA Chief Fixed Income Strategist rrobis@bcaresearch.com     GFIS Model Bond Portfolio Recommended Positioning     Active Duration Contribution: GFIS Recommended Portfolio Vs. Custom Performance Benchmark The Global Bond Bear Market Continues The Global Bond Bear Market Continues The GFIS Recommended Portfolio Vs. The Custom Benchmark Index Global Fixed Income - Strategic Recommendations* Cyclical Recommendations (6-18 Months) The Global Bond Bear Market Continues The Global Bond Bear Market Continues