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Highlights The Turkish economy is in disarray, ... : The lira's plunge has reminded some investors of the Thai baht's in 1997, but we do not foresee a replay of the Asian Crisis. ... highlighting emerging markets' vulnerability to external factors: EM economies may be on firmer footing than they were 20 years ago, but the vicissitudes of dollar-denominated debt remain their Achilles' heel. Fraught times around the world justify paring back portfolio risk, ... : Increased caution is appropriate in the face of potential EM distress. Multiples are elevated and spreads are tight, leaving stocks and bonds susceptible to a pickup in risk aversion. ... even if domestic data indicate that the U.S. expansion is alive and well: Global concerns did nothing to dim small businesses' rosy outlook, but the dirty little secret within the July NFIB survey is that rising cost pressures will keep the Fed from backing off of its tightening plans. Feature Dear Client, This is our final report for the month of August. We will resume our regular publication schedule the first week of September. We wish everyone an enjoyable rest of the summer. Best regards, Doug Peta, Chief U.S. Investment Strategist What a difference a year makes. If 2017 was all about synchronized global growth, 2018 has been a study in desynchronization. While the list of sputtering international economies grows longer with every passing month, the U.S. economy continues to gather steam. The fact that it is leaving the laggards choking on its exhaust as it speeds by, trampling the conventions of the postwar international order the U.S. itself established, and tightening the screws on dollar borrowers, is bruising feelings from Ankara and Beijing to Ottawa and Brussels. There is nothing on the horizon to indicate that the desynchronization trend is about to end. Surreal as it may be for baby boomers and other pre-millennials, trade barriers are an essential plank in the Republicans' midterm election platform. Our geopolitical strategists caution that there is little reason to expect the anti-trade rhetoric out of Washington to die down before November. The associated headwinds for multinational corporations and economies more reliant on global trade are likely to persist for at least a few more months. The other global policy irritant comes from the Fed. Although it is not blind to the impact of its policies on other economies, its America First mandate is firmly entrenched. Confronted with a domestic economy that is being force-fed stimulus when it is already showing signs of bumping up against supply constraints, the Fed has very little room to relax its vigilance. Investors counting on an "EM put" to alter the course of rate hikes should recognize that that put is way out of the money: it will take a great deal of EM pain for the Fed to back away from its projected course. Turkey's Tenuous Model Before the Asian Crisis, the growth of the Asian Tiger economies was the envy of the world. The formula was simple and effective: take ample supplies of cheap labor, mix with developed-world capital to finance a buildup of manufacturing capacity, and watch eye-popping growth ensue. All was well until too much excitement led to hard-currency-debt-financed investment in overcapacity. When exchange-rate pegs fell, domestic borrowers became unable to meet their obligations and the Asian Miracle imploded. The Turkish lira's plunge has put many investors in mind of the Thai baht's 1997 collapse that set the Asian Crisis in motion. The EM contagion eventually found its way to Russia in the summer of 1998, felling hedge fund titan Long-Term Capital Management (LTCM) and thoroughly rattling several of its Wall Street enablers. Investors would be foolish to ignore the problems in Turkey, which could well ripple out into other EM economies and the developed world. However, our current base-case scenario does not call for anything on the order of the Asian Crisis. Chart of the WeekTurkey Is A Clear Outlier Today ... Chart 2... But It Would Have Been In The Thick Of Things In 1997 Turkey's dependency on external capital flows is reminiscent of the Asian Tigers', but it is an outlier in today's more conservative context (Chart of the Week). On the eve of the Asian Crisis, Turkey's external financing profile, on both a flow (current-account balance as a share of GDP) and a stock (external private debt as a share of GDP) basis, would have placed it squarely within the smart set (Chart 2). In retrospect, the Asian Miracle template of the early and mid '90s was an accident waiting to happen. Currency pegs are seen as a naïve relic, and exporters assiduously build up reserve war chests to prevent currency panics from taking root. Chart 3U.S. Banks Have Modest EM Exposure The key issue for U.S. investors is the potential for contagion to the U.S. banking system and its markets. It is almost impossible to identify an LTCM in advance, but the fact that the banking system is on a much tighter leash following the crisis means that it is far less vulnerable than it was in the late '90s. As our f/x strategists point out,1 European banks (especially Spain's BBVA) have considerably more exposure to Turkey and other fragile EM economies (Chart 3). Sentiment is the most likely transmission mechanism, and U.S. assets would seem to be last in line for multiple de-rating and spread widening, given the strength of the U.S. economy and its comparative remove from the rest of the world. Bottom Line: The magnitude of Turkey's financing excesses is not representative of the entire EM complex. U.S. investors should operate with a heightened sense of caution, but they should not panic. Emerging Markets' Achilles' Heel The magnitude of Turkey's reliance on external financing is unusual, but the direction is common. The vast bulk of the world's wealth is held in developed economies, and EM projects necessarily source capital from DM investors. Over 90% of all EM corporate debt is denominated in hard currency, of which the vast majority is denominated in U.S. dollars. For EM corporates with mainly domestic revenues, moves in the dollar exchange rate exert disproportionate influence over how comfortably they can service their debt. Exchange rates are determined by many factors, but real interest rate differentials are among the most prominent drivers. When the Fed hikes the fed funds rate while other central banks are easing policy or standing pat, the dollar tends to appreciate. A rising dollar pressures EM corporate borrowers, and hasn't been good for EM stock prices, either (Chart 4). If the Fed were to lift the fed funds rate all the way to 3.5% by the end of 2019, as we expect, several EM borrowers could find themselves in the crosshairs. Chart 4Tighter Fed Policy Squeezes EM Equities, Too Meaningful Chinese stimulus could go a long way to offsetting Fed tightening pressures. A more robust Chinese economy would trade more and consume more natural resources. Increased export volumes and higher commodity prices would boost EM exports and commodity prices, helping to support exchange rates. Unfortunately for Asian and Latin American EMs, the jury is still out as to whether or not the Chinese cavalry will ride to the rescue. Our China strategists have observed that a sizable stimulus injection would run counter to policy makers' commitment to reining in shadow banking excesses and cooling off the property market. If the trade war with the U.S. really starts to bite, however, reform may become a lesser priority. The powers that be have been circumspect with stimulus so far (Chart 5), weakening the currency to defend exports (Chart 6) rather than attempting to boost domestic activity via government spending. We will keep a close eye on Chinese policy developments as they unfold. Chart 5Instead Of Helping The EM Bloc With Reflation,... Chart 6...China Has Been Exporting Deflation Bottom Line: Chinese stimulus could help cushion the blow from a stronger dollar, but policy makers have yet to show their hand. Stay tuned. The View From Main Street Despite the global challenges, the July NFIB survey underlined the point that the U.S. economy is flying high. The headline Optimism Index is a single tick below its all-time high (Chart 7, top panel), the Hiring Plans (Chart 7, second panel) and Job Openings components (Chart 7, third panel) are at or near all-time highs, and the Good Time to Expand component is just off the high it set in May (Chart 7, bottom panel). All in all, the view from Main Street is the best it's ever been over the survey's 44-year history. All of the readings in Chart 7 are so good (two-plus standard deviations above the mean), that there is little scope for improvement. Mean reversion may well begin to assert itself, but it is likely to be a slow process. Overall optimism peaks well ahead of downturns, and tends to take its time deteriorating. It lends support to the message from our recession indicator2 that the expansion has at least another year to run. All good things come to an end, however, and the downside to the gangbusters survey results is that they foreshadow the expansion's eventual demise. Respondents' reports of price changes and future intentions to raise them correlate closely with PCE inflation (Chart 8). Record strength in job openings and hiring intentions indicates the labor market is tight enough to squeak, suggesting that firms will soon have to bid up wages to attract new employees. Taken together, the inflation-related measures imply that the Fed will not be able to let up, supporting the house view that the fed funds rate will surprise to the upside. Chart 7A Roaring Economy... Chart 8...Carries The Seeds Of Its Own Demise Bottom Line: The end of the expansion is not at hand, but its strength will eventually compel the Fed to step in to cut it off. Investment Implications Fiscal stimulus and monetary policy still support the expansion and the bull markets in equities and corporate debt, but they will not do so indefinitely. Stimulus is not sustainable from a budgetary standpoint, and gathering inflationary pressures will eventually inspire the Fed to wield its policy tools to bring the curtain down on the business cycle. The shift to restrictive policy will mark an inflection point in risk-asset performance, and investors should pursue more defensive portfolio positioning when it arrives. Although the cyclical inflection point is not yet upon us, the uncertain outcome of trade tensions and emerging market vulnerabilities merit dialing back portfolio risk in the near term. In line with the BCA house view, we recommend overweighting cash and underweighting bonds, while maintaining benchmark positioning in equities. Treasuries will likely outperform if the EM rumblings turn into something more serious, but we would view any decline in yields as a temporary respite from a Treasury bear market that has already been in place for two years. Depending on when, or if, the current global pressures abate, the equity bull market may still have some juice, and we are keeping an open mind about moving stocks back to overweight for the final push. Doug Peta, Senior Vice President U.S. Investment Strategy dougp@bcaresearch.com 1 Please see the August 17, 2018 Foreign Exchange Strategy Special Report, "The Bear And The Two Travelers," available at fes.bcaresearch.com. 2 Please see the August 13, 2018 U.S. Investment Strategy Special Report, "How Much Longer Can The Bull Market Last?" available at usis.bcaresearch.com.
Dear Client, We had intended to send you the second part of our two-part special report on long-term inflation risks this week, but given the sharp moves in the dollar and emerging market assets, we decided to write this bulletin instead. Barring any further major market turbulence, we will send you the sequel to the inflation report next week. Best regards, Peter Berezin, Chief Global Strategist Highlights The dollar rally and EM selloff have further to go. The U.S. economy is firing on all cylinders, while the rest of the world is sputtering. Turkey is not an isolated case. Emerging markets as a whole have feasted on debt over the past decade, and now will be held to account. We remain neutral on global equities, while underweighting EM relative to DM and overweighting defensives relative to deep cyclicals. Brewing EM stresses could cause the 10-year Treasury yield to temporarily fall to 2.5%, leading to a further flattening of the yield curve. However, the long-term path for yields is up. Feature King Dollar Reigns Supreme Our expectation going into this year was that the dollar would strengthen, triggering turmoil in emerging markets. This thesis has panned out, raising the question of whether it is time to declare victory and move on. We don't think so. While market positioning has clearly shifted closer towards our own views, we still think that the stronger dollar/weaker EM story has further to run. To understand why, it is useful to review the reasoning behind our thesis. Our bullish dollar view was based on a simple observation, which is that the U.S. had finally reached a point where aggregate demand was starting to outstrip supply. This implied that the dollar would need to strengthen in order to shift demand away from the United States. It is amazing how many commentators still think that the U.S. can divert spending towards imported goods without any change in the value of the dollar. Americans do not care what the CBO's or IMF's estimate of the domestic output gap is when they are deciding whether to buy U.S. or foreign-made goods. They care about relative quality-adjusted prices. Since the U.S. is a fairly closed economy - imports are only 15% of GDP - we reckoned that the dollar would need to strengthen considerably in order to displace a significant amount of domestic production with foreign-made goods. This is exactly what happened. Still More Upside For U.S. Rates Currency values tend to track interest rate differentials (Chart 1). As such, our prediction of a stronger dollar entailed the expectation that investors would increasingly price in a more hawkish path for the fed funds rate. This has indeed occurred. Since the start of the year, the expected fed funds rate has risen by 34 basis points for end-2018 and by 65 basis points for end-2019 (Chart 2). Chart 1Historically, The Dollar Has Moved In Line With Interest Rate Differentials Chart 2Rate Expectations Have Increased, ##br##But There Is Still A Long Way To Go Our sense is that U.S. interest rate expectations can rise further. Faster wage growth will boost consumption. The household savings rate can also fall from its current elevated level, which will give consumer spending an additional boost (Chart 3). Business investment should remain firm. Chart 4 shows that capex intentions are strong, while bank lending standards for commercial and industrial loans, which tend to lead loan growth, continue to ease. Fiscal stimulus will also goose the economy. Chart 3Consumption Could Accelerate As The Savings Rate Drops Chart 4U.S. Capex Investment Going Strong Could interest rate expectations move up more in the rest of the world than in the U.S., causing the dollar to tumble? It is possible, but unlikely. In contrast to most other central banks, the Fed wants to tighten financial conditions in order to keep the economy from overheating. A weaker dollar would entail an easing of financial conditions, and hence would require an even more hawkish response from the Fed. Currency Intervention Is Unlikely To Succeed Some have speculated that the Trump administration will intervene in the foreign exchange market in order to drive down the value of the dollar. We doubt this will happen, but even if such interventions were to take place, they would not be successful. Presumably, currency interventions would take the form of purchases of foreign exchange, financed through the issuance of Treasurys. The purchase of foreign currency would release U.S. dollars into the financial system, but the sale of Treasury securities would suck out those dollars from the financial system. The net result would be no change in the volume of U.S. dollars in circulation - what economists call a "sterilized" intervention. Both economic theory and years of history show that sterilized interventions do not have lasting effects on currency values. The Fed could, of course, provide funding for the Treasury's purchases of foreign exchange, leading to an increase in the monetary base. This would be tantamount to an unsterilized intervention. However, such a deliberate attempt to weaken the dollar by expanding the money supply would fly in the face of the Fed's efforts to cool growth by tightening financial conditions. We highly doubt the Fed's current leadership would go along with this. Emerging Markets In The Crosshairs This brings us to emerging markets. EM equities almost always fall when U.S. financial conditions are tightening (Chart 5). One can believe that emerging market stocks will go up; one can also believe, as we do, that the Fed will do its job and tighten financial conditions. But one cannot believe that both of these things will happen at the same time. Some pundits think that the plunge in the Turkish lira is not emblematic of the problems facing emerging markets. We are skeptical of this sanguine conclusion. Chart 6 shows that as a share of both GDP and exports, EM dollar-denominated debt is now as high as it was in the late 1990s. Turkey may be the worst of the lot, but it is hardly an isolated case. Chart 5Tightening U.S. Financial Conditions Do Not Bode Well For EM Stocks Chart 6EM Dollar Debt Is High Chart 7 presents a vulnerability heat map for a number of key emerging markets.1 We consider fourteen variables (expressed as a share of GDP, unless otherwise noted): 1) Current account balance; 2) Net international investment position; 3) External debt; 4) Change in external debt during the past five years; 5) External debt-servicing obligations coming due over the next 12 months as a share of exports; 6) External funding requirements over the next 12 months as a share of foreign exchange reserves; 7) Private sector savings-investment balance; 8) Private-sector debt; 9) Change in private-sector debt over the past five years; 10) Government budget balance; 11) Government debt; 12) Change in government debt over the past five years; 13) Share of domestic debt held by overseas investors; and 14) Inflation. Our analysis suggests that Turkey, Argentina, Colombia, Brazil, Mexico, Chile, South Africa, and Indonesia are all vulnerable to balance of payments stresses. Chart 7Vulnerability Heat Map For Key EM Markets Of course, asset markets in some of these economies have already moved quite a bit over the past few months, so it is useful to benchmark their stock markets and currencies to the underlying macro risks they face. For stock markets, we do this by comparing the heat map score with a composite valuation measure that incorporates price-to-book, price-to-sales, price-to-forward earnings, price-to-cash flow, and the dividend yield. Our analysis suggests that stocks in Russia and Korea are rather cheap, while equities in Indonesia, Mexico, South Africa, and Argentina are still quite expensive (Chart 8, top panel). Chart 8Some EM Stock Markets And Currencies Have Not Fully Priced In Macro Risks For currencies, we compare the heat map score with the level of the real effective exchange rate relative to its ten-year average. The Mexican peso, Brazilian real, Chilean peso, Indonesian rupiah, and South African rand still look pricey on this basis (Chart 8, bottom panel). In contrast, the Turkish lira and the Argentine peso are starting to look fairly cheap, although they could still get quite a bit cheaper before finding a floor. The China Wildcard The last time emerging markets seemed at risk of melting down was in 2015. Fortunately for them, China came to the rescue, delivering a massive double dose of fiscal and credit easing. Things may not be so straightforward this time around. China does not want to let its economy falter, but high debt levels and an overvalued housing market have made the usual policy prescriptions less appealing. As such, we would not necessarily conclude that the recent decline in the Chinese three-month interbank rate is a signal that the authorities want to see much faster credit growth (Chart 9). They may simply want to see a weaker currency. This is an important distinction because while faster credit growth would boost demand for EM exports, a weaker yuan would hurt other emerging markets by giving China a leg up in competitiveness. A weaker yuan would also make it more expensive for Chinese companies to import natural resources, thus putting downward pressure on commodity prices. It is too soon to know what policy mix the Chinese authorities will choose to pursue. Investors should pay close attention to the monthly data on the growth rates of social financing and local government bond issuance. So far, the combined credit and fiscal impulse has continued to weaken, suggesting that the authorities are in no hurry to open the stimulus floodgate (Chart 10). Chart 9Is China Trying To Stimulate Credit ##br##Growth Or Weaken The Yuan? Chart 10China Has Been Slow To Open The Credit And Fiscal Spigots Worries About The Euro Area Slower EM growth is likely to take a bigger toll on the euro area than the United States. Exports to emerging markets account for only 3.6% of GDP for the U.S., compared to 9.7% of GDP for the euro area. Euro area banks also have more exposure to emerging markets than U.S. banks. Notably, Spanish banks have sizeable exposure to Turkey and other vulnerable emerging markets (Chart 11). Meanwhile, worries about Italy have resurfaced. The 10-year Italian bond yield has moved back above 3%, not far from its May highs. The gap in fiscal policy between what Italy's new populist government has promised voters and what the European Commission is willing to accept remains a mile wide. Italian banks have become increasingly wary of financing their spendthrift government. With the ECB stepping back from asset purchases, two critical buyers of Italian debt are moving to the sidelines. The credit impulse in the euro area turned negative even before concerns about emerging markets and Italian politics came to the fore. As Chart 12 shows, the credit impulse has reliably tracked euro area growth. Right now, there is little reason to think that European banks will open the credit spigots, suggesting that euro area growth will be lackluster. Chart 11Who Has More Exposure To EM? Chart 12Euro Area Credit Impulse Suggests Growth Will Remain Lackluster Investment Conclusions If last year was the year of global growth resynchronization, this year is turning into one of desynchronization. The U.S. economy is outperforming the rest of the world, and the dollar is benefiting in the process. As we go to press, the broad trade-weighted dollar is up 6.1% year-to-date and stands only 2.2% below its December 28, 2016 high (Chart 13). From a long-term perspective, the greenback has become expensive, so we are inclined to close our strategic long DXY trade for a potential carry-adjusted profit of 15.7% if it reaches our target of 98 (as of the time of writing, the DXY is at 96.5). However, even if we were to close this trade, our tactical bias would be to remain long the dollar until clearer evidence emerges that the brewing EM crisis is about to abate. We moved from overweight to neutral on global equities on June 19. The MSCI All-Country World index has fluctuated a lot since then, but is currently up only 0.7% in dollar terms. Developed markets have gained 1.4%, while emerging markets have lost 3.8% (Chart 14). We have yet to reach a capitulation point for EM equities. The number of shares in the iShares MSCI Turkey ETF has almost doubled since August 3rd, as a stampede of bottom fishers have plowed into the fund (Chart 15). Equity investors should maintain our recommendation to underweight emerging markets relative to DM and to favor defensive sectors over deep cyclicals. We expect euro area stocks to perform in line with their U.S. peers in local-currency terms, but to underperform in dollar terms over the remainder of the year. Chart 13The Dollar Is Back Near Its Highs Chart 14Stock Market Performance: Roller Coaster Ride Chart 15Foreign Investors And Turkish Stocks: ##br##Trying To Catch A Falling Knife In the fixed-income realm, the long-term trend in global bond yields remains to the upside, but near-term EM stresses could cause the 10-year Treasury yield to temporarily fall back towards 2.5%. Peter Berezin, Chief Global Strategist Global Investment Strategy peterb@bcaresearch.com 1 We collaborated with our colleague Mathieu Savary and his team at BCA’s Foreign Exchange Strategy to build this heat map. Strategy & Market Trends Tactical Trades Strategic Recommendations Closed Trades
Turkey's unorthodox macroeconomic policies have backfired. The pursuit of economic growth at all costs has created major macroeconomic imbalances including surging inflation, a large current account deficit, extreme reliance on foreign portfolio inflows and foreign borrowing as well as an over-expansion of domestic credit. The nation's financial markets have been in freefall since early this year, hit by external shocks as well as investors' realization that President Erdogan is reluctant to adopt requisite and orthodox macroeconomic policies. The political spat between Turkey and the U.S. over the detention of American pastor Andrew Brunson in the past two weeks was a trigger - not the cause - of the selloff in Turkish financial markets. The basis for the ongoing selloff since early this year has been unsustainable macro policies, and the resulting macroeconomic imbalances. The key questions for investors are whether these ongoing adjustments in Turkey's financial markets and economy have further to go, and how to position in terms of investment strategy going forward. Valuations Have Become Attractive With share prices having dropped by 60% in U.S. dollar terms since their peak at the beginning of the year, Turkish equity valuations have become utterly depressed. The same can be said about the lira. In brief, there is now good value in Turkish financial markets. The lira has reached two standard deviations below fair value, according to the unit labor cost-based real effective exchange rate - which is our favorite currency valuation measure (Chart 1). At the moment, the lira is cheap. That said, if high inflation persists (Chart 2), the currency will appreciate in real terms, even if the nominal exchange rate stays around these levels. Chart 3 demonstrates that the cyclically-adjusted P/E (CAPE) ratio for Turkish stocks is now, two standard deviations below the historical average. Chart 1The Lira Has Become Cheap Chart 2Turkey: Inflation Breakout Chart 3Turkish Equities Are Cheap Nevertheless, it is essential to recognize that the CAPE ratio is a structural valuation measure - i.e., it is intended to work in the long term, beyond short-term business cycle fluctuations. Furthermore, structural valuation measures assume there is no structural shift in financial markets or the economy. If the Turkish authorities move to impose capital controls and double down on their unorthodox macro policies, there will arguably be a structural shift in the nation's economy and financial markets, and any indicator based on the past, including this CAPE ratio, will lose its relevance. In short, investors who buy Turkish stocks now will have a high probability of making money in the long run - possibly in the next three years or beyond barring structural regime shift. That said, the CAPE ratio is not a useful gauge for investors with short- and medium-term time horizons. Turkish U.S. dollar credit spreads are now the widest in the EM corporate space (1300 basis points). Sovereign spreads have also spiked to 590 basis points, the widest in 9 years, although still below levels that prevailed in the early 2000s (Chart 4). Local currency bonds are yielding 23%, and their total return in U.S. dollars have plunged to new lows (Chart 5). Bottom Line: Valuations, especially for equities and the currency, have become cheap. Chart 4Turkish Sovereign Spreads ##br##Have Broken Out Chart 5Turkish Local Currency ##br##Bonds Have Collapsed Adjustment: How Complete Is It? From a macroeconomic perspective, Turkey has been over-spending, especially on foreign goods. Thus, a cheaper currency and higher borrowing costs were needed to force an adjustment - i.e. squeeze spending in general and imports in particular. Although the Turkish exchange rate has weakened dramatically, making imports more expensive, an adjustment in interest rates is still pending. The policy rate - the one-week repo rate - still stands at 17.75% while 3-month interbank rates have spiked to 22% compared with core inflation of 15%. Provided core inflation will rise further following the latest plunge in the lira's value, it is reasonable to conclude that the policy rate in Turkey in real (inflation-adjusted) terms is still low. As we have argued in the past,1 the pre-conditions for turning bullish on Turkey are (1) a very cheap currency (as well as low valuations for other asset classes), (2) reasonably high real policy rates (say between 2-4%) and (3) a switch and an adherence to orthodox macro policies, including the elimination of capital control risks. The first pre-condition - valuations - has been met, as we discussed above. The second pre-condition - high real interest rates - has only partially been met: market-driven interest rates have spiked, yet policy rates are still low. Finally, there has been no sign that Turkish policymakers have embraced more orthodox macro policies. Consequently, the risk of capital controls or additional unorthodox measures remains reasonably high. In term of the real economy, there is presently little doubt that it is heading into a major recession with the banking system under siege. This necessitates considerable bad-asset restructuring. However, financial market valuations have probably already priced these developments in. Bottom Line: Out of three pre-conditions for turning positive, only one and a half have been met. Investment Strategy: Book Profits On Shorts The investment strategy with respect to Turkish financial markets should take into account that valuations have become very attractive, yet uncertainty over policy remains unusually high. In particular, in the case of imposition of capital controls, investors will suffer more losses. Capital controls or other unorthodox measures would represent a structural breakdown, and historical valuation metrics will be of little value. It is impossible to forecast and quantify the probability of capital controls being imposed by Turkey because it is a decision only one individual can take: President Erdogan. Nevertheless, disciplined investors should never ignore extreme valuations. As shown in Charts 1 and 3 above, the currency and equities now trade at two standard deviations below their fair value. Therefore, balancing cheap valuations on the one hand and lingering risks of further unorthodox policies (capital controls in particular) on the other, we recommend the following: 1. Investors who are short should take profits. We are doing this on the following positions: Short TRY / long USD - we reinstated this position on April 19, 2017, and it has generated a 41% gain since that time. The cumulative gain on our short lira position is 65% since January 17, 2011 (Chart 6, top panel). Short Turkish bank stocks - we recommended this trade on April 19, 2017; it has produced a 65% gain since. Prior to this, we shorted banks from June 4, 2013 to January 25, 2017. The cumulative gain on our short bank stocks is 124% in U.S. dollar terms since June 4, 2013 (Chart 6, bottom panel). 2. For absolute return investors, we do not yet recommend going long Turkish assets, even if they are in distressed territory. Domestic policy uncertainty remains high, the U.S. dollar will advance further and the broad EM selloff will continue. It will be difficult for Turkish markets to rally meaningfully in absolute terms amid these headwinds. 3. As to dedicated EM equity and fixed income portfolios (both credit and local currency bonds), we recommend shifting from an underweight to neutral allocation. The odds of continued underperformance and risk of capital controls are somewhat offset by cheap valuations and oversold conditions (Chart 7). Chart 6Book Profits On Turkish Shorts Chart 7Turkish Fixed Income Markets ##br##Have Been Slammed A neutral stance on Turkey within fully invested EM portfolios would mean that dedicated investors eliminate the risk of being on the wrong side of the market in the case of either potential outperformance or continued underperformance. A Word On Contagion Although the plunge in Turkish markets this past week has certainly unnerved investors and caused selloffs in other vulnerable EMs, it is a mistake to blame this selloff on Turkey alone. BCA's Emerging Markets Strategy team maintains that many EM economies have poor fundamentals and are vulnerable for various reasons.2 In fact, a broad-based selloff in EM financial markets had already commenced earlier this year before the latest events in Turkey began to unfold. In short, recent events in Turkey have acted as an additional trigger - not a cause - for the EM carnage. For example, on the surface, it may seem that the South African rand has plunged due to the turmoil in Turkey. However, this is an incorrect rationalization. Chart 8 demonstrates that the rand and metals prices are very highly correlated. Therefore, the rand's selloff since early this year should be attributed to the broad strength in the U.S. dollar, falling metals prices (negative terms of trade) and poor domestic economic fundamentals that we have discussed extensively in our reports on South Africa. As we outlined in our June 14 report,3 bear markets and crises often develop in phases, where some markets plunge while others show temporary resilience. However, if our big-picture view - that EMs are in a bear market - is correct, then it is only a matter of time before the markets that are still resilient re-couple to the downside with the rest. That said, there are always going to be outperformers and underperformers. Our country allocation recommendations are presented at the end of each report (please refer to pages 9 and 10). Furthermore, investors should not focus solely on the impact of the Turkish crisis on developed financial markets. BCA's Emerging Markets Strategy team maintains that EM financial markets will continue to sell off, and that the downturn will eventually affect DM markets. Remarkably, DM ex-U.S. share prices have failed to recover from the January selloff along with the U.S. equity markets and still hover around their lows for the year (Chart 9). Chart 8The Rand Is Driven By ##br##Metal Prices Not By Turkey Chart 9No Recovery In DM ##br##ex-U.S. And EM Stocks Bottom Line: Woes in EM markets will persist, weighing on DM equities as well. The headwinds are slower global trade (for DM ex-U.S.) and a strong U.S. dollar for the S&P 500. The path of least resistance for the U.S. dollar is up, and U.S. stocks will continue to outperform European and Japanese equities in common currency terms. EM will be the worst performer among all regions. Arthur Budaghyan, Senior Vice President Emerging Markets Strategy & Frontier Markets Strategy arthurb@bcaresearch.com Stephan Gabillard, Senior Analyst stephang@bcaresearch.com Footnotes 1 Please see the section on Turkey in Emerging Markets Weekly Report titled "The Dollar Rally And China's Imports," dated May 24, 2018, available on page 11. 2 Please see Emerging Markets Strategy Weekly Report titled "Understanding The EM/China Cycles," dated July 19, 2018, available on page 11. 3 Please see Emerging Markets Strategy Weekly Report titled "EM: Sustained Decoupling, Or Domino Effect?" dated June 14, 2018, available on page 11. Equity Recommendations Fixed-Income, Credit And Currency Recommendations
Highlights If the U.S. Treasury intervenes to push the greenback lower, it would only have a temporary impact. Ultimately, interventions work if they are matched with easy monetary policy. However, U.S. monetary policy will only be tightened going forward. Because inflation expectations have stabilized since the late-1980s, the dollar can influence the slope of the Phillips Curve. However, the combination of a tight labor market and untimely fiscal stimulus is likely to cause a sharp steepening of the Phillips Curve, with lower unemployment and higher inflation. Unlike in the late 1960s and early 1970s, but as in the mid-1980s, the Federal Reserve is unlikely to abide by these inflationary pressures. Thus, if the Phillips Curve steepens significantly, the Fed is likely to end up raising rates much more aggressively than what is currently priced in, in turn leading to a much stronger dollar. Feature In recent days we have heard speculation that U.S. President Donald Trump may be considering ordering the U.S. Treasury to sell dollars, in order to limit the greenback's strength. We have no preconception of whether this is indeed likely to happen or not, but the mere discussion of this risk forces us to ask questions regarding our view that the dollar can keep rallying in 2018. We think that this kind of policy, if implemented, could have a short-lived negative impact on the dollar, but that ultimately the path for the dollar will be conditional on the path taken by the Fed and global growth, not President Trump's whims. As such, we remain firmly focused on charting the most likely path for these two factors, and currently they continue to favor the USD. As a result, we recommend investors either buy into any corrective action in the dollar in the coming weeks, or, hedge them away. It is not the time to abandon our view that the dollar will end 2018 above current levels. Trump Vs The Trinity One of the bedrocks of international economics is called the Impossible Trinity. It is the simple idea that a country has to make a choice. A nation cannot target the level of its exchange rate and have an independent monetary policy while also having an open capital account. A country can pick two of these nodes at any point in time, but not all three simultaneously (Chart I-1). Chart I-1The Impossible Trinity Essentially, if Country A has an open capital account and decides to fix its exchange rate with Country B, it needs to follow a very similar monetary policy that the nation it is pegging its currency against follows. If risk-adjusted interest rates in Country A are lower than those in Country B, money will leave country A, creating downward pressures on its FX reserves, and ultimately forcing a downward adjustment in the exchange rate. The exact opposite will happen if Country A's risk-adjusted interest rates rise above those prevailing in Country B. As a result, if Country A wants to peg its currency to Country B and maintain monetary policy that is independent of that conducted in Country B, Country A has to close its capital account. Or, as was the case when the world was under the gold standard, if Country A wants to maintain an open capital account and still have a pegged currency, then it has to relinquish control over its monetary policy. Finally, countries can also follow the strategy currently in place across most advanced economies, and have both an open capital account and an independent monetary policy, but relinquish control over their exchange rate. Since the U.S. capital account is open, the idea that President Trump could target a lower USD by forcing the Treasury to sell greenbacks in the open market ultimately flies in the face of this impossible trinity, as long as the Fed maintains its independence.1 This last clause is crucial. For example, the Japanese Ministry of Finance conducted successful interventions between 1999 and 2000, when it managed to limit upside in the yen. However, the yen only really weakened once the Bank of Japan joined the game, as it was making sure that Japanese interest rates were falling relative to the U.S. (Chart I-2). The same occurred in 1985 around the Plaza Accord. From August 1984 to August 1986, the effective fed funds rate was declining, which buttressed the U.S. Treasury's verbal efforts of seeing a lower dollar (Chart I-3). Coordination with the rest of the G7 also helped. Chart I-2MoF Interventions Worked, Once Japanese##br## Rates Fell Vs. The U.S. Chart I-3The Plaza Accord Worked Because The##br## Fed Moved In The Same Direction This means that for interventions to have any durable impact on the U.S. dollar, the Fed needs to be easing monetary policy relative to the rest of the world as well. Otherwise, any decline in the dollar caused by interventions is likely to prove transitory as the higher interest rates offered by the U.S. will likely result in inflows into the dollar. Thus, the outlook for the Fed still holds primacy. On this front, the future does not look good for President Trump's desire to see a weaker dollar. Bottom Line: Because the U.S. has an independent monetary policy and an open capital account, the U.S. Treasury cannot unilaterally target a lower exchange rate. It needs the help of either foreign nations or a compliant Fed that eases policy. Right now, foreign nations have little incentive to follow the example of the 1985 Plaza Accord, and the U.S. economic backdrop points toward higher U.S. interest rates, not lower ones. Thus, any negative impact on the dollar from open market operations by the U.S. Treasury should have a limited lifespan. A Filip From The Phillips Curve? If the Treasury selling dollars can only drag the greenback lower on a durable basis only as long as the Fed eases policy as well, the Fed remains a much more important factor in determining the dollar's outlook. At the center of the Fed's reaction function lies a concept called the Phillips Curve, which normally shows a negative relationship between the unemployment rate and the inflation rate. Logically, we would anticipate that the more strongly inflation and the unemployment rate move in opposite directions, the stronger the link with the dollar should be. If inflation surges in response to small declines in unemployment rates, this forces the Fed to respond with greater assertiveness to capacity pressures. As a result, this should lift the dollar higher. If unemployment increases and inflation plunges, the Fed eases and the dollar weakens. However, the reality is very different. As Chart I-4 illustrates, the relationship between the slope of the Phillips Curve and the dollar evolves over time. When inflation expectations were unanchored to the upside, as was the case in the 1970s, the Phillips Curve became inverted - i.e. a rising unemployment rate was associated with rising inflation. Inflation was in the driver's seat. In this environment, the higher inflation and the unemployment rate got, the weaker the dollar became. The Fed was in a bind and remained behind the curve. Consequently, real rates kept falling and the dollar suffered. Chart I-4The Strange Dance Of The Phillips Curve And The Dollar After 1981 something interesting happened. The Phillips Curve moved back to its normal slope - i.e. negative. During that period, the dollar rallied. The slope of the Phillips Curve normalized because then-Fed Chair Paul Volcker drove up interest rates so high that inflation expectations collapsed, and ex-ante real rates rebounded as a result. This lifted the dollar. Since the second half of the 1980s, something even stranger has been happening. The dollar now moves upward when the Phillips Curve flattens or becomes inverted. The dollar also depreciates when the Phillips curve normalizes. In other words, the dollar today appreciates when the inflation rate and the unemployment rate move in unison, not in opposition. This is strange; very strange. However, this relationship can be understood if we flip the causation around. Essentially, the dollar may be driving the slope of the Phillips Curve. We have long argued that a strong dollar is not very negative for the U.S. economy, but it remains very negative for inflation.2 This can be seen in Chart I-5, which highlights that a strong dollar is associated with a falling unemployment rate, but also falling inflation. When the dollar is strengthening, it supports consumption as the price of imported goods decreases, increasing the purchasing power of households (Chart I-6). Since household consumption accounts for roughly 70% of GDP, what is good for households ends up being good for U.S. growth. However, a strong dollar dampens inflation by curtailing the price of imported goods, by weighing on the price of commodities, and by tightening EM financial conditions, which decreases EM demand and therefore further undermines global prices. This means that a strong dollar is associated with both a lower unemployment rate and lower inflationary pressures, thus a positively sloped Phillips Curve. These dynamics might explain why this cycle, the Fed has faced very limited inflationary pressures, despite facing an unemployment rate well below equilibrium: The dollar was very strong from 2014 to late 2016, and inflation fell as the unemployment rate also declined. Chart I-5A Strong Dollar Is Neutral For The##br## Unemployment Rate But Deflationary Chart I-6A Strong Dollar ##br##Helps Households How is this situation likely to evolve going forward? Will the dollar remain the likely driver of the Phillips Curve, or will the Phillips Curve drive the dollar? We opine that the Phillips Curve is likely to once again become the leading partner in this tango. This could help the dollar. Essentially, today's environment is unlike anything we have seen since the current relationship between the dollar and the Phillips Curve emerged in the second half of the 1980s. Not only is the economy at full employment, but also the U.S. government is engaging in massively expansionary fiscal policy. The obvious parallel is with the late 1960s. Back then, the unemployment rate was low, hitting 3.4% in 1969, yet in response to the Vietnam War and former President Lyndon Johnson's Great Society program, the U.S. budget deficit blew up. This generated the kind of excess demand that culminated in high inflation, and down the road, an unmooring of inflation expectations to the upside. This unmooring was crucial in causing the abnormal Phillips Curve slope discussed earlier, and the collapse in the dollar. This policy sowed the seeds of stagflation. However, forgotten in that parallel is the Fed's behavior at the time. As we highlighted two weeks ago, in the late 1960s and early 1970s, the Fed was much more focused on keeping the U.S. at full employment than it was focused on combatting inflation (Chart I-7). The Fed maintained too easy monetary policy, letting the U.S. economy become a pressure cooker.3 After 1977 and the Federal Reserve Reform act, inflation fighting became an official component of the Fed's mandate - one that took preeminence once Paul Volcker took the helm of the central bank. We are still in this regime. Chart I-7Trump's Fed Is Not Nixon's Fed As a result, while the current environment has echoes of the late 1960s, it also resonates with the first half of the 1980s, because the Fed is now more focused on inflation than it was in the 1960s. In the first half of the 1980s, Volcker was working on keeping inflation expectations at bay (Chart I-8). However, former President Ronald Reagan wanted to increase military spending and cut taxes. He got his wish. While the U.S. budget balance normally moves in line with the employment rate, as Chart I-9 illustrates, from 1984 to 1986 employment rose but the budget balance did not improve. This could have caused inflation expectations to increase because it represented a period of unwarranted fiscal expansion and excess demand. Yet inflation expectations did not move up. Instead, the Fed let real interest rates move higher, tightening monetary conditions. The dollar surged in response to a violent normalizing of the Phillips Curve. Chart I-8Inflation Expectations ##br##Are Crucial Chart I-9Investors Anticipating The Reagan / Volcker ##br##Battle Lifted The Dollar Today, the Fed will continue to fight the inflationary impact of Trump's policies. Moreover, we anticipate that the Phillips Curve is likely to become much more negatively sloped as the business cycle progresses. As Chart I-10 illustrates, not only is the unemployment rate very low, the broader U-6 measure is finally consistent with full employment. In fact, the gap between the two unemployment measures also indicates there is no more hidden labor market slack in the U.S. Additionally, while the employment-to-population ratio remains low in the context of the past 30 years, the employment-to-population ratio for prime age workers has normalized (Chart I-11). Moreover, as the bottom panel of Chart I-11 illustrates, the true culprit behind the dichotomy between the employment rate of prime-age workers and that of the rest of the population is the low employment rate of young workers. Essentially, younger Americans are getting more educated, which is keeping them out of the labor force for longer. As a result, the participation age for the population at large is likely to remain below levels that prevailed before the financial crisis. This also mean that since the participation rate for prime age workers has already normalized, additional employment gains are likely to result in additional wage gains and inflationary pressures. Chart I-10The Labor Market Points To##br## A Normalizing Phillips Curve Chart I-11Participation Is Low Because ##br##Millenials Stay In School Longer Another symptom highlighting that the labor market is very tight is the fact that the unemployment rate among individuals 25 years and older but without a high school diploma has collapsed to record lows (Chart I-12). Moreover, wage growth among this cohort has skyrocketed, normally a symptom of budding inflationary pressures (Chart I-12, bottom panel). As a result, the combination of evident pressures in the labor market and untimely fiscal stimulus is likely to realize the inflationary pressures suggested by the NFIB small business survey. When companies are much more worried about finding qualified employees than they are about finding demand for their products and services, core CPI hooks up. This time will not be different (Chart I-13). Chart I-12A Clear Sign Of Tightening Chart I-13Inflation Set To Pick Up All these dynamics raise the risk that after years of dormancy, the Phillips curve could suddenly become much steeper and more negative. The Fed is likely to use rising inflation and a steeper Phillips curve as a justification to suggest that r-star is rising. As a result, it will use this logic to push both nominal and real interest rate higher. This, in our view, will push the dollar higher. Why? As we have shown in the past, when the U.S. has the highest interest rates among the G-10, the dollar performs well (Chart I-14). However, as the top panel of Chart I-15 shows, U.S. rates are the determinant of this ranking - i.e. when the fed funds rate increases, so does the ranking of U.S. rates within the G-10. This also means the ranking of U.S. rates relative to other G-10 rates follows the U.S. business cycle. Moreover, as the bottom two panels of Chart I-15 illustrate, the current level of aggregate unemployment and of unemployment among the less-educated confirms that the U.S. should have the highest interest rates among G-10 nations. Trump's stimulus will only add fuel to the fire. Chart I-14Supported By The Highest Rates In The G10, ##br##The Dollar Can Rise Further Chart I-15The Ranking Of U.S. Rates Depends ##br##On The U.S. Business Cycle In fact, the combination of a tight labor market, high U.S. rates relative to the rest of the world and a quickly steepening normal (i.e. inverse relationship) Phillips Curve could result in a supercharged rally in the U.S. dollar. Such a rally, if it were to materialize, would likely cause very serious pain on EM economies and assets. As a result, we recommend investors closely watch the slope of the Phillips Curve in coming quarters, as it will hold the key to the dollar's path. Bottom Line: The slope of the Phillips Curve moves around significantly over time, but more interestingly, its relationship with the dollar does as well. Today's environment of a tight labor market accompanied by fiscal stimulus could result in a large steepening of the Phillips Curve. Since now the Fed is much more independent and much more focused on inflation than it was in the 1960s and early 1970s, such a shift in the Phillips Curve could supercharge the dollar's strength. Increasing this likelihood, the Fed is already at the top of the interest rate distribution among the G-10, which means the dollar remains under upward pressure. Mathieu Savary, Vice President Foreign Exchange Strategy mathieu@bcaresearch.com 1 And we believe that the Fed will continue to conduct its monetary policy independently from the desires of the White House. Please see Foreign Exchange Strategy Weekly Report, "Rhetoric Is Not Always Policy", dated July 27, 2018, available at fes.bcaresearch.com 2 Please see Foreign Exchange Strategy Weekly Report, "Dollar: The Great Redistributor", dated October 7, 2016, available at fes.bcaresearch.com 3 Please see Foreign Exchange Strategy Weekly Report, "Rhetoric Is Not Always Policy", dated July 27, 2018, available at fes.bcaresearch.com Currencies U.S. Dollar Chart II-1USD Technicals 1 Chart II-2USD Technicals 2 Recent data in the U.S. has been negative: Both average hourly earnings yearly growth and the unemployment rate came in line with expectations, at 2.7% and 3.9% respectively. However, non-farm payrolls underperformed expectations, coming in at 157 thousand. Nonetheless, the high upward revisions to the June and May numbers mitigated the blow. Moreover, the participation rate also surprised negatively, coming in at 62.9%. Finally, both Markit Services and Markit Composite PMI underperformed expectations, coming in at 56 and 55.7 respectively. DXY has been flat this week. While we recognize that the dollar could have some tactical downside, it is unlikely to be very playable. Thus, investors should stay long the green back, as the combination of tightening in both China and the U.S. will create an environment of slowing global growth where the dollar benefits. However, because a countertrend correction can always be more painful than anticipated, we have bought some hedges against our long dollar call, sell USD/CAD as a form of protection. Report Links: The Dollar And Risk Assets Are Beholden To China's Stimulus - August 3, 2018 Rhetoric Is Not Always Policy - July 27, 2018 Time To Pause And Breathe - July 6, 2018 The Euro Chart II-3EUR Technicals 1 Chart II-4EUR Technicals 2 Recent data in the euro area has been negative: Markit Services PMI underperformed expectations, coming in at 54.2. Moreover, retail sales yearly growth also surprised negatively, coming in at 1.2%. This measure also decreased relative to last month. German factory orders yearly growth also surprised to the downside, showing a contraction of 0.8%. Finally, German industrial production yearly growth also underperformed, coming in at 2.5%. EUR/USD has been relatively flat this week. The euro is likely to have downside for the rest of the year, as tight labor market in the U.S. and powerful inflationary pressures will push the fed to raise rates more than what is priced into the OIS curve. Meanwhile, the ECB will have to stay put, as deaccelerating global growth will weigh on its export-oriented economy. Report Links: Time To Pause And Breathe - July 6, 2018 What Is Good For China Doesn't Always Help The World - June 29, 2018 Updating Our Long-Term FX Fair Value Models - June 22, 2018 The Yen Chart II-5JPY Technicals 1 Chart II-6JPY Technicals 2 Recent data in Japan has been mixed: Markit Services PMI underperformed expectations, coming in at 51.3. Moreover, the leading economic index also surprised to the downside, coming in at 105.2. However, overall household spending yearly growth surprised positively, coming in at -1.2%. This measure also increased relative to last month's number. Finally, labor cash earnings yearly growth also surprised to the upside, coming in at 3.6%. USD/JPY has gone down by nearly 0.7% this week. We are bullish on the yen versus commodity and European currencies on a 6 month basis, as slowing global growth coupled with trade tensions should generate rising volatility and help safe havens like the yen. Report Links: Rhetoric Is Not Always Policy - July 27, 2018 Updating Our Long-Term FX Fair Value Models - June 22, 2018 Rome Is Burning: Is It The End? - June 1, 2018 British Pound Chart II-7GBP Technicals 1 Chart II-8GBP Technicals 2 Recent data in the U.K. has been mixed: Market Services PMI underperformed expectations, coming in at 53.5. This measure also decreased from last month's number. Moreover, BRC Like-for-like retail sales yearly growth also underperformed expectations, coming in at 0.5%. This measure also decreased from 1.1% last month. However, Halifax house prices yearly growth outperformed expectations, coming in at 3.3%. This measure also increased form 1.8% the previous month. GBP/USD has fallen by 1% this week, as Brexit fears continue to put downward pressure on this cross. Cable will likely continue to fall until the end of the year, as rising U.S. rates will give a boost to the dollar. That being said, as the currency continues to depreciate it is important to keep an eye on whether inflation starts perking up a, as a buying opportunity might emerge. Report Links: Updating Our Long-Term FX Fair Value Models - June 22, 2018 Inflation Is In The Price - June 15, 2018 Updating Our Intermediate Timing Models - May 18, 2018 Australian Dollar Chart II-9AUD Technicals 1 Chart II-10AUD Technicals 2 Recent data in Australia has been mixed: Home loans growth underperformed expectations, coming in at -1.1%. This measure also decreased relatively to last month's number. However, retail sales month-on-month growth outperformed expectations, coming in at 0.4%. AUD/USD has rallied by nearly 1% this week, as investors have started to price in Chinese stimulus. Overall, we believe that any relief in tightening from the Chinese authorities will be temporary, which means that the rally in the AUD will likely be short lived. That being said, tactical investors who wish to take a position on Chinese stimulus can buy our designed "China Play Index", a risk adjusted portfolio comprised of AUD/JPY, Brazilian equities, Swedish industrials equities, iron ore and EM high yield debt. Report Links: What Is Good For China Doesn't Always Help The World - June 29, 2018 Updating Our Long-Term FX Fair Value Models - June 22, 2018 Updating Our Intermediate Timing Models - May 18, 2018 New Zealand Dollar Chart II-11NZD Technicals 1 Chart II-12NZD Technicals 2 On Thursday, the RBNZ left its policy rate unchanged at 1.75%. NZD/USD fell by 1% following the decision. The monetary policy statement stroke a dovish tone, as the RBNZ stated that they expected "to keep the OCR (Official Cash rate) at this level through 2019 and into 2020", longer than originally projected in their May statement. Moreover, the RBNZ highlighted that the probability of rate cut, while still not its central scenario, has risen. We believe, that growth in the kiwi economy could be at risk as tightening by both the Fed and the PBoC as well as trade tensions will likely prove to be a toxic cocktail for this small open economy very levered to global trade. This means that NZD/USD is likely to continue to go down as we approach2019. Report Links: Updating Our Long-Term FX Fair Value Models - June 22, 2018 Updating Our Intermediate Timing Models - May 18, 2018 Value Strategies In FX Markets: Putting PPP To The Test - May 11, 2018 Canadian Dollar Chart II-13CAD Technicals 1 Chart II-14CAD Technicals 2 Recent data in Canada has been mixed: The Ivey Purchasing Manager's Index underperformed expectations, coming in at 61.8. This measure also decreased from last month's number. Moreover, Building permit month-on-month growth also surprised negatively, coming in at -2.3%. However, International merchandise trade outperformed expectations, coming in at -0.63 billion. USD/CAD has been flat this week. We continue to hold a tactical bearish bias on this cross, as the excessive short positioning in the CAD has yet to be purged. That being said, we are bullish on this cross on a 6-12 month basis, as the Fed will likely keep raising interest rates, hurting EM economies, and consequently commodity producers like Canada. Report Links: Updating Our Long-Term FX Fair Value Models - June 22, 2018 Inflation Is In The Price - June 15, 2018 Rome Is Burning: Is It The End? - June 1, 2018 Swiss Franc Chart II-15CHF Technicals 1 Chart II-16CHF Technicals 2 Recent data In Switzerland has been neutral: Headline inflation came in line with expectations, at 1.2%. This measure also increased relatively to last month's number. The unemployment rate also came in line with expectations at 2.6%. EUR/CHF has declined by roughly 0.6% this week. We believe this cross could continue to have downside on a 6 to 12 month basis if trade tensions and Chinese tightening continue to make for a risk off environment. That being said, on a longer term basis, the franc is not likely to have much upside, given that the SNB will keep ultra-dovish monetary policy in order to help bring back inflation to Switzerland. Report Links: Updating Our Long-Term FX Fair Value Models - June 22, 2018 Updating Our Intermediate Timing Models - May 18, 2018 Value Strategies In FX Markets: Putting PPP To The Test - May 11, 2018 Norwegian Krone Chart II-17NOK Technicals 1 Chart II-18NOK Technicals 2 USD/NOK has been relatively flat this week. We are bullish on this cross on a 6 to 12 month basis, given that widening interest rate differentials between the U.S. and Norway will likely boost this cross. It is important to remember that while oil prices are an important driver of USD/NOK, our research has shown that interest rate differentials have a stronger correlation. Thus, USD/NOK could rise even amid rising oil prices. With this in mind, we are bullish on the NOK within the commodity complex, as oil should outperform base metals thanks to the supply cuts by OPEC. Strong oil prices should also help the NOK versus the EUR. Report Links: Updating Our Long-Term FX Fair Value Models - June 22, 2018 Updating Our Intermediate Timing Models - May 18, 2018 Value Strategies In FX Markets: Putting PPP To The Test - May 11, 2018 Swedish Krona Chart II-19SEK Technicals 1 Chart II-20SEK Technicals 2 USD/SEK has risen by more than 1% this week. We are bearish on this cross on a 6-12 month basis, as our research has shown that the krona is the most sensitive currency to the dollar in the G10. This is likely due to the fact that Sweden is a small very open economy which sits early in the global supply chain, exporting a large proportion of intermediate goods. When the dollar rises and curtails Emerging market demand, Sweden producers are the first to feel the pain from the slowdown. On a longer term basis we are more bullish on the krona, given that inflation continues to be very strong in Sweden, and the Riksbank will eventually have to adjust monetary policy accordingly. Report Links: Updating Our Long-Term FX Fair Value Models - June 22, 2018 Updating Our Intermediate Timing Models - May 18, 2018 Value Strategies In FX Markets: Putting PPP To The Test - May 11, 2018 Trades & Forecasts Forecast Summary Core Portfolio Tactical Trades Closed Trades
Highlights The 2018 dollar rally is principally the consequence of the slowdown in global industrial activity and global trade, itself a reverberation of China's efforts to de-lever and reform its economy. For China, reforms and deleveraging are here to stay, suggesting the dollar rally and EM rout are not over. However, in response to U.S. President Donald Trump's trade battling, China is stimulating its economy in order to limit its own downside. The chances of miscalculation on the part of Beijing are high. This raises the risk that investors begin pricing in a much more aggressive reflation campaign. Such a reflation campaign would cause a correction in the dollar and give more lift to the current rebound in EM assets. In order to track this risk and hedge it, investors should monitor and buy a portfolio made up of iron ore, Brazilian equities, AUD/JPY, Swedish industrial equities and EM high-yield bonds. Feature Many assign the strength in the dollar this year to the Federal Reserve increasing interest rates at a faster pace than other advanced economies. While monetary divergences seems like both a historically plausible and intuitive explanation, it rings hallow. The Fed was hiking rates at a much faster pace than the rest of the world last year, yet the dollar had a horrendous 2017, falling 10%. In our view, the trend in global growth has had a much more important role in explaining the dollar's performance. When global trade and global industrial production is strong, this normally leads to a period of weakness in the dollar. The opposite also holds true; soft global growth is associated with a strong dollar (Chart I-1). Behind this relationship lies the low-beta nature of the U.S. economy. Since its economy is not as levered to exports and manufacturing as the rest of the world is, the U.S. benefits less when global growth is improving (Chart I-2). As a result, when global growth is on the up and up, investors can upgrade the economic and inflation outlook for Europe faster than they can for the U.S. In the process, long-term rate expectations rise faster in Europe than the U.S., attracting money into Europe and out of the U.S. The process can be replicated across most economies outside the U.S. This hurts the dollar. Chart I-1The Dollar Likes ##br##Poor Global Growth Chart I-2The U.S. Economy Is Less##br## Sensitive To Global Growth To understand the outlook for the greenback, it is crucial to understand the outlook for global economic activity. Many commentators have pinned the blame of slowing global growth on the back of rising protectionism. The problem with this thesis is that global growth began slowing before investors took protectionist risks seriously. Instead, in our view, the key culprit behind the global growth slowdown has been policy tightening in China. Therein lies the issue. China has slowed, and President Xi Jinping is signaling that his administration will continue to push ahead with deleveraging the Chinese economy. This should imply weaker industrial growth in China and in the rest of the world and therefore a stronger dollar. However, with protectionism on the rise, the Chinese authorities are announcing virtually every day new measures to soften the blow to the Chinese economy. This stimulus could support global growth, and hurt the dollar, at least tactically. Our Geopolitical Strategy team believes the desire to reform and de-lever the Chinese economy will ultimately prevail, and thus so will a stronger dollar. However, the growing list of stimulus measures implemented in China supports our thesis, articulated last month, that a counter-trend correction in the dollar will first materialize before the greenback rally begins anew.1 As such, we continue to recommend investors hedge their long USD bets, and that traders with a short-term horizon take advantage of a portfolio we propose in this report. China Drives Growth And Returns Differentials We have long argued that China has a disproportionate role in determining what happens to growth outside the U.S. To some extent, this argument is almost tautological: at PPP exchange rates, China produces 24% of global GDP outside the U.S. But there is more than meets the eye to this argument. China is the world largest investor, with Chinese capital investment accounting for 26% of global capital formation, or 6.5% of the world's GDP. This means that the growth rate of Chinese investment has a large direct impact on global industrial good exports around the world. There is a second-round effect as well: China is also the largest consumer of industrial commodities globally. This implies that China is the marginal consumer and thus the price-setter of many natural resources. However, commodity producers account for a large share of global capex, 10.5% from 2004 to 2017. Thus, through its impact on commodity prices, China also impacts the demand for global industrial and capital goods via the capex needs of commodity exports. This large footprint can result in some counterintuitive relationships. For example, why is it that Chinese economic variables explain so well the gyrations of French exports to Germany, its largest export market (Chart I-3)? This conundrum is explained by the fact that German economic activity is deeply affected by Chinese growth. Since German growth is the key determinant of German imports, it follows that Chinese activity plays a large role in driving French exports. This pattern gets repeated across Europe, as Germany is the leading trading partner of most European nations. China does not have the same impact on the U.S. economy (Chart I-4) as total U.S. exports only represent 13% of GDP and exports to China, a measly 0.6% of GDP. Manufacturing also only represents 11% of U.S. GDP, again limiting the impact of secondary benefits of Chinese growth on the U.S. economy. Chart I-3What Drives French Exports To Germany: China Chart I-4Chinese Growth Has Little Impact On U.S. Growth Thanks to this difference, we can spot one very useful relationship that we have highlighted to our clients for more than a year: when the Chinese authorities stimulate their economy, European growth picks up sharply vis-a-vis the U.S. (Chart I-5).2 In this optic, the growth outperformance of Europe in 2017 made perfect sense; it was a consequence of China's aggressive push to reflate after 2015. 2018 is the mirror image of 2017; European growth is underperforming as a result of China's efforts to limit growth. This also means that wherever China goes going forward, so will the growth gap between the euro area and the U.S. Chart I-5AIf European Growth Beats That ##br##Of The U.S., Thank China (I) Chart I-5BIf European Growth Beats That ##br##Of The U.S., Thank China (II) Since Chinese growth affects the distribution of economic activity around the world, China affects the distribution of rates of returns around the world as well. Nowhere is the influence of China more evident than in the spread between U.S. and global bond yields. If we accept that Chinese growth exerts a limited influence on the domestically driven U.S. economy but exerts a large impact on the rest of the world, Chinese economic fluctuations should have an implication on the relative interest rate outlook between the U.S. and the rest of the world. This is indeed the case. As Chart I-6 shows, when the growth of China's nominal manufacturing GDP slows relative to the U.S., U.S. bond yields rise relative to yields in other major economies. Since money flows where it is best treated, the impact of China on relative rates of returns and interest rates around the world should be felt in the dollar. This is also the case. When Chinese nominal manufacturing GDP growth accelerates, the dollar tends to suffer as money leaves the U.S. and finds its way into Europe, Australia, Canada, EM and so forth to take advantage of rising marginal rates of returns relative to the U.S. (Chart I-7). Chart I-6Treasurys Vs. The World Equals U.S. Nominal GDP ##br##Vs. Chinese Manufacturing Chart I-7The DXY Moves In Opposition##br## To Chinese Manufacturing Bottom Line: The U.S. economy does not benefit as much from rising Chinese economic activity as the rest of the world does. This means that U.S. relative rates of return fall when China booms and rise when China busts. This also implies that China is just as important as the Fed in determining the trend in the dollar: A strong China is associated with a weak dollar, and vice-versa. Chinese Deleveraging Is Dollar Bullish, But... Despite its large debt load, China does not have a debt problem per se. With a savings rate of 46% of GDP and a limited stock of foreign currency debt, China does not exhibit the necessary conditions to end up like Argentina or Asian economies in the late 1990s. Instead, China's problem remains misallocated capital. China's debt load has increased by USD23.6 trillion since 2008. This is a lot of capital to invest in a short time span. Poor investments have been made, resulting in excess capacity in many industries, and most crucially a collapse in total factor productivity (Chart I-8). This decline in productivity represents a real threat to China's long-term viability, especially as China's labor force is set to begin declining and its leadership wants to avoid the middle-income trap that has plagued so many EM economies in the past. In order to avoid this trap, China's long-term growth is dependent on a sustained effort to de-lever and reform. Our Geopolitical Strategy team is adamant that Xi Jinping remains committed to this agenda. Long-term growth is his priority - a luxury now made possible by his "long-term" mandate.3 The impact of reforms is most evident through the evolution of credit growth. As Chart I-9 illustrates, total social financing has been slowing. The bottom panel of Chart I-9 also illustrates that the collapse in the Chinese credit impulse has followed the implosion of bond issuance by small financial institutions. This essentially tells us that the ongoing administrative and regulatory tightening of the shadow banking system is bearing fruit: Financial institutions are curtailing their issuance of exotic instruments, which is hurting overall credit growth - even if old-school bank loans are proving resilient. Chart I-8China: Labor Force And Total Factor ##br##Productivity The Need For Reforms Chart I-9Deleveraging In ##br##Action Since credit growth is so fundamental to generating investment and supporting the country's manufacturing sector, this implies that Chinese manufacturing activity has ample downside. As a result, we would anticipate that China will continue to be a drag on the rest of the world for many more quarters. This implies that the U.S. dollar has upside, and that EM plays as well as commodity currencies are especially vulnerable. While this view seems clear, and most investors now well understand the investment ramifications of Chinese reforms and deleveraging, sand has been thrown in the wheels of this narrative. As a result, the uptrend in the dollar and the downtrend in EM assets may take a pause. Bottom Line: China needs to de-lever further and reform its economy. Without this growth strategy, the country will be stuck in the dreaded middle-income trap, as its productivity has collapsed. Since deleveraging in China means less investment and slower manufacturing sector growth, this also means that the dollar should benefit, and EM-related assets should suffer, but... ... Stimulus Is A Potent Narrative The sand in the wheels of the dollar-bullish scenario created by Chinese reforms and their retardant effect on Chinese industrial growth is, paradoxically, President Trump's trade war with China. China decided to implement reforms last year because stronger growth out of the euro area and the U.S., its two largest export markets, should have buffeted its economy against some of the deflationary consequences of deleveraging. However, if President Trump tries to limit the growth of Chinese exports to the U.S., this create yet another shock that China does not need. This makes it much more difficult for China to deal with the deflationary consequences of its own reform efforts. As a result, not only have the Chinese authorities let the yuan depreciate by 8% since April, the fastest pace of decline since the 1994 devaluation, they have also begun announcing a slew of stimulus measures over the course of recent weeks: The People's Bank of China has engaged in RMB502 billion of liquidity injections, especially through its medium-term lending facility; Three reserve requirement ratio cuts have been implemented, freeing up RMB2.8 trillion of liquidity; Local governments have been allowed to increase net new bond issuance this year by up to RMB2.2 trillion; The issuance of special purpose bonds by local governments has been accelerated; Banks with high credit quality standards can reduce provisioning for NPLs; Individual income tax cuts have been announced; And modifications to the macro prudential assessment's structural component have been announced, which will free up new lending by commercial banks. These stimulus measures are not designed to cause growth to accelerate. In fact, as Jonathan LaBerge argues in our China Investment Strategy service, they pale in comparison to the total amount of stimulus implemented in 2015, especially as back then, RMB5 trillion in credit had also been injected into the economy.4 However, a problem remains for investors. Even if these measures are far from enough to cause Chinese growth to re-accelerate, they can easily foment the following narrative: Chinese policymakers are trying to calibrate their policy response in order to support growth. However, they are human beings, and do not know a priori how much stimulus will be needed to support growth without causing credit growth to actually surge. As a result, they will push stimulus into the system until the economy responds. But once the economy responds, it will be too late, and the lagged impact of stimulus will cause a sharp rebound in credit and capex. The opacity of Chinese policy and data raises the chance that this simplification will take over the investment community. Such reversion to simplicity in the face of ambiguity and intractable complexity is a well-documented phenomenon in sociology.5 Even if this narrative is mistaken and not based in actual reality, investors who view Chinese fundamentals as bullish to the dollar and bearish to EM and commodity plays need to be ready for this eventuality. We are reluctant to close our long dollar trade based on a narrative alone. Instead, we have purchased protection by selling USD/CAD as a hedge. However, we also offer investors a mean to observe if this narrative does take hold of the market, by tracking a portfolio of assets very sensitive to the outlook for Chinese growth, and thus very sensitive to Chinese reflation. These assets are: Chinese Iron ore prices, expressed in USD; Swedish industrial equities, expressed in USD; Brazilian equities, expressed in USD; AUD/JPY; And EM high-yield bond denominated in USD. Chart I-10 illustrates the performance of a portfolio composed of these assets, weighted in such a way that they contribute equally to the variance of the portfolio. As the chart illustrates, not only is this portfolio massively oversold, suggesting there is plenty of negatives already priced into China-linked assets, it has begun to rebound. Chart I-11 illustrates that the Chinese Li-Keqiang Index of industrial activity leads this index.6 The recent rebound in the LKI already supports the idea that this portfolio could have upside in the coming months. Moreover, if investors do extrapolate that additional stimulus measures are likely to come out of Beijing, this will support even greater upside to this portfolio. Chart I-10An Index To Monitor... Chart I-11...Or A Vehicle To Bet On Impactful Stimulus As a result, we would go one step beyond suggesting this portfolio as a tracker for Chinese reflation. Investors should buy it. If you are bearish on the Chinese growth outlook, buying this portfolio offers protection against countertrend moves that would hurt long-dollar and short-EM bets (our preferred strategy). If, however, you are bullish on Chinese reflation, this portfolio should prove a very rewarding vehicle to implement such views. Bottom Line: Chinese reforms are a tailwind for the dollar. However, they are now confronted with the reality of trade wars, which is causing the Chinese authorities to stimulate their economy to put a floor under growth. Nevertheless, this exercise is fraught with calibration errors - a risk that market participants can easily uncover. This raises the probability that a countertrend correction in the dollar will emerge. To monitor this risk, we recommend investors track a portfolio of assets heavily influenced by Chinese growth: Iron ore, Swedish industrial equities, Brazilian stocks, AUD/JPY, and EM high-yield bonds. Moreover, if one is already long the dollar, this portfolio can also be used as a hedge against the risk created by investors pricing in large-scale Chinese stimulus. If one disagrees with our view that reforms will ultimately take primacy on stimulus, one can also use this portfolio as a high-octane way to play Chinese reflation. Mathieu Savary, Vice President Foreign Exchange Strategy mathieu@bcaresearch.com 1 Please see Foreign Exchange Strategy Weekly Reports, titled "Time To Pause And Breathe", dated July 6, 2018 and "That Sinking Feeling" dated July 13, 2018, available at fes.bcaresearch.com 2 Please see Foreign Exchange Strategy Weekly Report, "ECB: All About China?" dated April 7, 2017, available at fes.bcaresearch.com 3 Please see Geopolitical Strategy Special Reports, titled "China: Looking Beyond The Party Congress" dated July 19, 2017, and "China: Party Congress Ends...So What?" dated November 1, 2017, both available at gps.bcaresearch.com 4 Please see China Investment Strategy Weekly Report, "China Is Easing Up On The Brake, Not Pressing The Accelerator" dated July 26, 2018, available at cis.bcaresearch.com 5 Smelser, Neil J. "The Rational and the Ambivalent in the Social Sciences: 1997 Presidential Address." American Sociological Review, vol. 63, no. 1, Feb. 1998, pp. 1-16. 6 The Li-Keqiang index is based on railways freight traffic, bank credit, and electricity output. Currencies U.S. Dollar Chart II-1USD Technicals 1 Chart II-2USD Technicals 2 Recent data in the U.S. has been mixed: Gross Domestic Product growth underperformed expectations slightly, coming in at 4.1%, reflecting a large decline in inventories. In fact, real final sales were strong, growing at a 5.1%. The ISM manufacturing survey also came in slightly below expectations, softening to 58.1 from 60.2 in July. It is still indicative of above-trend growth. However, the Chicago PMI surprised positively, coming in at 65.5. This measure also increased form last month's reading. While the DXY was able to rally this week thanks to growing tensions between the U.S. and China, we expect the dollar to have short-term downside, as the temporary stimulus by the Chinese authorities should give an ephemeral boost to global growth, a development that would hurt the dollar. That being said, impact should ultimately prove to be transient, and the dollar. Report Links: Rhetoric Is Not Always Policy - July 27, 2018 Time To Pause And Breathe - July 6, 2018 What Is Good For China Doesn't Always Help The World - June 29, 2018 The Euro Chart II-3EUR Technicals 1 Chart II-4EUR Technicals 2 Recent data in the euro area has been mixed: The yearly growth of GDP underperformed expectations, coming in at 2.1%. This also represented a decrease relative to the previous quarter. However, both core and headline inflation surprised to the upside, coming in at 2.1% and 1.1% respectively. Moreover, the European Commission's economic sentiment indicator also outperformed to the upside, coming in at 112.1. However, this measure decreased from last month's reading. EUR/USD was relatively flat for most of the week until a wave of risk aversion prompted by worries of a Sino-U.S. trade war took hold of the market, lifting the dollar in the process. In a mirror image to our dollar view, we expect the euro to have upside in the next couple of months, but resume its downward trajectory by the end of the year. Report Links: Time To Pause And Breathe - July 6, 2018 What Is Good For China Doesn't Always Help The World - June 29, 2018 Updating Our Long-Term FX Fair Value Models - June 22, 2018 The Yen Chart II-5JPY Technicals 1 Chart II-6JPY Technicals 2 Recent data in Japan has been mixed: Retail sales yearly growth beat expectations, coming in at 1.5%. Moreover, the jobs-to-applicants ratio also surprised to the upside, coming in at 1.62. However, the unemployment rate surprised negatively, coming in at 2.4% and increasing from last month's number. However, this reflected an increase in the participation rate. Finally, the consumer confidence index also underperformed expectations, coming in at 43.5. USD/JPY has risen by roughly 0.5% this week after it became clear that the BoJ only marginally adjusted its policy, in a way that only confirmed its highly dovish bias. Interestingly, while the spike in JGB yields has reverberated across global bond markets, it has not been able to provide a boost for the yen. While we expect the trade-weighted yen to appreciate by the end of this year as Chinese policymakers still want China to de-lever, a period of interim weakness is possible as the PBoC tries to buffet the Chinese economy against the impact of U.S. protectionism. Report Links: Rhetoric Is Not Always Policy - July 27, 2018 Updating Our Long-Term FX Fair Value Models - June 22, 2018 Rome Is Burning: Is It The End? - June 1, 2018 British Pound Chart II-7GBP Technicals 1 Chart II-8GBP Technicals 2 Recent data in the U.K. has been mixed: The Nationwide house price index yearly growth rate outperformed expectations, coming in at 2.5%. This measure also increased relatively to last month's number. Moreover, PMI construction also surprised to the upside, coming in at 55.8, and increasing from last month's reading. However, Markit manufacturing PMI underperformed expectations, coming in at 54. GBP/USD was relatively flat this week, but ultimately experienced a large fall following the hike by the BoE as investors began to worry that the "old lady" is making a policy error that will need to be reversed. Overall, we remain negative on cable, as the ability for the BoE to continue on their hiking campaign will be limited given the current political turmoil in Britain. Report Links: Updating Our Long-Term FX Fair Value Models - June 22, 2018 Inflation Is In The Price - June 15, 2018 Updating Our Intermediate Timing Models - May 18, 2018 Australian Dollar Chart II-9AUD Technicals 1 Chart II-10AUD Technicals 2 Recent data in Australia has been mixed: Building permit yearly growth outperformed expectations, coming in at 1.6%. Moreover, producer prices also surprised positively, coming in at 1.5%. However this measure decreased compared to last month's reading. Finally, the RBA Commodity Index SDR yearly growth surprised to the downside, coming in at 7.6%. AUD/USD fell this week as market wrestle with the risk to global growth created by the China-U.S. trade war. Overall, we continue to be negative on the Aussie on a cyclical basis, as this currency is the most exposed in the G10 to a slowdown in the Chinese industrial sectors. That said, a bout of stimulus in China could provide some short-term upside to AUD. Report Links: What Is Good For China Doesn't Always Help The World - June 29, 2018 Updating Our Long-Term FX Fair Value Models - June 22, 2018 Updating Our Intermediate Timing Models - May 18, 2018 New Zealand Dollar Chart II-11NZD Technicals 1 Chart II-12NZD Technicals 2 Recent data in New Zealand has been mixed: Employment growth surprised to the upside, coming in at 0.5%. However, this measure slowed from last month's reading. Moreover, the participation rate outperformed expectations, coming in at 10.9% and increasing from last month's number. However, the unemployment rate underperformed expectations, coming in at 4.5% and increasing from last month's reading. NZD/USD experienced a large fall this week. We are negative on the NZD on a cyclical basis, as tightening by both China and the U.S. along with trade tensions will provide for a toxic cocktail for small open economies like New Zealand. Report Links: Updating Our Long-Term FX Fair Value Models - June 22, 2018 Updating Our Intermediate Timing Models - May 18, 2018 Value Strategies In FX Markets: Putting PPP To The Test - May 11, 2018 Canadian Dollar Chart II-13CAD Technicals 1 Chart II-14CAD Technicals 2 Recent data in Canada has been mixed: Industrial production month-mon-month growth outperformed expectations, coming in at 0.5%. Moreover, Monthly GDP growth also surprised positively, coming in at an annualized rate of 0.5%. However, the Markit Manufacturing PMI underperformed expectations, coming in at 56.9. This measure also declined relative to last month's number. The CAD is the only currency that managed to appreciate against the USD this week, despite a rather pitiful performance for crude oil. This dynamics comforts in our tactical bullish stance on the loonie. In fact, this pair is our preferred vehicle to play the countertrend correction in the U.S. dollar. Meanwhile, on a cyclical basis we are positive on the Canadian dollar within the commodity complex. Not only do supply constraint within OPEC will help oil outperform base metals, but also, the BoC is the only central bank within this group that is currently lifting interest rates. Report Links: Updating Our Long-Term FX Fair Value Models - June 22, 2018 Inflation Is In The Price - June 15, 2018 Rome Is Burning: Is It The End? - June 1, 2018 Swiss Franc Chart II-15CHF Technicals 1 Chart II-16CHF Technicals 2 Recent data in Switzerland has been mixed: The KOF leading indicator underperformed expectations, coming in at 101.1, and declining relatively to last month's reading. However, retail sales yearly growth surprised to the upside, coming in at 0.3%. Finally, the SVME Purchasing Manager's Index also surprised positively, coming in at 61.9, and increasing from last month's number. EUR/CHF has been relatively flat this week. On a long term basis, we are bullish on this cross, as inflationary pressures are still very weak in Switzerland. Therefore, the SNB will maintain its ultra-dovish stance, hurting the franc in the process. Report Links: Updating Our Long-Term FX Fair Value Models - June 22, 2018 Updating Our Intermediate Timing Models - May 18, 2018 Value Strategies In FX Markets: Putting PPP To The Test - May 11, 2018 Norwegian Krone Chart II-17NOK Technicals 1 Chart II-18NOK Technicals 2 USD/NOK rallied vigorously this week. While the generalized dollar strength has been key culprit behind the depreciation of the NOK, the fall in oil prices only added fuel to the fire. Overall, we expect this cross to go up by the end of the year, as the interaction of Chinese and U.S. policy will likely push up the USD and weigh on commodities. That being said, the NOK will probably outperform within the commodity space, given that it is cheap and that supply cuts by OPEC should help oil prices on a relative basis. Report Links: Updating Our Long-Term FX Fair Value Models - June 22, 2018 Updating Our Intermediate Timing Models - May 18, 2018 Value Strategies In FX Markets: Putting PPP To The Test - May 11, 2018 Swedish Krona Chart II-19SEK Technicals 1 Chart II-20SEK Technicals 2 Recent data in Sweden has been mixed: Retail sales yearly growth surprised to the downside, coming in at 0.2%, and declining substantially, from 3.1% last month. However, the annual growth rate of GDP outperformed expectations, coming in at very strong 3.3%. This measure stayed flat relative to the first quarter. Finally, Manufacturing PMI came in at 57.4, increasing from last month's number. USD/SEK still rallied this week as the SEK is particularly sensitive to the outlook for global growth. We are positive on the Swedish Krona on a long-term basis, as Sweden is the country in the G10 where monetary policy is most misaligned with economic fundamentals. Thus, if the Sweden continues to show strength, the Riksbank will eventually have to respond. Report Links: Updating Our Long-Term FX Fair Value Models - June 22, 2018 Updating Our Intermediate Timing Models - May 18, 2018 Value Strategies In FX Markets: Putting PPP To The Test - May 11, 2018 Trades & Forecasts Forecast Summary Core Portfolio Tactical Trades Closed Trades
Highlights Paradox 1: U.S. growth will slow, and this will force the Fed to raise rates MORE quickly. Paradox 2: China will try to stimulate its economy, and this will HURT commodities and other risk assets. Paradox 3: Global rebalancing will require the euro area and Japan to have LARGER current account surpluses. Feature Faulty Assumptions Investors assume that slower U.S. growth will cause the Fed to turn more dovish; efforts by China to stimulate its economy will boost market sentiment towards risk assets; and global rebalancing requires the euro area and Japan to reduce their bloated current account surpluses. In this week's report, we consider the possibility that all three assumptions are wrong. Let's start with the U.S. growth picture. U.S. Growth About To Slow? The U.S. economy grew by 4.1% in the second quarter, the fastest pace since 2014. The composition of growth was reasonably solid. Net exports boosted real GDP by 1.1 percentage points, but this was largely offset by a 1.0 point drag from a slower pace of inventory accumulation. As a result, domestic final demand increased at a robust rate of 3.9%, led by personal consumption (up 4.0%) and business fixed investment (up 7.3%). Unfortunately, the second quarter is probably as good as it gets for growth. We say this not because we expect aggregate demand growth to falter to any great degree. Quite the contrary. Consumer confidence is high and the labor market is strong, with initial unemployment claims near 49-year lows. The Bureau of Economic Analysis' latest revisions revealed a much higher personal savings rate than had been previously estimated (Chart 1). The savings rate is now well above levels that one would expect based on the ratio of household net worth-to-disposable income (Chart 2). This raises the odds that consumer spending will accelerate. Chart 1Households Are Saving More ##br##Than Previously Thought Chart 2Consumption Could Accelerate ##br##As The Savings Rate Drops Rising consumer demand will prompt businesses to expand capacity (Chart 3). Core capital goods orders surprised on the upside in June, with positive revisions made to past months. Capex intention surveys remain at elevated levels. So far, fears of a trade war have not had a major impact on business investment. Fiscal spending is also set to rise. Federal government expenditures increased by only 3.5% in Q2, far short of the 10%-plus growth rate that some forecasters were projecting. The effect of the tax cuts have also yet to make their way fully through the economy. Supply Matters Considering all these positive drivers of demand, why do we worry that growth could slow meaningfully later this year or in early 2019? The answer is that for the first time in over a decade, demand is no longer the binding constraint to growth - supply is. Today, there are fewer unemployed workers than job vacancies (Chart 4). The number of people outside the labor force who want a job is near all-time lows. Businesses are reporting increasing difficulty in finding qualified labor. Chart 3U.S. Companies Plan To Boost Capex Chart 4Companies Are Struggling To Fill Job Openings New business investment will add to the economy's productive capacity over time, but in the near term, the boost to aggregate demand from new investment spending will easily exceed the contribution to aggregate supply.1 The Congressional Budget Office estimates that potential real GDP growth is running at around 2%. What happens when the output gap is fully eliminated, and aggregate demand growth begins to eclipse supply growth? The answer is that inflation will rise. Instead of more output, we will see higher prices (Chart 5). Chart 5Inflationary Pressures Tend To Increase ##br##When Spare Capacity Is Absorbed Rising inflation will force the Fed to engineer an increase in real interest rates, even in the face of slower GDP growth. Such a stagflationary outcome is not good for equities, which is one reason why we downgraded our cyclical recommendation on risk assets from overweight to neutral in June. Higher-than-expected real interest rates will put upward pressure on the U.S. dollar. A stronger dollar will hurt U.S. companies with significant foreign exposure more than it hurts their domestically-oriented peers. If history is any guide, a resurgent greenback will also cause credit spreads to widen (Chart 6). Chinese Stimulus: Be Careful What You Wish For Chinese stimulus helped reignite global growth after the Global Financial Crisis and again during the 2015-2016 manufacturing downturn. With global growth slowing anew, will China once again come to the rescue? Not quite. China does not want to let its economy falter, but high debt levels, and an overvalued property market plagued by excess capacity, limit what the authorities can do (Chart 7). Chart 6A Stronger Dollar Usually Corresponds ##br##To Wider Corporate Borrowing Spreads Chart 7China: High Debt Levels Make ##br##Credit-Fueled Stimulus A Risky Proposition Granted, the government has loosened monetary policy at the margin and plans to increase fiscal spending. However, our China strategists feel these actions are more consistent with easing off the brake than pressing down on the accelerator.2 They note that the authorities continue to squeeze the shadow banking system, as evidenced by the continued deceleration in money and credit growth, as well as rising onshore spreads for the riskiest corporate bonds (Chart 8). The Specter Of Currency Wars If Chinese growth continues to decelerate, what options do the authorities have? One possibility is to double down on what they are already doing: letting the RMB slide. Chart 9 shows that the Chinese currency has weakened substantially more over the past six weeks than its prior relationship with the dollar would have suggested. Chart 8Chinese Credit Growth Has Been Slowing Chart 9The Yuan Has Weakened More Than Expected ##br##Based On the Broad Dollar Trend Letting the currency weaken is a risky strategy. Global financial markets went into a tizzy the last time China devalued the yuan in August 2015. The devaluation triggered significant capital outflows, arguably only compounding China's problems. This has led some commentators to conclude that the authorities would not make the same mistake again. But what if the real mistake was not that China devalued its currency, but that it did not devalue it by enough? Standard economic theory says that a country should always devalue its currency by enough to flush out expectations of a further decline. Perhaps China was simply too timid? Capital controls are tighter in China today than they were in 2015. This gives the authorities more room for maneuver. China is also waging a trade war with the United States. The U.S. exported only $188 billion of goods and services to China in 2017, a small fraction of the $524 billion in goods and services that China exported to the United States. China simply cannot win a tit-for-tat trade war with the United States. In contrast, China is better positioned to wage a currency war with the United States. The Chinese simply need to step up their purchases of U.S. Treasurys, which would drive up the value of the dollar. Efforts by China to devalue its currency would invite retaliation from the United States. However, since the Trump Administration seems keen on pursuing a protectionist trade agenda no matter what happens, the Chinese may see their decision to weaken the yuan as the least bad of all possible outcomes. Unlike traditional stimulus in the form of additional infrastructure spending and faster credit growth, a currency devaluation would roil financial markets, causing risk asset prices to plunge. Metal prices would take it on the chin, since a weaker RMB would make it more expensive for Chinese businesses to import commodities. China now consumes close to half of the world's supply of copper, zinc, nickel, aluminum, and iron ore (Chart 10). Investors should remain underweight emerging market equities relative to developed markets and shun the currencies of commodity-exporting economies. We are currently short AUD/CAD on the grounds that a China shock would hurt metal prices more than energy prices. The Canadian dollar is highly levered to the latter, while the Aussie dollar is more levered to the former. Global Rebalancing: It's Not About Getting To Zero We have argued before that China's high savings rate explains why the country has maintained a structural current account surplus, despite the economy's rapid GDP growth rate.3 Both the euro area and Japan also have an excessive savings problem, minus the mitigating effect of rapid trend growth. The euro area's excessive savings problem was masked during the nine years following the introduction of the euro by a massive credit boom across much of the region (Chart 11). Germany did not partake in that boom, but it was still able to export its excess savings to the rest of the euro area via a rising current account balance. Chart 10China Is A More Dominant Consumer ##br##Of Metals Than Oil Chart 11Germany Did Not Take Part ##br##In The Credit Boom Germany Needs A Spender Of Last Resort Chart 12 shows that Germany's current account surplus with other euro area members mirrored the country's increasing competitiveness vis-à-vis the rest of the region. In essence, the spending boom in southern Europe sucked in German exports, with German savings financing the periphery's swelling current account deficits. This is the main reason why German banks were hit so hard during the Global Financial Crisis: They were the ones who underwrote the periphery's spendthrift ways. That party ended in 2008. With the periphery no longer the spender of last resort in Europe, Germany had to find a way to export its savings to the rest of the world. But that required a cheaper currency, which Mario Draghi ultimately delivered in 2014 when he set in motion the ECB's own quantitative easing program. So where do we go from here? Germany's excess savings problem is not about to go away anytime soon. The working-age population is set to decline over the next few decades, which means that most domestically oriented businesses will have little incentive to expand capacity (Chart 13). The peripheral countries remain in belt-tightening mode. This will limit demand for German imports. Meanwhile, countries such as Spain have made significant progress in reducing unit labor costs in an effort to improve competitiveness and shift their current account balances back into surplus. Chart 12Competitiveness Gains In The 2000s Allowed ##br##Germany To Increase Its Current Account Surplus Chart 13Germans Need To Have More Children The ECB And The BOJ Can't Afford To Raise Rates The private sector financial balance in the euro area - effectively, the difference between what the private sector earns and spends - now stands near a record high (Chart 14). Fiscal policy also remains fairly tight. The IMF estimates that the euro area's cyclically-adjusted primary budget balance will be in a surplus of 0.9% of GDP in 2018-19, compared to a deficit of 3.8% of GDP in the United States (Chart 15). Chart 14Euro Area: Private Sector ##br##Balance Remains Elevated Chart 15The Euro Area's Fiscal Policy Is Tight If the public sector is unwilling to absorb the private sector's excess savings by running large fiscal deficits, those savings need to be exported abroad in the form of a current account surplus. Failure to do so will result in higher unemployment, and ultimately, further political upheaval. This means that the ECB has no choice other than to keep rates near rock-bottom levels in order to ensure that the euro remains cheap. Japan has been more willing than Europe to maintain large budget deficits, but the problem is that this has resulted in a huge debt-to-GDP ratio. The Japanese would like to tighten fiscal policy, starting with the consumption tax hike scheduled for October 2019. However, this may require the economy to have an even larger current account surplus, which can only be achieved if the yen weakens further. This, in turn, suggests that the Bank of Japan will not abandon its yield curve control policy anytime soon. We were not in the least bit surprised this week when Governor Kuroda poured cold water on the idea that the BoJ was contemplating raising either its short or long-term interest rate targets. The bottom line is that thinking about global imbalances solely in terms of current account positions is not enough. One should also think about the distribution of aggregate demand across the world. Countries with demand to spare such as the United States can afford to run current account deficits, while economies with insufficient demand such as the euro area and Japan should run current account surpluses. The key market implication is that interest rates will remain structurally higher in the United States, which will keep the dollar well bid. Peter Berezin, Chief Global Strategist Global Investment Strategy peterb@bcaresearch.com 1 This is partly because it can take a while for additional capital spending to raise aggregate supply. For example, it may take a few years to build an office tower or a new factory. Corporate R&D investment may not generate tangible benefits for a long time, especially in cases where the research is focused on something complicated (i.e., the design of new computer chips or pharmaceuticals). And even if investment spending could be transformed into additional productive capacity instantaneously, aggregate demand would still rise more than aggregate supply, at least temporarily. Here is the reason: The nonresidential private-sector capital stock is about 120% of GDP in the United States. As such, a one percent increase in investment spending would raise the capital stock by four-fifths of a percentage point. Assuming a capital share of income of 40% of national income, a one percent increase in the capital stock would lift output by 0.4%. Thus, a one-dollar increase in business investment would boost aggregate demand by one dollar in the year it is undertaken, while increasing supply by only 4/5*0.4 = roughly 32 cents. 2 Please see China Investment Strategy Weekly Report, "China Is Easing Up On The Brake, Not Pressing The Accelerator," dated July 26, 2018. 3 Please see Global Investment Strategy Weekly Report, "U.S.-China Trade Spat: Is R-Star To Blame?" dated April 6, 2018. Strategy & Market Trends Tactical Trades Strategic Recommendations Closed Trades
Feature Downside Risks Haven't Gone Away We downgraded risk assets to neutral in last month's Quarterly Portfolio Outlook,1 citing an increasing number of risks to the equity bull market. Specifically, we warned about the slowdown and desynchronization of global growth, rising U.S. inflation, further deterioration in the trade war, and the ongoing slowdown in China. Markets - particularly in the U.S. - have stabilized somewhat over the past few weeks on the expectation that these risks are not particularly grave, that global growth remains robust, and that central banks will be slow to tighten. We accept that there remain upside risks (which is why we are neutral, not underweight, equities) but think many investors remain too sanguine about the downside risks. On desynchronized growth, it is true that the slowdown in the euro zone seems to have bottomed. The Citi Economic Surprise Indexes (Chart 1) suggest that downward surprises to euro zone and Japanese growth have ended, and that the U.S. is no longer surprising significantly to the upside. However, the likely path of inflation in the two regions looks very different, with U.S. core PCE inflation likely headed towards 2.5% over the next few quarters, while euro zone core inflation is stuck around 1% (Chart 2). Table 1Recommended Allocation Chart 1A Resynchronization Of Growth? Chart 2Core Inflation: Higher In The U.S. Than In The Euro Zone In particular, we think it is only a matter of time before U.S. wages start to accelerate. Unemployment has not been this low since the late 1960s. As happened then, there is typically a lag between the labor market becoming tight and inflation emerging (Chart 3). With the employment/population ratio for the key working-age demographic now back close to its 2007 level (Chart 4), and 601,000 new entrants to the labor force last month alone, that point is probably not far away. Note, too, that people switching jobs are now seeing large wage rises; those staying are not (Chart 5). With strong corporate profit growth, companies will soon start to raise wages to keep staff and fill vacancies. Chart 3Just A Matter Of Time Before Inflation Accelerates Chart 4Little Slack Left In The Labor Market Chart 5Switchers Getting Wage Rises; Stayers Not This all suggests that markets are too nonchalant about the risk of further Fed tightening. The futures market is pricing in only four rate hikes from the Fed over the next 24 months (Chart 6). We think it likely that the Fed will continue to hike by 25 basis points a quarter until something gives. By contrast, the ECB has clearly signaled that it will wait until at least September next year before raising rates; when it does so, it may hike by only 10 basis points. The futures market is close to pricing this correctly (Chart 6, panel 2). We remain concerned about further exacerbation of the retaliatory tariff war. In late July, the European Union and President Trump seemed to agree a truce, especially with regard to auto tariffs. But, even if this proves more than transitory, it is unlikely to be repeated between the U.S. and China. Both sides have raised the stakes so much that it will be politically difficult for either to back down. Further aggressive moves are likely, including a 10% tariff on all USD500 billion of Chinese imports into the U.S, and the Chinese authorities engineering a further depreciation of the Chinese yuan, and making life difficult for U.S. companies that manufacture and sell in China (where their sales total USD350 billion). Businesses around the world have woken up to this risk: capex intentions among U.S. companies have slipped recently and, in the Global ZEW survey, future expectations are now the lowest relative to current conditions since 2007, a bearish indicator (Chart 7). Chart 6Fed Is Likely To Hike more Than This Chart 7Businesses Expect Things To Get Worse Moreover, we don't see China launching a massive reflationary stimulus, as it did in 2009 and 2015. In the past few weeks, it has announced some minor easing of monetary policy, targeted tax cuts, and an acceleration of this year's fiscal spending. This will be enough to cushion the downside. But interest rates have not fallen anything like as much as in previous episodes (Chart 8). The authorities have reiterated that structural reform remains the priority. Given the significant slowdown in credit growth over the past year, we expect a further deceleration in the Chinese industrial economy (and, therefore, in imports) through the end of the year. If our macro outlook is correct, it is likely to have the following consequences for financial markets: further rises in long-term interest rates (we forecast 3.3-3.5% for the 10-year U.S. Treasury bond yield by early 2019), a further appreciation of the U.S. dollar (as monetary policy divergences with the euro area and Japan widen further), and negative performance for emerging market assets (hurt by higher U.S. rates, the rising USD, and the slowdown in China). This points to small negative returns from global government bonds over the next 12 months. Equities are more complicated. Earnings growth remains strong. If S&P500 companies really achieve the 20% EPS growth this year and 10% next year that analysts (and BCA's models) are forecasting, the forward multiple will fall from 16.5x now to 14.0x by end-2019. We would expect to see low single-digit positive returns from global equities over the rest of the year. We accordingly remain neutral on equities, where we can see both upside and downside risks. One key is the timing of the peak in profit margins. This has typically come a few quarters before the start of a recession. Currently margins continue to improve (Chart 9). They are likely to peak around the end of this year, when wages (and input prices, partly because of higher import tariffs) begin to rise faster than sales. We expect to move underweight equities around that time, when this and other recession indicators start to flash warning signals. Chart 8Not 2015 Redux In China Chart 9Watch For The Peak In Profit Margins Currencies: The outlook for the USD remains the key to the performance of other asset classes, particularly emerging markets and commodities. We see the risk of a short-term pullback, since long speculative positions in the dollar have recently built up (Chart 10). But differences in growth, inflation, monetary policy, and long-term rates between the U.S. and other developed economies suggest further moderate dollar appreciation over the coming 12 months. We remain very negative on EM currencies. Central banks in many emerging markets have been forced to raise rates sharply in recent weeks to defend their currencies. This is likely to slow growth over coming quarters. Those central banks that have resisted hiking (for example, Turkey and Brazil) are likely to see sharp rises in inflation. Equities: We prefer developed market equities over emerging ones. Our two overweights are the U.S. and Japan. The U.S. is a defensive market, with a beta to global equities of only 0.9 over the past 20 years. But, if there were to be a last-year equity market melt-up (along the lines of 1999), it is likely to be led by internet stocks, in which the U.S. is particularly overweight, and so the U.S. overweight also acts as a hedge against this upside risk. Our overweight in Japan is based on our view that the Bank of Japan will continue its ultra-accommodative monetary policy (bolstered by the recent tweaks to the operation of the policy), even while other DM central banks are moving towards tightening. There are also some signs of wage growth picking up, which should be positive for consumer sectors. Fixed Income: We remain underweight bonds and, within the asset class, are neutral between government bonds and spread product. U.S. junk bonds continue to have some attraction as long as economic growth remains strong (and the oil price does not fall). But junk bonds typically peak one or two quarters before equities. And, in this cycle, U.S. corporate leverage began to rise rather early, which suggests that at the start of the next recession leverage will be worryingly high (Chart 11) and that junk bonds will, therefore, perform particularly poorly. Chart 10Dollar Long Positions Building Up Again Chart 11Leverage Is High For This Stage Of The Cycle Commodities: Oil has become much harder to forecast in recent weeks, with downside risk to the price of crude coming from the recently announced OPEC production increases, but upside risk from Iran (which is threatening to close the straits of Hormuz in the face of renewed U.S. sanctions) and the collapse in Venezuelan production. BCA's energy strategists see Brent falling a little to average USD70 a barrel in 2H, and at USD75 on average next year, with greater risk of upside surprises than downside.2 Industrial metals prices are likely to remain under pressure if the USD appreciates and China slows further, as evidenced by significant downside moves in copper, iron ore and other metals over the past few weeks. Garry Evans, Senior Vice President Global Asset Allocation garry@bcaresearch.com 1 Please see Global Asset Allocation Quarterly Portfolio Review, "Lowering Risk Assets To Neutral," dated 2 July 2018, available at gaa.bcaresearch.com 2 Please see Commodity & Energy Strategy Special Report, "U.S., OPEC Talk Oil Prices Down; Gulf Tensions Could Become Kinetic," dated 19 July 2018, available at ces.bcaresearch.com GAA Asset Allocation