Sectors

GAA DM Equity Country Allocation Model Update The GAA DM Equity Country Allocation model is updated as of November 30, 2018.  The quant model further downgraded U.S. in favor of the non-U.S. block, especially Germany, the Netherlands, Swiss, Spain and Canada as shown in Table 1. Table 1Model Allocation Vs. Benchmark Weights As shown in Table 2 and Charts 1 -  3, the overall model outperformed the MSCI world benchmark by 1 bp in November, with a 27 bps of outperformance from Level 2 model offset by a 10 bps of underperformance from Level 1. Since going live, the overall model has outperformed by 46 bps, with Level 2 outperforming by 156 bps and level 1 underperforming by 12 bps. Table 2Performance (Total Returns In USD %)   Chart 1GAA DM Model Vs. MSCI World   Chart 2GAA U.S. Vs. Non U.S. Model (Level 1)   Chart 3GAA Non U.S. Model (Level 2)   Please see also the website http://gaa.bcaresearch.com/trades/allocation_performance. For more details on the models, please see Special Report, “Global Equity Allocation: Introducing The Developed Markets Country Allocation Model,” dated January 29, 2016, available at https://gaa.bcaresearch.com. Please note that the overall country and sector recommendations published in our Monthly Portfolio Update and Quarterly Portfolio Outlook use the results of these quantitative models as one input, but do not stick slavishly to them. We believe that models are a useful check, but structural changes and unquantifiable factors need to be considered too in making overall recommendations.   GAA Equity Sector Selection Model   Dear Client, As advised in our October 2018 Special Alert, we have suspended the GAA Equity Sector Selection Model due to the significant changes in the GICS sector classifications, implemented at the end of September. We will rebuild the model using the newly constituted sectors once full back data is available from MSCI, which we understand will be in December. We thank you for your understanding.   Xiaoli Tang, Associate Vice President xiaoliT@bcaresearch.com Amr Hanafy, Research Associate amrh@bcaresearch.com  

Highlights Portfolio Strategy Higher interest rates, with the Federal Reserve tightening monetary policy three more times in the next seven months, will be the dominant theme next year. All four of our high-conviction underweight calls are levered to this theme. The later stages of the U.S. capex upcycle underpin three of our high-conviction overweight calls for 2019. Recent Changes Downgrade the S&P Home Improvement Retail index to underweight today. Trim the S&P Interactive Media & Services index to a below benchmark allocation today.  Table 1 Feature Fed policy will dominate markets next year as the dual tightening backdrop – rising fed funds rate and accelerated downsizing of the Fed balance sheet – remains intact. Two weeks ago we raised the question: is the Fed tightening monetary policy too far too fast?1 In more detail, we put the latest monetary tightening cycle in historical perspective and examined trough-to-peak moves in the fed funds rate since the 1950s (Chart 1). Chart 1Too Far Too Fast? A good friend I call “the smartest man in California” correctly pointed out that 500bps of tightening today is not the same as in the 1970s or 1980s. Chart 2 adjusts for that by including the average nominal GDP growth rate during these tightening episodes and adds more color to each era. As a reminder, the latest cycle that commenced in December 2015 is already 25bps above the median, if one uses the Wu-Xia shadow fed funds rate to capture the full quantitative easing effect, and above-average nominal output growth. Chart 2Trough-To-Peak Tightening Cycle Already Above Historical Median Trying to answer the question, we are concerned that as the Fed remains committed to tighten monetary policy three more times by mid-2019, a yield curve inversion looms, especially if the U.S. economy suffers a soft patch in the first half of next year (please refer to our Economic Impulse Indicator analysis in the October 22ndand November 19th Weekly Reports). This would signal at least a pause, if not reversal, in Fed policy. With that in mind, this week we are revealing our high-conviction calls for 2019. Four of our calls are a play on this tightening monetary backdrop that is one of BCA’s themes for next year.2 The later stages of the U.S. capex upcycle underpin three of our high-conviction calls. Table 22018 High-Conviction Calls Recap However, before we highlight our 2019 high-conviction calls in detail, Table 2 tallies our calls from last year. We had a stellar performance in our 2018 high-conviction calls with an average excess return of 11.6% versus the S&P 500. As the year turns the corner, closing out the remaining calls brings down the average relative return to 7.5%, still a very impressive number, with a total of ten hits and only two misses for the year.    Anastasios Avgeriou, Vice President U.S. Equity Strategy anastasios@bcaresearch.com     Software (Overweight, Capex Theme) Software stocks are our first hold out from last year’s high-conviction overweight list, levered to the capex upcycle theme. Chart 3 shows that relative capital outlays and the share price ratio are joined at the hip. Software upgrades offer the simplest, quickest and most effective capital deployment, especially when productivity gains ground to a halt. Importantly, leading indicators of overall capex remain upbeat and should continue to underpin software profits. Beyond capex, M&A has been fueling software stock prices. It did not take long for the large CA acquisition to get surpassed by RHT and more recently SYMC was also rumored to be in play (Chart 3). Inter-industry M&A activity is reaching fever pitch and this frenzy is bidding up premia to stratospheric levels. The push to the cloud, SaaS and even AI has boosted the appeal of software stocks and brought them to the forefront of potential takeout candidates. These are secular trends and will likely continue to gain steam irrespective of the different stages in the business cycle. As a result, software stocks should remain core tech holdings in equity portfolios. The recovery in the software price deflator (Chart 3), a proxy for industry pricing power, corroborates the upbeat demand backdrop. With regard to financial statements, software stocks have pristine balance sheets with more cash on hand than debt, which sustains the net debt-to-EBITDA ratio in negative territory. Interest coverage is great at 10x and free cash flow generation is expanding smartly. The ticker symbols for the stocks in this index are: BLBG: S5SOFT - MSFT, ORCL, ADBE, CRM, INTU, RHT, ADSK, SNPS, CTXS, ANSS, CDNS, FTNT and SYMC. Chart 3Software   Air Freight & Logistics (Overweight, Capex Theme) Air freight & logistics stocks are the second hold out from our high-conviction overweight list, although we added it to list only in late-March. This transportation sub-index laggered is a capex and trade de-escalation play for the first half of 2019. Importantly, energy costs comprise a large chunk of freight services input costs and the recent drubbing in oil markets will boost margins especially on the eve of the busiest season for courier delivery services (top panel, Chart 4). On that front, there are high odds that this holiday sales season will be another record setting one, as wage inflation is underpinning discretionary incomes. Keep in mind that the accelerating domestic manufacturing shipments-to-inventories ratio confirms that demand for hauling services is upbeat. The implication is that rising demand for freight services will buoy industry profits and lift valuations out of their recent funk (Chart 4). Firming industry operating metrics also tell a positive story and suggest that relative share prices will soon take off. Air freight pricing power has been healthy, in expansionary territory and above overall inflation measures. While the U.S./China trade tussle and the appreciating greenback are clear risks to our sanguine S&P air freight & logistics transportation subindex, most of the grim news is already reflected in depressed relative forward profit estimates, bombed out valuations and washed out technicals (Chart 4). The ticker symbols for the stocks in this index are: BLBG: S5AIRF - FDX, UPS, EXPD and CHRW. Chart 4Air Freight & Logistics   Defense (Overweight, Capex Theme) We have been overweight the pure-play BCA defense index since late-2015 and there are high odds that this juggernaut that really commenced with the George Walker Bush presidency remains in a secular growth trajectory. Our strategy is to add exposure on any meaningful pullbacks and keep this index as a structural overweight within the GICS1 S&P industrials index. The recent drawdown offers such an opportunity and we are adding this index to the 2019 high-conviction overweight list. The rise of global "multipolarity" - or competition between the world's great nations - and the decline of globalization, along with a global arms race and increased risk of cyber-attacks, have been documented in our "Brothers In Arms" Special Report. These trends all signal that global defense related spending will remain upbeat in the coming decade.3 In the U.S. in particular, where military spending in absolute terms is greater than the rest of the world put together, defense spending and investment have bottomed and will continue to accelerate (Chart 5). In fact, the CBO continues to project that defense outlays will jump further next year. While such a breakneck pace is clearly unsustainable, President Trump is serious about upgrading and updating the U.S. military in order to keep China's geopolitical and military ascendancy in check (as well as to deal with Russia and Iran).4 The upshot is that defense outlays will continue to expand into the 2020s. Such a buoyant demand backdrop is music to the ears of defense contractor CEOs, and represents a boost to defense equity revenue growth prospects. This capital goods sub-industry has extremely high fixed costs and thus any increase in top line growth flows straight to the bottom line. Put differently, defense contractors enjoy high operating leverage. No wonder M&A activity is robust: at least four large deals have been announced in the past year that are underpinning takeout premia. A closer look at operating metrics corroborates that defense goods manufacturers are firing on all cylinders. New orders recently jumped to fresh all-time highs and the industry's shipments-to-inventories ratio is rising, on track to surpass the 2008 peak. Unfilled orders are also running at a high rate, signaling that factories will keep on humming at least for the next few quarters. Importantly, the industry is not standing still and is making significant investments. U.S. defense capex as reported in the financial statements of constituent firms is growing at roughly 20%/annum or twice as fast as overall capex (Chart 5 on page 7). While interest coverage has been modestly deteriorating, it is twice as high as the overall market (Chart 5 on page 7). Impressively, defense ROE is running near 30%, again roughly double the rate of the broad market. The ticker symbols for the stocks in the BCA defense index are: LMT, LLL, NOC, GD and RTN. Chart 5Defense   Consumer Discretionary (Underweight, Higher Fed Funds Rate Theme) We recommend investors avoid the consumer discretionary sector that suffers when interest rates rise. Chart 6 depicts this inverse correlation consumer discretionary equities have with interest rates, especially the fed funds rate. Most discretionary equites are levered off of floating rates and thus any increase in the fed funds rates gets reflected immediately in banks' prime lending rate. Also, most consumer debt is floating rate debt and thus tighter monetary conditions, at the margin, dampen consumer debt uptake and, as a knock-on effect, weigh on discretionary consumer outlays. Recently we highlighted that, now that the Fed has been raising rates and allowing bonds to roll off its balance sheet, volatility is making a comeback. Unsurprisingly, the consumer discretionary share price ratio is inversely correlated with the VIX index, signaling that more pain lies ahead for this early cyclical index (VIX shown inverted, Chart 6). Sentiment and technical indicators also point to more downside ahead for this interest-rate sensitive index. Our sector advance/decline line is waning and EPS breadth has plunged. Worrisomely, sell-side analysts are penciling in an extremely optimistic 5-year outlook with EPS growth 23.4%/annum or 1.4 times higher than the overall market. Clearly this is not realistic as it assumes a tripling of EPS in the coming 5 years. Relative EPS estimates have already given way as AMZN commands very little EPS weight, despite its massive market cap weight (30% of the S&P consumer discretionary sector), and suggests that relative share prices will converge lower (Chart 6 on page 9). As a result, the 12-month forward P/E ratio is trading at a 24% premium to the broad market and significantly above the historical mean. Technicals are almost as extended as relative valuations and cyclical momentum has likely peaked, warning that a downdraft in relative share prices looms (Chart 6 on page 9). Chart 6Consumer Discretionary   Home Improvement Retail (Underweight, Higher Fed Funds Rate Theme) While the probablity of a housing recession remains low, we are concerned that too much euphoria is already priced in the S&P home improvement retail (HIR) index, and there are high odds that next year HIR will suffer the same fate as homebuilders did this year (Chart 7). Thus, we are downgrading the S&P HIR index to underweight and adding it to the high-conviction underweight list for 2019. Fixed residential investment (FRI) as a percentage of GDP is up 50% from trough to the recent peak, whereas relative HIR performance is up 170% in the same time frame. Our worry is that optimistic sell side analysts' relative profit forecasts will be hard to attain, let alone surpass as FRI is steadily sinking (Chart 7). Worrisomely, our HIR model has plunged on the back of the wholesale liquidation in lumber prices and rising interest rates (Chart 7). Lumber deflation will prove a profit headwind as building supply Big Box retailers make a set margin on wood products. Select industry operating metrics suggest that the easy profits are behind HIR. Not only is our productivity growth proxy (sales per employee) on the verge of deflating, but also an inventory surge has sunk the HIR sales-to-inventories ratio into the contraction zone. Finally, there is rising supply of new and existing homes for sale already on the market, and that puts off remodeling activity at least until this supply glut clears (months' supply shown inverted, Chart 7). The ticker symbols for the stocks in this index are: BLBG: S5HOMI - HD, LOW. Chart 7Home Improvement Retail   Short Small Caps/Long Large Caps (Higher Fed Funds Rate Theme) The days in the sun are over for small cap stocks and we are compelled to put the size bias favoring large caps in our high-conviction calls list for 2019. Small caps are severely debt saddled. Sustained small cap balance sheet degradation is worrying, with S&P 600 net debt-to-EBITDA close to 4 compared with less than 2 for the SPX (Chart 8). Such gearing is fraught with danger as the default rate has nowhere to go but higher. Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) have a higher dependency on bank credit as opposed to the bond market access that mega caps enjoy. Most bank credit is floating rate debt and so are lines of credit, and as the Fed remains firm on tightening monetary policy, interest expense costs are skyrocketing for SMEs. In a relative sense this will weigh on net profits. Moreover, small caps are a lot more sensitive to interest rates, and the selloff in the 10-year Treasury note heralds more pain in 2019 (Chart 8). Small caps are high(er) beta stocks and when volatility spikes they underperform large caps. When the Fed ballooned its balance sheet and dropped the fed funds rate to zero it suppressed volatility. Now that the Fed has been decreasing the size of its balance sheet and raising interest rates, this is working in reverse and volatility is making a comeback as we have been highlighting in our research, and will continue to weigh on small caps (VIX shown inverted, middle panel, Chart 8). Another way to showcase small caps' riskier status is the close correlation they have with the relative EM equity share price ratio. When EMs outperform the SPX, small caps follow suit and vice versa. Importantly a wide gap has opened recently and we suspect that it will narrow via small caps following the EM higher beta stocks lower (SPX vs. EM ratio shown inverted, fourth panel, Chart 8 on page 12). Chart 8Small Vs. Large   Interactive Media & Services (Underweight, Higher Fed Funds Rate Theme) In our initiation of coverage on the S&P interactive media & services index,5 we highlighted three key risks that offset the revenue & profit growth vigor of this group, comprised almost entirely of Alphabet (Google) and Facebook. These were a renewed regulatory focus, rapid unpredictable changes in tastes & technology and an appreciating U.S. dollar. It is the first of these that has risen most dramatically since that report. Tack on the inverse correlation these growth stocks have with interest rates (top panel, Chart 9) and that is causing us to lower our recommendation to underweight and include this index in the high-conviction underweight list for 2019. Increasing regulatory efforts on technology will be a key theme next year, one we explored this past summer.6 Our conclusion was that both antitrust (particularly in the case of Alphabet) and privacy regulation (particularly in the case of Facebook) added significant risk to these near monopolies; calls for legislating both have dramatically amplified. Tim Cook, Apple’s CEO, recently commented that more regulation for Facebook and Alphabet was inevitable; we agree. While the form such regulation might take remains open to debate (for example, the U.S. could adopt an EU-style General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)), we fear the associated headline risk (not to mention likely profit headwinds) will impair stock prices in the S&P interactive media & services index. This communication services sub-index is particularly prone to such a risk when it already trades at close to a 40% valuation premium to the broad market (middle panel, Chart 9 on page 14). Adding insult to injury is the PEG ratio that is trading at a 60% premium to the broad market (bottom panel, Chart 9 on page 14). In the face of the Fed’s sustained tightening cycle these extreme growth stocks are vulnerable to massive gravitational pull. The ticker symbols in the stocks in this index are: S5INMS – GOOGL, GOOG, FB, TWTR and TRIP. Chart 9Interactive Media & Services Footnotes 1      Please see BCA U.S. Equity Strategy Report, "Manic Market," dated November 19, 2018, available at uses.bcaresearch.com. 2      Please see BCA The Bank Credit Analyst Report, "OUTLOOK 2019: Late-Cycle Turbulence", dated November 26, 2018, available at bca.bcaresearch.com. 3      Please see BCA U.S. Equity Strategy Special Report, "Brothers In Arms," dated October 31, 2016, available at uses.bcaresearch.com. 4      Please see BCA Geopolitical Strategy Special Report, "A Global Show Of Force?" dated October 10, 2018, available at gps.bcaresearch.com. 5      Please see BCA U.S. Equity Strategy Special Report, "New Lines Of Communication," dated October 1, 2018, available at uses.bcaresearch.com. 6      Please see BCA U.S. Equity Strategy Special Report, "Is The Stock Rally Long In The FAANG?", dated August 1, 2018, available at uses.bcaresearch.com.   Current Recommendations Current Trades Size And Style Views Favor value over growth Favor large over small caps

Special Report

Highlights Our Special Report on housing betrayed little concern, … : We noted the softness in housing, and its drag on U.S. growth, in our November 19 Special Report, but we concluded that it was not sending a more worrisome message about the U.S. economic outlook. ... which didn’t mesh with several of our clients’ assessments, … : Our conclusion was apparently out of step with a fair proportion of investors. The clients who contacted us are not convinced that the softness so far isn’t just the tip of the iceberg. … so we’ve been discussing it a lot, … : Some BCA strategists are also more uneasy about housing and what it may be saying about the fate of the expansion. The topic continues to be bandied about in our daily meetings, and it probably hasn’t been exhausted yet. … and we’re sharing the conversations with everyone now: Publicly airing our one-on-one discussions gives all clients a chance to listen in and also gives us a chance to expand upon our views. Though we stand by our original conclusion, engaging in dialogue has enhanced our understanding of the issues. Feature The stock market still feels a little shaky, but the S&P 500 bounced smartly off of 2,640 once again, the abbreviated day-after-Thanksgiving session aside. Our Global Investment Strategy colleagues’ MacroQuant model sees more near-term downside, but neither of our teams believes that the bull market is over. The economy is strong; monetary policy remains accommodative; and fiscal stimulus will continue to support growth in 2019, albeit to a lesser degree. We do not see the good times ending for risk assets or the expansion until the Fed intervenes to bring the curtain down. We will discuss our outlook for the coming year, and the way we expect the key cycles will evolve, next week. For now, we turn to the wave of client questions that followed our Special Report on housing two weeks ago. The general view seems to be that we are not taking the potential implications of disappointing housing data seriously enough. The highlights of our follow-up discussions appear below, but we continue to believe that the housing slowdown does not portend larger immediate problems. Q: What about the effect of the new $10,000 cap on the deductibility of state and local taxes in high-tax states? The $10,000 cap on state and local tax (SALT) deductions will hurt housing demand at the margin, as will lower limits on mortgage interest deductibility. People respond to incentives, and several households may choose to rent instead of buy now that homeownership subsidies have been dialed back. The 1986 Tax Reform Act provides a ready antecedent. The mortal wound it dealt real estate tax shelters set the stage for the commercial real estate downturn of the late ‘80s and early ‘90s, and it also contributed to the nearly decade-long stagnation in nominal home prices (Chart 1) that was quite nasty in inflation-adjusted terms (Chart 2). Chart 1The Last Tax-Code Revamp Squeezed Home Values...   Chart 2...Especially On An Inflation-Adjusted Basis The regional disparities in home sales do not suggest that the tax changes have been a primary driver of the softness. Households in states with high income-tax burdens are most likely to go from itemizing their deductions (the mechanism for claiming housing subsidies) to taking the standard deduction. If the SALT rule change were squeezing home sales, one would expect that the states with the highest income-tax rates would be experiencing the biggest declines. We tested that proposition by comparing population-weighted tax rates with the share of home sales in each region. Although the South has the lowest top marginal income tax rate by a mile (Table 1), it has lost nearly two percentage points, or 4%, of its national market share since this year’s peak in home sales (Table 2). The high-tax Northeast, on the other hand, picked up nearly one percentage point, or 9%, of market share. The onerously-taxed West has lost the same proportional share as the South, but its homes are also the least affordable – a family earning the median income barely qualifies for a standard mortgage to buy the median-priced house in that region (Chart 3, bottom panel). Table 1Regional Income Tax Rates   Table 2Regional Share Of National Home Sales   Chart 3Only The West Is A Stretch Bottom Line: Income tax changes reducing homeowner subsidies will surely dampen marginal demand for homes, but they have not yet had an observable effect on the regional data. Q: The decline in activity has been modest so far, but what if it’s the start of something bigger? How do you know it’s not 2006? Housing is an important part of the economy, and residential investment could become a problem if it weakens further. We did not mean to imply that investors can ignore what’s going on in the industry. Residential activity puts a lot of people to work, directly and indirectly, and drives big-ticket consumption of home improvements, appliances and home furnishings. Its status as a rate-sensitive pillar helps provide insight into the effect of monetary policy, a particular flash point right now. From the narrow perspective of whether or not housing is likely to tip the economy into a recession, however, the arithmetic is clear. According to the IMF’s latest projections, fiscal stimulus will add 40 basis points to real GDP in 2019. Merely offsetting the effect of next year’s fiscal thrust would require residential investment, which accounts for 3.3% of GDP, to contract by 12% on an annualized basis. Residential construction would have to grind to a halt to wipe out projected growth of 2.5%. Even following October’s new home sales dud, the housing market is nowhere near oversupplied (Chart 4). The supply/demand balance is night-and-day different from what it was ahead of the crisis. Back then, there was also a decade of excessive mortgage issuance that needed to be unwound. Housing remains an important component of the economy, but it has shrunk to the point that it is not in a position to overwhelm the preponderance of positive macro data. Chart 4Supply Is Tight Bottom Line: We are watching housing, as BCA always has, but the market’s aggregate undersupply gives us confidence that residential activity is not about to fall off of a cliff. Q: The value of the housing stock is so large that it wouldn’t take a bust to have major economic implications. Consumption would immediately be at risk, and the economy with it. It is true that homes account for a sizable portion of household net worth, but the widely-repeated notion that homes are the biggest asset on the aggregate household balance sheet is misleading. When considered in terms of homeowner equity (home value net of mortgage obligations), homes currently account for about 14% of aggregate household net worth. Pension entitlements and equity and mutual fund holdings each account for about a quarter of net worth, and cash and equity in non-corporate businesses each account for about an eighth (Chart 5). Homeowner equity’s share of household net worth has rebounded nicely from its crisis lows, but it is a full third below its 1980s and 2006 peaks. Chart 5Home Values Matter, But They're Far From The Whole Story The point is that a generalized decline in home prices might affect consumption less than investors fear. The wealth effect is real, but fluctuations in home values are not evident to homeowners in real time. While we estimate that consumption falls five cents for every dollar decline in home values, the two series do not always march in lockstep, as in the ‘90s and the initial post-crisis years, when consumption grew even as home prices shrank (Chart 6, bottom panel). With the market in a state of undersupply, we don’t see a reason to expect that home prices are at much risk. Chart 6Consumption And Home Price Appreciation Are Linked Bottom Line: Absent overbuilding, foolhardy lending, or a harmful structural change on the order of the imposition of the passive activity rules, there is no clear catalyst for severe home-price declines. The economy should be able to handle a modest home-price correction without too much ado. Q: Not so fast. The crisis demonstrated that there’s a direct link between housing and credit conditions. It doesn’t take a perma-bear to see how a decline in home prices could cause the banking system to seize up. Our BCA colleagues are quite familiar with our view that homes are the collateral for the U.S. banking system. That view is a broad generalization, but the crisis bore it out. Banks are vastly better capitalized than they were in 2007, however, and it is difficult to see a path to major declines in home prices. Busts follow booms because they’re a necessary cure for unsustainable excesses, but nothing extreme has occurred this time on either the supply or the price fronts. Although we are hardly card-carrying Austrians, we have a lot of sympathy for the view that ZIRP, NIRP and QE programs subjected financial markets to distortions. They abetted a search for yield that allowed questionable credits to attract capital and promoted a widespread relaxation of debt covenants. They additionally seem to have lit a fire under property values in jurisdictions where home prices have become detached from standard value metrics. In the main, however, those jurisdictions are not in the U.S. (Chart 7). Chart 7U.S. Housing Isn't The Problem In talking through the bank exposure issue with a client, we arrived at a simple rule: property markets that haven’t already received their comeuppance are the property markets that threaten wealth, confidence and banking systems. The U.S. got its comeuppance in the crisis: property values plunged, loans went bad en masse, banks and specialty lenders failed, the survivors were chastened, and new regulations were put in place to protect the bankers from themselves and the economy from banks. As the Fed continues on its slow march to remove monetary accommodation, it is entirely reasonable for a macro-minded investor to be on the lookout for wobbly property markets. S/he would be best served by studying the rest of the dollar bloc: Canada, Australia and New Zealand are all vulnerable; the United States is not. Q: The Kansas City market is bifurcated by price. Supply is constrained at lower price points, although the formerly red-hot move-up segment has slowed considerably since mortgage rates spiked. High-end homes are being discounted sharply, and the baby boomers’ 4,000-6,000-square-foot suburban behemoths, untouched since the ‘80s, cost as much as brand-new high-end construction once you factor in the work they’d need to make them appeal to today’s buyers. Meanwhile, the limited supply of homes for first-time buyers has multi-family apartments popping up on every block. A market based on location, location, location is inherently heterogeneous, but a lot of what is happening in Kansas City appears to be playing out nationally. The rapid rise in mortgage rates has dented demand across the board. We’ve been hearing rumblings about easy multi-family credit for a while, most memorably from a Texas client who told us in 2014 that a blueprint was all it took for an apartment developer to get a bank loan. There is no investment idea so good that it can’t be destroyed by too much capital, and it’s entirely possible that some developers, commercial real estate lenders, commercial mortgage-backed securities holders and apartment REITs could be vulnerable if entry-level supply surges. There is no sign right now that it will, however. According to the Harvard Joint Center for Housing Studies, “virtually all” of the nation’s metropolitan areas “had more homes for sale in the top third of the market by price than in the bottom third.” A limited supply of available land and rising construction costs push developers to migrate to higher price points. The trend toward more expensive homes has been in place across the entire 30-year history of the Harvard center’s annual survey: the share of smaller homes (1,800 square feet or less) has slid from 50 percent in 1988 to 36 percent in 2000 and 22 percent in 2017.1 The fate of the boomers’ homes touches on what may be the most compelling long-term issue: to whom will the baby boomers pass the baton? Will the millennials accumulate enough wealth to be able to take it? Will they want to, after living through the formative experience of the financial crisis? Will suburban and exurban homes go vacant as preferences shift to the density and walkability of town and city centers? Are wide swaths of the existing housing stock destined for obsolescence? We are not inclined to think so. Even if homeownership is suppressed by a lessened desire to own, or delays in starting a career in the wake of the crisis, millennials and their families will still need a roof over their heads. We expect that purchase and rental prices will correct for changes in location and decorating preferences; homebuyers will put up with dark cabinets, loud tile patterns and wall-to-wall shag carpeting if the price is right. Lower prices might be what’s needed to help solve a potentially thorny problem raised by a client in the antipodes: the transfer of wealth across generations. He sees barriers to homeownership for the middle class as a social and political powder keg. A transfer of wealth from older generations to younger generations, accomplished by property markdowns instead of punitive income and property taxes, could be far less disruptive for markets and may even help to ease inequality strains. Furthermore, buyers who get a deal on a property have more money available for other consumption, while those who pay up retain less dry powder to help keep the economy humming. Investment Implications Investors are well served to be alert for excesses that cannot be sustained, and it is a near certainty that a 10-year expansion nourished on extreme monetary accommodation would have bred more than a few. From our perspective, however, all of the worst ones exist beyond the borders of the United States. Virtually all of the post-crisis increase in private-sector leverage has been contained in the emerging markets. The wild residential party has been raging in the developed world’s other former British colonies: Canada, Australia and New Zealand face inevitably sharp declines in construction activity and home prices. We are neither congenital Pollyannas nor market cheerleaders. We are bent on sniffing out market and economic inflection points as adroitly as possible, but we’re convinced that investors who are looking for them in U.S. housing are barking up the wrong tree. The Fed is moving steadily toward inducing an inflection point, but it is not yet upon us, and when it arrives, the attendant distress is not going to be centered on the United States, which already underwent its trial by fire ten years ago. We remain vigilant, but we are constructive on the U.S. economy and risk assets, especially in relation to the rest of the world.   Doug Peta, Senior Vice President U.S. Investment Strategy dougp@bcaresearch.com   Footnotes 1The State of the Nation’s Housing 2018, Joint Center for Housing Studies of Harvard University, p.6.

Overweight An axiom we have noted numerous times is that, as oil prices decline, the share prices of airlines rise and vice versa. As such, the recent spike in airlines share prices (our upgrade of the S&P airlines index a scant 11 days ago1 has already returned 4% relative to the S&P 500) amidst the collapse in energy prices is of no surprise; relative forward EPS should start moving accordingly (second panel). Airlines typically gain outsized benefits (or losses) on rapid moves in energy, given the lag between ticket sales and the consumption of jet fuel. The current fall in jet fuel prices will thus disproportionately benefit the unhedged airlines (DAL, UAL and AAL) relative to the partially hedged airlines (LUV and ALK). Still, consumers will eventually demand some of the savings passed on to them, which may reverse what has been the best fare environment for airlines of the past four years (third panel). A significant offset will be the already very high capacity utilization at airlines (bottom panel) that lower fares will only serve to increase, preserving the bulk of the margin gains lower jet fuel prices will deliver. Bottom Line: Solid demand, tight capacity and input cost deflation all point to earnings outperformance; we reiterate our recent airlines upgrade to overweight. The ticker symbols for the stocks in this index are: BLBG: S5AIRL - DAL, LUV, UAL, AAL and ALK.   1      Please see BCA U.S. Equity Strategy Report, “Manic Market” dated November 19, 2018, available at uses.bcaresearch.com.

  Underweight The S&P restaurants index has had an exceptional month, following surprisingly healthy results from both McDonalds and Starbucks, which collectively represent approximately 80% of the index. We think the move is short-sighted and we would be sellers into the strength. The positive results at these restauranteurs would typically be reflected in outsized forward earnings growth estimates. However, this is not the case; as shown in the second panel, estimates for the S&P restaurants index are falling behind the broad market. Given the index’s rise without a corresponding earnings lift, the valuation multiple has soared and is now at a level 50% higher than the market (third panel). Meanwhile, the index has been dining out on an unhealthy diet of debt and balance sheets are stretched to extreme levels (bottom panel). In the absence of an unlikely surge of cash flow, particularly given the headwinds an appreciating U.S. dollar represents, a painful cycle of belt-tightening lies ahead. Bottom Line: Tepid earnings growth, high valuations and bulging leverage are a recipe for stock price declines in the S&P restaurants index; stay underweight. The ticker symbols for the stocks in this index are: BLBG: S5REST - MCD, SBUX, YUM, DRI, CMG.

Highlights On a 6-month horizon, go long a combination of banks and high quality 10-year bonds. The recommended combination is 25 cents in the banks and 75 cents in the bonds. The preferred banks are European or euro area and the preferred bonds are U.S. T-bonds. Stay short oil and gas versus financials. During December, use any sharp sell-offs in sterling to buy the pound… …and to downgrade the FTSE100 to underweight. Feature Chart of the WeekBanks And Bond Yields Were Connected At The Hip... Until This Year Back in June, in Oddities In The 1st Half, Opportunities In The 2nd Half we pointed out two striking oddities in financial market behaviour. One oddity was the sharp decoupling of crude oil from industrial commodity prices (Chart I-2). It is highly unusual for crude oil to outperform copper by 50 percent in the space of just six months. We argued that such an extreme deviation would have to correct one way or another. Which of course it did… Chart I-2Crude Oil Abruptly Decoupled From Industrial Commodities... Then Abruptly Recoupled The other oddity was the abrupt decoupling of bank equity performance from bond yields (Chart I-3 and Chart of the Week). Bank equity prices and bond yields are usually connected at the hip. The tight connection exists because higher bond yields tend to signal stronger economic growth, either real or nominal. Stronger growth should be good for banks as it is associated with both accelerating credit growth and lower provisions for non-performing loans. Chart I-3Banks Decoupled From Bond Yields... But Will Recouple On the back of these two striking oddities, we recommended a compelling trade: short oil and gas versus financials. This trade is now in profit and has further to run, but today we want to introduce a new trade: go long a combination of banks and bonds. Explaining The Oddities Of 2018 The underperformance of banks from February through September was entirely consistent with similar underperformances in the other classically growth-sensitive sectors – industrials, and basic materials as well as the decline in industrial commodity prices (Chart I-4). Furthermore, these underperformances started well before any inkling of a trade war. This suggests that the cyclical sector underperformances were correctly reflecting a common or garden down-oscillation in global growth. Chart I-4Oil And Gas Was The Odd Man Out Oil was a striking oddity because its supply dynamics, rather than its demand dynamics, were dominating its price action, at one point lifting its year-on-year inflation rate to 70 percent for Brent and 80 percent for WTI. Part of this surge in year-on-year inflation was also to do with the ‘base effect’, the dip in the oil price to $45 in the summer of 2017. The base effect shouldn’t really bother markets. After all, most people do not consciously compare a price today with the price precisely a year ago. The problem is that central banks do compare a price today with the price precisely a year ago in their inflation targets. Clearly, when oil price inflation was running at 80 percent, it was underpinning headline CPI inflation, central bank reaction functions, and thereby bond yields. Hence, the two striking oddities – oil abruptly decoupling from industrial commodities (Chart I-5) and bond yields abruptly decoupling from banks – are two sides of the same coin. From February through September, bond yields were taking their cue, at least partly, from the rising price of oil, given its major impact on headline inflation and on central bank reaction functions. Whereas banks, industrials, and industrial commodity prices were taking their cue from fading global growth and industrial activity. Chart I-5It Is Highly Unusual For Oil To Outperform Copper By 50% In Six Months A Banks Plus Bonds Combination Could Be A Win-Win The oddities of 2018 are now correcting. With the oil price sharply lower, its year-on-year inflation rate has plunged to -10 percent (Chart I-6). Furthermore, as we have pointed out in recent reports, the sharp deceleration in global credit growth from February through September has clearly arrested and even reversed. The upshot is that banks and bond yields will recouple, one way or the other. Chart I-6Oil Inflation Down from 70% To -10% Most likely, global growth will rebound somewhat and the beaten-down bank equity prices have considerable scope for recovery (Chart I-7), while the restraint on headline CPI inflation will keep bond yields in check. Indeed, as President Trump recently tweeted: Chart I-7Global Growth Will Rebound, So Will Banks “Inflation down, are you listening Fed!” But if we are wrong and growth disappoints, bank equities are already beaten-down while a further downdraft in inflation will pull down bond yields. Either way, on a six month horizon a combination of banks and high quality 10-year bonds should be a win-win strategy. Given the different betas of the two investments, the recommended combination is 25 cents in the banks and 75 cents in the bonds. The preferred banks are European or euro area and the preferred bonds are U.S. T-bonds. Focus On Sectors And Currencies The remainder of this report is a reminder that successful macro investing requires the application of the Pareto Principle, also known as 80:20 rule. In macro investing, the vast majority of performance outcomes, ‘the 80’, are explained by a very small number of drivers, ‘the 20’. We find that the vast majority of a region’s or a country’s stock market relative performance is explained just by its distinguishing sector fingerprint combined with its currency (Chart I-8 - Chart I-12). Chart I-8Euro Stoxx 600 Vs. MSCI Emerging Markets = Global Healthcare In Euros Vs. Global Technology In Dollars Chart I-9Euro Stoxx 50 Vs. S&P 500 = Global Banks In Euros Vs. Global Technology In Dollars Chart I-10FTSE 100 Vs. S&P 500 = Global Oil And Gas In Pounds Vs. Global Technology In Dollars Chart I-11FTSE 100 Vs. Nikkei 225 = Global Oil And Gas In Pounds Vs. Global Industrials In Yen Chart I-12FTSE 100 Vs. Euro Stoxx 50 = Global Oil And Gas In Pounds Vs. Global Banks In Euros Major stock markets comprise of multinational companies whose sales and profits are internationally diversified. But each major stock market has a distinguishing ‘long’ sector in which it contains up to a quarter of its total market capitalisation, as well as a distinguishing ‘short’ sector in which it has a significant under-representation. The combination of this long sector and short sector gives each equity index its distinguishing fingerprint (Table I-1): FTSE100 = long energy, short technology. Eurostoxx50 = long banks, short technology. Nikkei225 = long industrials, short banks and energy. S&P500 = long technology, short materials. MSCI Emerging Markets = long technology, short healthcare. Table I-1Each Major Stock Market Has A Distinguishing Fingerprint The other important factor is the currency. The FTSE100 oil and gas stock, BP, receives its revenue and incurs its costs in multiple major currencies, such as euros and dollars. In other words, BP’s global business is currency neutral. But BP’s stock price is quoted in London in pounds. Hence, if the pound strengthens, the company’s multi-currency profits will decline relative to the stock price and weigh it down. Conversely, if the pound weakens, it will lift the BP stock price. This means that the domestic economy can impact its stock market through the currency channel. Albeit it is a counterintuitive relationship: a strong economy via a strong currency hinders the stock market; a weak economy via a weak currency helps the stock market. What does all of this mean for our European country allocation right now? From a sector perspective, a stance that is short oil and gas versus financials penalises the FTSE100 versus the Eurostoxx50, given the FTSE100’s oil and gas fingerprint and the Eurostoxx50’s banks fingerprint. Against this, a weakening pound would support the FTSE100. Given that Theresa May’s Brexit agreement will meet stiff resistance when it comes to Parliament in the second week of December, the point of maximum risk for the pound is still ahead of us. But as we argued last week, we ultimately expect relief for the pound as: either the Article 50 process is extended, or the U.K. moves into a transition period within a negotiated Brexit.1 Hence, during December, use any sharp sell-offs in sterling to buy the pound, and to downgrade the FTSE100 to underweight.   Dhaval Joshi, Senior Vice President Chief European Investment Strategist dhaval@bcaresearch.com Fractal Trading Model* This week we note that this year’s sell-off in Italian equities is technically very stretched. Therefore, in a continued de-escalation of the budget spat between Italy and the EU, Italian equities would be ripe for a strong countertrend burst of outperformance. On this basis, our recommended trade is long MIB versus the Eurostoxx with a profit target of 5% and a symmetrical stop-loss. For any investment, excessive trend following and groupthink can reach a natural point of instability, at which point the established trend is highly likely to break down with or without an external catalyst. An early warning sign is the investment’s fractal dimension approaching its natural lower bound. Encouragingly, this trigger has consistently identified countertrend moves of various magnitudes across all asset classes. Chart I-13 The post-June 9, 2016 fractal trading model rules are: When the fractal dimension approaches the lower limit after an investment has been in an established trend it is a potential trigger for a liquidity-triggered trend reversal. Therefore, open a countertrend position. The profit target is a one-third reversal of the preceding 13-week move. Apply a symmetrical stop-loss. Close the position at the profit target or stop-loss. Otherwise close the position after 13 weeks. Use the position size multiple to control risk. The position size will be smaller for more risky positions. * For more details please see the European Investment Strategy Special Report “Fractals, Liquidity & A Trading Model,” dated December 11, 2014, available at eis.bcaresearch.com Footnote 1 Please see the European Investment Strategy Weekly Report “DM Versus EM, And Two European Psychodramas”, November 22, 2018 available at eis.bcaresearch.com. Fractal Trading Model Recommendations Asset Allocation Equity Regional and Country Allocation Equity Sector Allocation Bond and Interest Rate Allocation Currency and Other Allocation Closed Fractal Trades Trades Closed Trades Asset Performance Currency & Bond Equity Sector Country Equity Indicators Bond Yields Chart II-1Indicators To Watch - Bond Yields Chart II-2Indicators To Watch - Bond Yields Chart II-3Indicators To Watch - Bond Yields Chart II-4Indicators To Watch - Bond Yields Interest Rate Chart II-5Indicators To Watch - Interest Rate Expectations Chart II-6Indicators To Watch - Interest Rate Expectations Chart II-7Indicators To Watch - Interest Rate Expectations Chart II-8Indicators To Watch - Interest Rate Expectations

Special Report

Highlights Turkish commercial banks have been ramping up purchases of local currency government bonds. Given that commercial banks create new money “out of thin air” when they buy assets from non-bank entities, should investors interpret this phenomenon positively or negatively? Under the backdrop of a severe recession, we view this phenomenon as a stabilizing factor that can provide moderate relief - a painkiller rather than a poison. Meanwhile, record-wide net interest rate spreads as well as rising purchases of government bonds yielding around 20% are positive for banks’ earnings amid an otherwise dismal economic outlook. To express a selective positive bias toward this depressed and still fundamentally challenged market versus other EMs, we recommend a relative equity trade: long Turkish banks / short EM banks, currency unhedged. Feature On August 15, 2018, we upgraded our stance on Turkish markets from underweight to neutral and closed our shorts in the currency and bank stocks after having been bearish/underweight for several years.1 Our rationale was that Turkish equity and currency valuations had become cheap, and its financial markets oversold. Yet we stated that the adjustment in interest rates and ensuing economic slowdown were still pending – preventing us from going overweight. Are Turkish interest rates now sufficiently high to put a floor under the currency? In other words, is monetary demagoguery – relentless bank lending promoted by the authorities amid high inflation – a thing of the past?2 At first glimpse, the answer appears to be no. Turkish banks have been aggressively buying local currency government bonds – at a time when foreigners have been selling their holdings (Chart I-1). Chart I-1Turkish Banks Have Been Buying Local Government Bonds As we demonstrate in Box I-1 on page 9, commercial banks in all countries create new money when they purchase any asset, including any security, from non-bank entities. One can argue that the Turkish banks’ creation of money “out of thin air” holds the potential to trigger renewed currency depreciation. Furthermore, banks’ financing of the government depresses government bond yields, bringing down market-determined local currency interest rates. On the other hand, there is also evidence that banks have drastically curtailed financing to the real economy, which is causing a severe collapse in domestic demand. This has already squeezed imports and has started to narrow the current account deficit - a necessary condition for macro and exchange rate stabilization (Chart I-2). As such, it seems Turkey’s necessary macro adjustment is already under way. Chart I-2Turkey: Current Account Deficit Is Narrowing These two dynamics – (1) banks financing the government by creating money “out of thin air” and (2) banks inhibiting financing to households and companies – are conflicting. While many economists refer to this phenomenon as a crowding out of the private sector by the government, we disagree with this analytical framework. Please refer to Box I-1 on page 9 for a more detailed discussion. Our assessment of these dynamics is as follows: In the current context of rapidly shrinking domestic demand, banks’ financing of the government is a mitigating factor in the ongoing macro adjustment. Commercial banks’ financing of the public sector via bond purchases caps market-determined interest rates and allows the government to spend, therefore diminishing the blow to the real economy. Consequently, the expansion of Turkish banks’ purchases of government bonds is a silver lining in an otherwise harsh macro adjustment. So long as this phenomenon is not prolonged indefinitely and does not cause the currency to plunge anew, it is an acceptable strategy for both banks and the government. In fact, it could form a fertile ground for Turkish banks’ stock prices to start rising from the ashes, at least relative to other emerging markets. Fiscal Deficit Financing By Banks: Poison Or Painkiller? Diagnosing a patient in critical condition and prescribing the right medicine is a complex task. Assessing monetary conditions in a financial crisis-stricken economy and determining the correct policy mix is no different. While monetary tightening may be the right medicine for some parts of the economy, monetary easing can be appropriate for others parts. In fact, this is what is currently happening in Turkey. There is a dichotomy occurring between monetary easing for the government (in the local currency bond market) and monetary tightening for companies and households. Chart 3 demonstrates that local currency broad money growth now slightly exceeds bank loan growth. One of the reasons for this is that banks are literally creating money by purchasing government securities. With a low likelihood of default and a yield of 20%, government securities are currently attractive for Turkish banks. On the surface, government deficit financing via money creation by banks might seem like a recipe for higher inflation. Yet, we have to put this phenomenon in the context of current cyclical economic conditions in Turkey. The economy is on the precipice of a major recession which will likely produce a major deflationary shockwave. Money and credit growth in real terms is negative (Chart I-3, bottom panel). In addition, government expenditures in real terms are now contracting, suggesting that fiscal policy is tight (Chart I-4). Furthermore, government debt levels are low – total public debt stands at 31% of GDP. This means that fiscal expansion is a lever that authorities can and should be using. Chart I-3Turkey: Money And Loan Growth Are Negative In Real Terms Chart I-4Turkey: Fiscal Policy Is Tight Hence, we infer that banks’ financing of government expenditures are not excessive from a macro perspective; particularly when considering the currently heightened recessionary crosscurrents. Bottom Line: The expansion of Turkish banks’ purchases of government bonds are capping local bond yields and, on the margin, allowing the government to support the economy. Given the backdrop of a severe recession, we view this as a stabilizing factor – a painkiller rather than a poison. Monetary Tightening In The Real Economy Commercial banks have substantially tightened financing to companies and households. Interest rates on bank loans to businesses and consumers have risen much more than the central bank’s policy rate. The former are now 850 basis points higher than the latter (Chart I-5, top panel). Chart I-5Turkey: Tight Monetary Conditions In The Real Economy In real terms (deflated by core CPI), commercial bank loan interest rates are now 8% (Chart I-5, bottom panel). High real bank loan rates charged to households and companies will cause domestic demand to collapse – despite a real policy rate at zero. Provided economic activity is already shrinking, it will be difficult for debtors to achieve a hurdle real rate of 8%. This is already producing a collapse in loan demand and a material retrenchment in consumer and business spending. A statistical regression of economic activity variables on the change in borrowing costs demonstrates that the Turkish economy is in for a severe recession across all sectors, with capital expenditures being the hardest hit (Chart I-6). Chart I-6Turkey: The Recession Will Be Severe A cheapened currency and high borrowing costs are the correct medicine for the nation’s deep economic imbalances – i.e. its large and persistent current account deficits. In fact, the real economy has already been adjusting: the current account excluding oil is starting to narrow (refer to Chart I-2 on page 2). This together with cheap valuations may help put a floor under the lira (Chart I-7). Chart I-7The Turkish Lira Is Cheap Bottom Line: Interest rates on bank loans have increased much more than the central bank policy rate and are sufficiently high in real terms, foreshadowing a severe, but necessary, domestic demand contraction. Go Long Turkish Banks / Short EM Banks There appears to be a relative tactical opportunity to go long Turkish banks while shorting EM banks. Relative share prices in dollar terms between Turkish and EM banks are at an all-time low (Chart I-8). Odds are that Turkish banks will outperform for the time being. Chart I-8Long Turkish Banks / Short EM Banks Not only are Turkish banks charging a large spread on loans relative to the policy rate, they are also enjoying a wide net interest rate spread – lending rates minus deposit rates. In fact, Turkish banks’ net interest rate spread is presently the highest in recorded history (Chart I-9, top panel). This is very positive for banks’ net interest margins (NIM) – net interest income as percent of loans - and earnings (Chart I-9, bottom panel). Chart I-9Turkish Banks' Margins Are Widening In addition, banks’ purchases of government bonds allows them to expand their balance sheets and earn a yield that is around 20%. Given the government’s low credit risk, this is also positive for banks’ profits. On the negative side, non-performing loans (NPLs) are set to surge. Therefore, any investment consideration should take into account banks’ equity erosion due to surging NPLs. Turkish banks are presently extremely under-provisioned, as illustrated in Chart I-10. Yet their share prices have already plunged substantially, discounting a higher level of NPLs than banks have acknowledged and provisioned for. Chart I-10Turkey: NPLs Are Set To Surge We have performed a credit stress test for the Turkish banking system. The scenario analysis shown in Table I-1 illustrates that banks’ share prices are already pricing in a significant amount of bad news regarding the NPL cycle. For example, in a scenario where the non-performing credit assets (NPCA) ratio rises to 20% from its current 3.5% level, bank stocks would be fairly valued at current levels. Table I-1Credit Stress Test For Turkish Banks Considering that the NPL-to-total-loan ratio reached 18% after the 2001 currency crisis, we believe 20% is a reasonable estimate. The key difference between now and the 2001 crisis is that woes in 2001 were related to unsustainable government debt, while Turkey’s present problems stem from excessive private debt. This valuation part of the stress test assumes that the fair value for the price-to-book value (PBV) ratio adjusted for all credit losses is 1.3 - the average PBV ratio for EM banks since 2011. In short, banks’ stock prices are currently trading close to their fair value assuming 20% NPCA (Table I-1). In all scenarios, we assume a recovery rate of 40%. In terms of structural valuations, using our model for the cyclically-adjusted P/E (CAPE) ratio, Turkish banks are currently trading at two standard deviations below their fair value in absolute terms, and two-and-half standard deviations relative to the other EM banks (Chart I-11). Chart I-11Turkish Bank Stocks Are Cheap Given that we expect an additional selloff in EM risk assets, Turkish bank stocks will likely relapse in absolute terms. This is why we recommend a market-neutral bet. In short, we expect more downside in the share price of EM banks than in Turkish ones for now. Investment Conclusions Given our overarching negative view on emerging markets as a whole, we are reluctant to be bullish on Turkish risk assets in absolute terms. The basis behind why we are not upgrading our stance on Turkey’s overall stock index is as follows: Non-financials companies are about to experience severe profit shrinkage as the recession deepens. Conversely, contraction in banks’ earnings will be mitigated by a very wide NIM and an increased financing of the government at yields above 20%. In addition, we expect EM currencies and high-yielding local bonds to resume their selloff, and corporate and sovereign credit spreads to widen. Given Turkey has historically been a high-beta market, it is difficult to bet on its financial markets outperforming EM peers in a bear market. Finally, the recent rebound in Turkish markets was from quite oversold levels and is currently facing its first technical resistance (Chart I-12). Chart I-12The Lira And Local Government Bonds Are Facing Their First Technical Resistance Overall, we continue to recommend a neutral allocation to Turkey for EM dedicated equity investors, as well as local currency bond and credit portfolios. Nevertheless, to express a selective positive bias toward this depressed market versus other EMs, we recommend a relative equity trade: Long Turkish banks / short EM banks, currency unhedged. Stephan Gabillard, Senior Analyst stephang@bcaresearch.com Box 1 How Banks Create Money By Purchasing Assets From A Non-Bank Entity We demonstrate, in a stylized example, how a commercial bank (Bank 1) creates a new deposit in the banking system – which consists of two banks (Bank 1 and Bank 2) - when it purchases a bond from an investor (Investor A) that is a non-bank. For simplicity, we presume that this is the only transaction in the banking system on that day. All numbers we cite here are local currency values and all transactions take place in local currency. We assume at the beginning of Day 1 that both Bank 1 and Bank 2 each have excess reserves (ERs) of 1000 and existing deposits of 1000 (Figure I-1). Hence, the overall banking system ERs amount to 2000 and total deposits are equal to 2000. Figure I-1Begining Of Day 1 Balance Sheet & Transactions As Bank 1 purchases a bond at the price of 300 from Investor A, the following balance sheet accounting entries take place (these entries are shown in red in Figure I-1): Bank 1 acquires a bond and its assets now include a bond valued at 300. Investor A has an account at Bank 2, so to pay for this purchase Bank 1 transfers 300 from its ERs to Bank 2’s ERs account at the central bank. Bank 1 ERs decline by 300. Hence, its assets and liabilities have not changed – it has just swapped 300 in ERs with 300 in bond (Figure I-1). Bank 2 credits Investor A’s deposit account by 300. Hence, Investor A received a deposit valued at 300 that it previously did not have. This is a new deposit for the whole banking system that was created “out of thin air”. Bank 2’s ERs and hence its total assets have risen by 300. This rise in Bank 2’s assets is balanced by the increase of its deposit by 300 (Figure I-2). In brief, this deposit is nothing more than an accounting entry to balance Bank 2’s assets and liabilities. Yet, deposits represent money and give their holders purchasing power. Figure I-2End Of Day 1 Balance Sheet Assuming that during the day there was no other transaction in this banking system, the latter’s ERs have remained unchanged at 2000 yet its total deposits have risen from 2000 to 2300. A new deposit worth 300 was created without the central bank providing any funding (new ERs) to the banking system. Money supply is the sum of all deposits in the banking system and commercial banks create deposits “out of thin air” when they lend to non-banks or purchase assets from non-banks. As such, banks do not need to reduce private sector lending to fund the government. In other words, no “crowding out” of the private sector needs to take place for banks to buy government bonds.   Footnotes 1      Please see Emerging Markets Strategy Special Alert "Turkey: Booking Profits On Shorts," dated August 15, 2018, the link available on page 14. 2      Please see Emerging Markets Strategy Special Report "Turkey's Monetary Demagoguery," dated June 1, 2016, available at ems.bcaresearch.com   Equity Recommendations Fixed-Income, Credit And Currency Recommendations

Overweight (High-conviction) Air freight & logistics stocks have been bouncing along the bottom for the better part of the past year and have formed a base that should serve as a launch board higher in the coming months. Energy costs comprise a large chunk of freight services input costs and the recent drubbing in oil markets will boost margins especially on the eve of the busiest season for courier delivery services (top panel). On that front, there are high odds that this holiday sales season will be another record setting one, especially given that corporations have paid out bonuses and shared part of the lowering in corporate taxes and also wage inflation is underpinning discretionary incomes. Keep in mind that the accelerating domestic manufacturing shipments-to-inventories ratio confirms that demand for hauling services is upbeat. The implication is that rising demand for freight services will buoy industry profits and lift stock prices out of their recent funk (middle panel). While the U.S./China trade tussle and the greenback are clear risks to our sanguine S&P air freight & logistics transportation subindex and have been intense headwinds for the sector, they are already reflected in depressed valuations (bottom panel). Bottom Line: We reiterate our high-conviction overweight status in the S&P air freight & logistics index; please see last week’s Weekly Report for more details. The ticker symbols for the stocks in this index are: BLBG: S5AIRF - FDX, UPS, EXPD and CHRW. ​​​​​​​