Economy

Executive Summary Three Problems For European EPS The Chinese economic slowdown in response to COVID lockdowns represents a major headwind for European profits in 2022. Weaker global growth creates another hurdle. The energy crisis is the third major problem for European profit growth this year. European profits must be revised downward for 2022, but the impact on 2023 EPS will be small. Cyclical sectors are particularly exposed to these three headwinds, which will hurt profitability this year. The recent relative strength in industrials and materials earnings is likely to buckle in response to weaker global growth, while the defensive characteristics of healthcare and communication services will shine. Within defensive sectors, favor healthcare and communication services versus utilities and consumer staples. Bottom Line: A downward revision of European profits will constrain the ability of European equities to rally in the coming quarters; however, it does not portend another major down leg in European stocks. Nonetheless, the downward revision still points to further underperformance of cyclical equities. Within the defensive sectors, healthcare and communication services are more appealing than utilities and consumer staples shares.     The earnings season has begun. According to the MSCI index, Eurozone profit margins are at a 14-year high following a sharp rebound in profits after the pandemic-induced collapse of 2020. Faced with a war in Ukraine and surging inflation, investors worry that this robust profit picture will not last. We share these worries. The near-term outlook for European profits has deteriorated significantly. While the inflation surge amplified by the Ukrainian crisis is an important problem for European firms, it is not the only one. European businesses must also cope with the effect of a growth slowdown in the US goods sector. Moreover, Chinese growth is likely to plunge in response to the tightening lockdowns across the country. As a result, we fear that current earnings estimates for 2022 are too optimistic. Nonetheless, European stocks are unlikely to collapse further. The valuation cushion amassed during the first quarter market shake-out already embeds some downside for 2022 earnings. Additionally, 2023 earnings have much more limited downside than this year’s EPS. Three Problems For European EPS Chart 1European Earnings Profile Three major problems indicate that the current European earnings estimates for 2022 are too optimistic: namely, China’s economic slowdown, a global economic deterioration, and the consequences of the Ukrainian war on the European economy (Chart 1). China’s Slowdown This publication has regularly highlighted that, even if the Chinese credit impulse is already trying to bottom, the lagged effect of the previous slowdown in credit flows would continue to hurt European growth in the first half of 2022. China’s COVID outbreak and Beijing’s severe policy response only accentuate this headwind. European profits are even more sensitive to Chinese economic fluctuation than European economic activity, which points to a meaningful drag on profitability. Many relationships highlight our concerns: So far, the weakness in the Chinese credit impulse is still consistent with a rapid deterioration of forward earnings growth and could lead to a contraction in forward EPS (Chart 2, top panel). The Chinese new orders index is falling rapidly. The elevated likelihood that China endures even more lockdowns in the coming months implies a sharper drop in orders and further weakness in European EPS (Chart 2, second panel). The CNY is depreciating again, which often coincides with a deflationary shock in global industrial goods that Europe produces. Unsurprisingly, a weaker RMB correlates well with narrowing operating profit margins in the Eurozone (Chart 2, bottom panel). Korean business conditions are deteriorating in response to the softening of the Chinese economy. A weaker RMB will further hurt business sentiment in the peninsula, especially if Chinese lockdowns broaden. The Korean economy is a key barometer of global business conditions because of its high cyclicality. BCA’s EM strategy team anticipates an additional softening in Korea,  which portends weaker European profits and margins (Chart 3). Chart 2China's Troubles Trouble Europe Profits Chart 3Listen to Korea Global Economic Weakness The global growth weakness goes beyond China’s troubles. US economic activity is slowing down in response to higher yields, higher inflation, and the disappearance of pent-up demand following a splurge on goods by consumers during the pandemic. As a result, Q1 GDP growth fell to -1.4% from a quarterly annualized rate of 5.5% in Q4 2021. The weakness in the ISM New Orders-to-Inventory ratio points to continued softness through Q2. EM are not immune to these vulnerabilities either. EM consumers are suffering greatly from surging food and fuel costs. Moreover, EM interest rates continue to rise briskly and the ensuing liquidity removal points to fainter growth ahead. Chart 4The Weaker ISM NOI Is Worrisome The impact of weaker global economic activity on European earnings is straightforward: A falling US ISM New Orders-To-Inventories ratio is a prelude both to slower earnings growth and to narrower profit margins in the Eurozone (Chart 4). Global exports growth has collapsed to 5.5% from more than 20% prior year and is likely to deteriorate further. Historically, weaker global shipments are associated with a slowdown in European forward earnings growth (Chart 4, third panel). Global economic surprises have rebounded this year, but, as we showed two weeks ago, they are likely to move back below zero in the near future. This is a noisy series, but negative surprises often prompt downward revisions to earnings estimates. The Energy Shock Europe is facing an exceptional energy shock that is hurting the region’s growth prospects. Now that Russia is curtailing gas shipments to Poland and Bulgaria, more energy disruptions are likely, which will further hamper domestic growth prospects across the region, while simultaneously elevating the cost of goods sold for firms. However, not all countries will be hit equally by a Russian energy embargo among the major economies. Germany and Italy have the most to lose, while France and the UK are the least at risk (Chart 5). The impact of an oil supply shock on European earnings is negative. When oil prices rise because of strong global aggregate demand, European earnings handle rising energy prices well because the increasing sales volume creates a powerful offset. However, our simple model that accounts for the evolution of oil demand and global policy uncertainty highlights that we do not face a demand shock, but rather a supply shock (Chart 6), which implies that most sectors will suffer from higher energy prices. Chart 5Varying Vulnerabilities To Russia’s Energy Showdown Chart 6Oil's Rally Is Supply-Driven Chart 7European Margins Under Pressure The inflation passthrough from energy to everything else is not strong enough to protect profit margins. Yes, HICP is elevated, but European PPIs are rising much more rapidly. Historically, such an inability to pass on higher production costs results in slower European profits growth and contracting operating profit margins (Chart 7). The current weakness in consumer confidence and the expected drag on business confidence underscore that pricing power will likely deteriorate from here, which will accentuate the negative impact on profits from the current energy shock. Wage Costs: Not A Problem For Now Wage costs are the one bright spot for European profit margins. European negotiated wages are expanding at a very low rate of 1.6%. Unit labor costs are only expanding at 2.4%, a rate similar to last decade when European core inflation averaged 1%. Chart 8Wages Do Not Hurt Margins Historically, rising wage rates correlate with rising profitability, not declining margins (Chart 8). This relationship seems paradoxical, but European wages only increase when global aggregate demand is very strong. Due to the degree of operating leverage of European equities, the impact of robust aggregate demand on revenues swamps the impact of accelerating wage growth on production costs. Hence, it will probably take a wage growth rate much higher than the experience of the past 20 years for salaries to start hurting margins. While this is possible, we are many quarters away from this risk becoming reality. Bottom Line: European forward earnings estimates for 2022 are far too elevated in view of the headwinds European businesses are currently facing. The combination of weaker Chinese economic activity, slowing global growth, and a supply-driven energy shock will force significant downward revisions to this year’s EPS. Related Report  European Investment StrategyPlenty Of Risks For Cyclical Stocks 2023 EPS should fare better. Chinese authorities are increasingly supporting their economy and this stimulus will impact activity when the lockdowns end. This process will prompt a boom later this year. Global growth will recover once the energy shock recedes. Decelerating European PPI will also help profit margins recover. Following their severe decline in the first quarter, European equities have already embedded a significant valuation cushion to compensate for the transitory shock to earnings. European stocks will not be able to advance meaningfully while 2022 earnings estimates weaken, but they are unlikely to make new lows either. Three Problems For Cyclicals vs Defensives The same three factors that hurt the outlook for European profits for 2022 also confirm that cyclical equities should underperform defensives in the near term. China’s Slowdown Cyclicals are extremely sensitive to a Chinese economic slowdown: The past weakness in the Chinese credit impulse is consistent with a further downgrade of the profit expectations for European cyclicals stocks compared to that of their defensive peers (Chart 9). A deterioration in China’s PMI New Orders heralds a period of weakness in the earnings of cyclical equities. A weak Chinese yuan leads to poor relative earnings (Chart 9). The deterioration in Korean business confidence and the poor performance of Korean equities also leads to weakness in both the earnings and profit margins of cyclical equities relative to those of defensive stocks (Chart 9). Global Growth Weakness The earnings outlook for cyclical sectors relative to defensives is negatively affected by slowing global economic activity: A deterioration in global economic surprises often results in a period of anemic cyclicals’ earnings (Chart 10). The rapidly declining ISM New Orders-to-Inventories ratio is synonymous with underperforming cyclicals’ earnings as well as a contraction in their relative profit margins because of their heightened degree of operating leverage (Chart 10). Weaker global exports confirm the continued risks to cyclicals’ earnings. Chart 9China Is A Threat To Cyclical Equities Chart 10Global Growth Threatens Cyclical Stocks The Energy Shock There is no clear relationship between energy prices and the outlook for the profits of cyclical equities relative to those of defensive stocks. Nonetheless, we may deduce that, if elevated energy prices hurt aggregate profits, they will also hurt cyclical profits, since the latter exacerbate the fluctuation of the former. Moreover, Europe’s elevated stagflation risk is consistent with sagging profits for cyclicals relative to those of defensives, because cyclicals experience greater pain from deteriorating economic activity than the benefit they enjoy from higher inflation. Bottom Line: The problems faced by the Chinese economy as well as the risks to global growth are consistent with an underperformance of the profits of cyclical stocks compared to those of defensive equities. Moreover, while higher energy prices are not necessarily a problem for cyclical equities, the elevated perceived stagflation risk is consistent with downward revisions for the relative earnings of cyclicals. This picture indicates that cyclical equities are still vulnerable to some downside relative to the broad market in the near term. A Look at Individual Sectors Chart 11Sectoral Degrees Of Operating Leverage We may distill the impact of China’s problems, the global economic slowdown, and the energy shock on sectoral earnings. A simple starting point is to look at their degree of operating leverage. Based on this observation, financials and consumer discretionary stocks are the sectors most at risk from weaker revenue growth, while utilities are the least exposed (Chart 11). A more complete picture may be gleaned from each sector’s pricing power. Energy Chart 12Improving Energy Margins The energy sector enjoys a significant margin tailwind from the oil supply shock (Chart 12). Nonetheless, this boost is long in the tooth and a pullback is likely if Brent falls toward the $94/bbl level expected by BCA’s Commodity & Energy team in the second half of 2022, and $88/bbl level in 2023. Hence, it is likely that the near-term benefits for the energy sector’s profits are already fully discounted and that the sector could suffer a significant setback in the coming quarters. Industrials The pricing power of industrials (as approximated by the gap between CPI and PPI) is still strong, which creates a tailwind for relative earnings (Chart 13). However, this robustness is under threat in the current environment in which global industrial production, global trade, and global capital goods orders are decelerating (Chart 14). Hence, a period of downgrade for the earnings of industrials relative to the broad market is likely in the coming months. Chart 13Robust Pricing Power For Industrials... Chart 14...But For How Long? Financials Chart 15Financials Are Under Siege The relative pricing power1 of financials is rapidly deteriorating, despite the recent increase in German yields (Chart 15). Moreover, it is likely to remain weak in a context in which core CPI has yet to decrease. Finally, the potential for a European recession in 2022, or at least, a severe growth slowdown, should lift non-performing loans. As a result, this sector’s earnings could experience a significant downgrade in the near term. Tech The sector’s pricing power was in an uptrend, but it has started to deteriorate in recent quarters (Chart 16). This evolution indicates that that tech earnings and profit margins are likely to suffer relative to the broad market, especially in light of the sector’s high degree of operating leverage. Consumer Discretionary Stocks This sector is suffering from a complete collapse of its pricing power (Chart 17). Additionally, tumbling consumer confidence in Europe and around the world is a significant drag on near-term sales. Consequently, earnings growth as well as profit margins are likely to lag the overall market. Chart 16Crucial Tech Tailwind Dwindling Chart 17A Problem For Consumer Discretionary Stocks Materials European materials sector’s profit margins stand at a 19-year high compared to that of the broad market. However, relative profit growth has collapsed. The bad news for the sector is that its pricing power is rapidly deteriorating because of surging input costs. It suggests that relative profit growth will become negative as relative profit margins contract (Chart 18). Utilities The pricing power of utilities is plunging because retail electricity prices are not rising as fast as input costs. The negative impact of this adverse pricing on profit margins is consequential (Chart 19). Governments around Europe are likely to continue to pressure this sector to limit the increase in electricity prices to households, which means that utilities are likely to lag other defensive sectors. Chart 18Materials' Outlook Deteriorating Materially Chart 19Crunch Time For Utilities Consumer Staples Chart 20Staples Under Duress The consumer staples sector is facing a similar pricing power problem to that of consumer discretionary stocks: input costs are rising rapidly relative to selling prices (Chart 20). Nonetheless, the earnings of staples will prove more resilient than that of their discretionary counterparts because the staples’ sales volumes are less sensitive to both deteriorating global consumer confidence and falling household real incomes. However, consumer staples equities have already greatly outperformed consumer discretionary stocks. Thus, much of the good news in terms of relative earnings is well discounted and the additional outperformance will be limited. Healthcare Chart 21Healthcare Stocks Still Have Pricing Power The pricing power of the healthcare sector remains positive, but it is not as strong as it was ten years ago. Hence, profits growth has scope to improve further compared to the rest of the market (Chart 21). Beyond favorable pricing power dynamics, the industry is insulated from weaker global growth relative to the rest of the broad market. Importantly, the healthcare sector sports one of the lowest degrees of operating leverage in Europe, which will also boost its relative profitability in the current environment. Healthcare is our top defensive sector right now, despite its valuation premium. Communication Services Chart 22Telecom Will Prove Resilient The profit growth and profit margins of the European communication services sectors are already under duress because pricing power remains negative. Nonetheless, the contraction in relative growth rates of earnings is extended (Chart 22). Telecom revenues did not benefit from a boost when the economy rebounded after the economic contraction in 2020. This stability is now an asset because the sector will not struggle from slowing global economic activity. In this context, the cheap communication services sector remains an attractive defensive play in Europe. Bottom Line: Looking at sectors individually confirms that the outlook for profit growth is worse for cyclicals than it is for defensive stocks. The recent relative strength in industrials and materials earnings is likely to buckle in response to weaker global growth, while the defensive characteristics of healthcare and communication services will shine. Utilities are under stress, as they stand at the confluence of higher energy prices and the explicit desire of politicians to limit the impact of these higher energy costs on households. Favor healthcare and communication services versus utilities and consumer staples.   Mathieu Savary, Chief European Strategist Mathieu@bcaresearch.com   Footnotes   1     In the case of financials, we use core CPI as a proxy for the sector’s costs. Eurostat does not publish a PPI for the sector and the main costs are related to labor costs.   Tactical Recommendations Cyclical Recommendations Structural Recommendations

Listen to a short summary of this report.       Executive Summary Second Fastest Hiking Cycle Ever? Can the Fed achieve a soft landing, bringing inflation back to its 2% target without causing growth to slow significantly below trend? It has managed this only once in the past (in 2004). Every other cycle triggered a recession or, at best, a fall in the PMI to below 50. Recession is not a certainty. A higher neutral rate than in the past – partly due to the build-up of household savings – means the economy may be unusually robust this time. But the risk is high. We recommend a neutral weighting in equities, with a tilt to more defensive positioning: Overweight the US, and a focus on quality and defensive growth sectors. China’s slowdown is particularly worrying. We expect the RMB to fall, which will put downward pressure on other Emerging Markets. Bottom Line: Investors should maintain low-risk portfolio positioning until the outcome of the sharp tightening of financial conditions is clearer.     Recommended Allocation The key to the performance of financial markets over the next year is whether the Fed and other central banks can kill inflation without killing economic growth. This is not impossible. But the risk that aggressive tightening of monetary policy triggers a recession – or at best a sharp slowdown – is high. Investors should maintain relatively low-risk portfolio positioning. If the Fed raises rates in line with what the futures market is projecting – by 286 basis points over the next 12 months – it will be the second fastest tightening on record, after only the “full Volcker” of 1980-1981 (Chart 1). Other central banks, even in countries and regions with much weaker growth than the US, are predicted to tighten almost as aggressively (Table 1). At the same time, the Fed will start to run down its balance-sheet rapidly; we estimate its holdings of US Treasurys will fall by more than $1 trillion by end-2023 (Chart 2). What was the impact on the economy of previous Fed hiking cycles? It varied, but on only one occasion in the past 50 years (2004) was there neither a recession nor a fall of the Manufacturing ISM to below 50 in the two years or so following the first hike (Table 2).1 The ISM (and other global PMIs) falling to below 50 is important because that is typically the dividing line between equities outperforming bonds and vice versa (Chart 3). Chart 1Second Fastest Hiking Cycle Ever? Table 1Futures Projected Interest Rate Hikes Chart 2Fed Balance-Sheet Will Shrink Rapidly Too Table 2What Happened To The Economy In Fed Hiking Cycles Chart 3Will PMIs Fall Below 50?  A recent paper by Alex Domash and Larry Summers showed that, since 1955, when US inflation was above 4% and unemployment below 5%, there was a 73% probability of recession over the next four quarters, and 100% over the next eight quarters (Table 3). On each of the three occasions when inflation was above 5% and unemployment below 4% (as is the case now), recession followed within a year. How could the Fed avoid a hard landing? Inflation could come down quickly, which would allow the Fed to ease back on tightening. As consumption switches back to services from durables, and the supply side succeeds in increasing production, the price of manufactured goods could fall (Chart 4). There were signs of this happening already in March, when US durables prices fell by 0.9% month-on-month. The problem, however, is that because of rising energy costs and lockdowns in China, the supply-side response has been delayed. The fall in semiconductor and shipping costs, which we previously argued would happen this year, is not yet clearly coming through (Chart 5). There are also signs of a price-wage spiral, with US wages rising (with a lag) in line with prices (Chart 6). Table 3This Level of Inflation And Unemployment Usually Leads To Recession Chart 4Can The Price Of Durables Now Fall? Chart 5Supply-Side Recovery Delayed? The economy could be more robust than in the past, leaving it unscathed by higher rates. Our model of the equilibrium level of short-term rates is 3.2%, well above the Fed’s estimate of 2.4% (Chart 7). Our colleague Peter Berezin has argued that the neutral rate could be as high as 4%.2 In particular, the $2 trillion-plus of excess US household savings (equal to 10% of GDP) could support consumption for some years even if real wage growth is negative (Chart 8). However, there are already signs that higher rates are hurting the housing market, the most interest-rate sensitive part of the economy. The average US 30-year fixed-rate mortgage rate has risen to 5.1% from 3.2% since the start of the year. This is negatively impacting home sales and mortgage applications (Chart 9). Moreover, even if the Fed can succeed in raising rates without killing the expansion, the markets – for a while – will worry that it cannot. Chart 6A Price-Wage Spiral? Chart 7Rates Are Still A Long Way Below Neutral Chart 8Excess Savings Could Support The Economy Chart 9Higher Rates Already Impacting Home Sales There are clear signs of a slowdown in the global economy. Europe may already be in recession, with sentiment indicators collapsing to recessionary levels (Chart 10). More esoteric indicators, which have historically signaled slowing growth ahead, such as the Swedish new orders/inventories ratio, are also flashing a warning signal (Chart 11). Global financial conditions have tightened at the fastest pace since 2008 (Chart 12). Corporate earnings forecasts have started to be revised down for the first time in this cycle (Chart 13). Chart 10Is Europe Already In Recession? Chart 1111. Signs Of Trouble Ahead Chart 12Financial Conditions Have Tightened Significantly Chart 13Corporate Earnings Forecasts Being Revised Down But what of the argument that investors have already turned ultra-pessimistic and that all the bad news is in the price? Global equities are down only 14% from their historic peak, barely in correction territory. It is true that sentiment (historically a contrarian indicator) is very poor, with twice as many respondents to the American Association of Individual Investors’ weekly survey expecting the stock market to fall over the next six months as expect it to rise (Chart 14). But, despite investor pessimism, there are few signs that investors have made their portfolios more defensive. The same AAII survey shows little decline in equity weightings, and no big shift into cash (Chart 15). Chart 14Investors Are Very Pessimistic... Chart 15...But Haven't Moved More Defensive Equities: The US is the best house on a tough street. Growth is likely to remain more robust than in the euro area or Japan. The US stock market has a lower beta (Chart 16). And, while the US is more expensive, valuations do not drive the 12-month relative performance of stocks and, anyway, the US premium valuation can be justified by higher ROE and the lower volatility of profits (Chart 17). Emerging markets continue to look vulnerable to the slowdown in China and tighter US financial conditions (Chart 18). We remain underweight. Chart 16US Stocks Are Lower Risk Chart 17US Premium Valuation Is Justified Chart 18Tightening Financial Conditions Are Bad For EM Chart 19Consumer Staples Are Defensive Chart 20IT Earnings Will Continue To Grow Strongly Within sectors, our preference remains for quality and defensive growth. Consumer staples tend to outperform when PMIs are falling (Chart 19) and are supported by attractive dividend yields. Information Technology is a more controversial overweight, given that it is expensive and sensitive to rising rates. Nevertheless, investment in tech hardware and software is likely to continue, giving the sector strong structural earnings growth in coming years (Chart 20). Currencies: The dollar has risen by 7.3% year-to-date driven by interest-rate differentials and the Fed being expected to be more aggressive than other central banks. But we are only neutral, since the Fed will probably not raise rates by as much as the market is pricing in, and because the dollar looks very overvalued (Chart 21). We lower our recommendation on the Chinese yuan to underweight. Interest-rate differentials with the US clearly point to it falling further – also the outcome desired by the authorities to help bolster growth (Chart 22). The likely CNY weakness will put further downward pressure on other EM currencies, particularly in Asia, given their high correlation to the Chinese currency (Chart 23). Chart 21The Dollar Is Very Overvalued Chart 22Rate Differentials Point To A Weaker RMB... Chart 23...Which Is Bad News For Other EM Currencies Fixed Income: With the 10-year US Treasury yield at 2.9% and that in Germany at 0.9%, there is a stronger argument for marginally raising weightings in government bonds. We are neutral on government bonds within the (underweight) fixed-income category. Remember, though, that real yields are still negative: -0.1% in the US and -2.1% in Germany. We do not expect long-term rates to rise much over the next 6-9 months, and so remain neutral on duration. The “golden rule of bond investing” says that government bond returns are driven by whether the central bank is more or less hawkish than expected over the next 12 months (Chart 24). We would expect the Fed to be slightly less hawkish than currently forecast. US high-yield bonds offer an attractive yield pick-up – as long as US growth does not collapse. In a way, HY bonds are like defensive equities, given their high correlation with equities but beta only one-third that of equities (Chart 25). Chart 24Will The Fed Be More Or Less Hawkish Than Expected? Chart 25High Yield Bonds Are Like MinVol Equities Chart 26Russian Oil Is Going Cheap Commodities: Oil prices are likely to fall back to around $90 a barrel by year-end, as demand softens and increased supply (from Saudi Arabia, UAE, and North American shale, and maybe from Venezuela and Iran) enters the market. But the risk is to the upside if this extra supply does not emerge. In particular, possible bans on Russian oil and gas into the European Union (or Russia blocking sales) could disturb the market. It will take time for Russia’s 11 million b/d of oil production, which used to go mainly to Europe, to be rerouted to Asia. This is why the Urals benchmark is at a 30% discount to Brent (Chart 26). The long-term story for industrial commodities remains good, but there is downside risk – especially for iron ore and steel – from China’s slowdown (Chart 27). Gold is an obvious hedge against geopolitical risks and high inflation. But over the past 20 years, it has been negatively correlated to real interest rates and the US dollar, suggesting upside is capped. There is a chance, however, that the relationship between rates and gold breaks down, as it did in the 1970s and 1980s (Chart 28). We, therefore, remain neutral on gold, believing that a moderate holding is a good diversifier for portfolios. Chart 27Chinese Slowdown Is Negative For Commodities Chart 28Will Gold Start To Behave As It Did Before 1990? Garry Evans, Senior Vice President Global Asset Allocation garry@bcaresearch.com   Footnotes 1         In 2015, the ISM was already below 50 when the Fed hiked in December. 2         Please see Global Investment Strategy Report, “Is A Higher Neutral Rate Good Or Bad For Stocks?” dated March  18, 2022. Recommended Asset Allocation Model Portfolio (USD Terms)

Executive Summary Indonesia’s Balance Of Payments Will Be Under Pressure Indonesian domestic demand is struggling in the face of tight policy settings. High real borrowing costs are constraining credit growth, and hurting non-financial sectors. Monetary authorities have shown little intention to reduce borrowing costs by any good measure, and remain focussed on exchange rate stability. This is a major policy dilemma that the authorities need to break free from before this bourse can embark on a sustainable bull market. Indonesia’s only bright spot since the pandemic, its external accounts, will be deteriorating. Capital inflows will dwindle at a time when the current account balance is set to slip back into deficit. This will put downward pressure on the rupiah, which in turn raises the risk of policy error as the central bank might be tempted to raise rates in a bid to stabilize the currency. Doing so would hurt economic growth and stock prices.  Bottom Line: Currency investors should stay short the rupiah versus the US dollar. Equity investors should wait for relative weaknesses before considering an upgrade in EM and Emerging Asian portfolios. Investors should stay underweight Indonesia in EM local currency bond portfolios. Sovereign EM credit investors, however, should continue to overweight Indonesia. Feature In the past few months, Indonesian stocks have rallied to a pandemic-era high. They have outperformed their emerging market peers as well, albeit from a very low level (Chart 1). Could this mean that Indonesia’s decade-long underperformance is finally coming to an end? We are not convinced. The nation’s equity index in US dollar terms will find it hard to advance to new highs anytime soon. Absolute return investors, therefore, should not chase this bourse up. In terms of relative performance, odds are that some of the recent gains might be lost. The recent outperformance had more to do with investors fleeing Chinese stocks and Indonesia has been one of the major beneficiaries of this rotation (Chart 2). Meanwhile, Indonesia’s policy setting remains quite restrictive. Its external tailwinds are receding as well, which is making the rupiah vulnerable. Chart 1Indonesian Stocks Are Still Not Geared For A Sustainable Bull Market Chart 2Much of The Indonesian Outperformance Had To Do With Investors Leaving China That said, given Indonesia’s drawn-out equity underperformance since early 2013, this bourse’s relative bear market versus the EM benchmark is late. As such, following near-term weaknesses, asset allocators should consider upgrading this bourse from underweight to neutral in EM and Emerging Asian baskets. Domestic bond investors should stay underweight Indonesian local currency bonds in EM and Emerging Asian portfolios. Sovereign credit investors, however, should remain overweight Indonesia. Persistent Domestic Headwinds The recovery in Indonesian domestic demand has been quite slow over the past two years. The top panel of Chart 3 shows that the economy is still struggling. Two years into the pandemic, consumer confidence and retail sales volume are well below pre-pandemic levels. One reason for the muted consumer sentiment is meagre growth in household income. Nominal wage growth has stalled, sapping consumer demand. Wage growth in real terms (deflated by headline CPI) is shrinking outright (Chart 3, bottom panel). Weakness is palpable on the supply side as well. The capacity utilization rate for both manufacturing and other industries remains well below pre-pandemic levels (Chart 4, top two panels), despite the fact that Indonesia’s manufacturing exports have been very strong over the past year (details to come). This underscores the extent of the weakness in domestic demand. Chart 3Consumer Confidence Is Low As Household Income Is Moribund Chart 4Low Capacity Utilization And Labor Usage Points To Poor Domestic Demand Chart 5Fiscal Support Is In Short Supply In line with low capacity utilization, labor usage has also been consistently below par since the onset of the pandemic (Chart 4, bottom panel). That means hiring has been restrained and workers have had little bargaining power, which explains why nominal wage growth has halted. The restrictive macro policy is also exerting a considerable drag on economic recovery. Indonesia’s fiscal stance is rather tight. The government is planning to rein in the fiscal deficit this year to 4.3% of GDP from a revised 4.7% deficit last year. As such, the IMF estimates that the cyclically adjusted fiscal thrust will be a negative 0.9% of potential GDP this year, and a further negative 0.6% next year (Chart 5).  Monetary policy, as we have repeatedly asserted, has remained extremely restrictive for the past six to seven years. Interest rates are prohibitively high.Banks’ lending rates, for instance, have consistently stayed above nominal GDP growth rate since 2012. That will likely be the case going forward as well given the muted growth outlook. If one looks at real bank lending rates (deflated by core CPI) vis-à-vis real GDP, the picture looks even more grim (Chart 6). Such high borrowing costs, which continued for a decade, have been a major headwind for the country’s non-financial sectors. Stock prices of non-financial firms as well as those of SMEs – which had to endure chronically high financing costs − have been in a decade-long bear market in absolute terms. By contrast, banks benefited from the high lending rates, and their share prices have rallied to their pre-pandemic highs (Chart 7). Chart 6Borrowing Costs Have Been Persistently High Relative To The Economy's Growth Rate... Chart 7...Hurting Stocks Of Non-Financial Firms And SMEs, While Benefitting Banks Chart 8Exorbitant Borrowing Costs Have Led To A Stagnation In Credit Penetration Very high real interest rates is one reason Indonesia’s credit penetration, at 34% of GDP, is unusually low for an economy at this stage of development. The ratio has not risen at all in the past 10 years. In fact, it has headed lower recently (Chart 8). This is not a sign of a healthy, recovering economy. As such, for Indonesian stocks to have a sustainable bull market, one of the macro imperatives is that the real borrowing cost needs to decline considerably. Yet, Indonesian monetary authorities have shown little intention to reduce real rates by any meaningful measure. The main reasons behind this hawkish stance on the part of the central bank has had to do with (i) the country’s persistent current account deficit over the past decade, and (ii) the central bank’s mandate of exchange rate stability. Indonesia needed to offer consistently high real rates to attract enough foreign capital so that it can finance its current account deficits, and thereby have a stable rupiah. Yet, that policy has created distortions elsewhere. Persistently high real rates have led to a steady drop in non-financial firms’ return on equity. That, in turn, discouraged foreign equity inflows but encouraged international fixed-income inflows into Indonesia. This is not surprising as equity investors dislike high real rates, while debt investors prefer it. The reliance on foreign debt inflows, in turn, incentivized the authorities to keep real interest rates persistently high − even in periods when growth was rather timid and inflation undershot the central bank’s target. This is a major distortion that the Indonesian economy needs to break free from before this bourse can embark on a sustainable bull market. Incidentally, a bill to expand the central bank’s mandate to include growth and employment was introduced to parliament last year. If passed, the bill-turned-law would allow Bank Indonesia to set interest rates more in line with domestic economic conditions, rather than just focussing on currency stability. Chart 9Inflation Is Inching Up From Very Low Levels Discussions on the bill, however, have been delayed in  Parliament, and it is not clear when, or if, it will be passed. Meanwhile, Bank Indonesia has begun to tighten policy on the margin by draining excess liquidity from the system. More worryingly, the central bank could begin to raise rates in the next couple of months as it fears inflation will creep up due to rising global commodity prices (Chart 9). Outflows from the bond market might also encourage the central bank to raise rates in an attempt to stem them (details in the next section).   Receding External Tailwinds In contrast to Indonesia’s lack of domestic recovery, the country’s external sector was the star performer over the past year or two. Yet, in the next few quarters, it’s the external sector that will likely be a threat to the nation’s growth. This is because Indonesia’s exports are set to shrink and its balance of payments is set to deteriorate. These factors could threaten the rupiah stability, which would then force the central bank to raise rates / tighten liquidity prematurely in a bid to support the rupiah. Tighter policy would be a major headwind for growth, and would hobble stock prices.  Indonesian exports grew remarkably over the past two years, which helped to push the country’s current account balance into surplus for the first time in a decade (Chart 10, top panel). A closer look, however, will reveal that much of it had to do with surging exports to China – which doubled to $55 billion in two years (Chart 11). Chart 10Indonesia's Balance Of Payments Will Be Under Pressure Chart 11Improvements In The Current Account Were Mostly Due to A Surge In Exports To China           That said, much of the improvements in the current account could unravel going forward: Some of the export windfalls accrued to Indonesia when China banned Australian coal imports in 2020 and switched to Indonesian coal instead.   But more recently, a decelerating economy in China has led to slowing electricity generation. The latter has always had a direct bearing on Indonesian coal exports volume – which is now shrinking (Chart 12, top panel). China’s electricity demand and production will slump further due to COVID lockdowns of enterprises and pending weakness in its exports. Chart 12Export Windfalls Are Ending As Chinese Growth Wanes Chinese thermal coal prices have been falling in recent months from the sky-high levels of late 2021, and could fall further by the end of the year as China keeps increasing its own coal output and its electricity generation drops (Chart 12, bottom panel). All these will weigh on Indonesian export earnings in the months to come. For its part, the Indonesian government has restricted coal exports by mandating that miners set aside 25% of their output for local sales as part of their “domestic market obligation.” The government has also banned shipments of some palm oil ingredients for an indefinite period – in an apparent attempt to check domestic food price inflation. Palm oil is the second largest Indonesian export after coal, and together they make up 22% of total export revenues. Indonesia is a large net crude and refined petroleum importer. Global crude prices will likely stay elevated due to sanctions on Russia. This will be a negative for the country’s trade balance. Chart 13Dwindling Goods Demand In The Developed World Will Hurt Indonesian Manufacturing Exports Moving beyond commodities, Indonesian manufacturing exports − which are as large as its’ commodities exports in US dollar terms − will also likely get hurt. A crucial reason for that is a slowing China. Chinese manufacturing imports are set to weaken in the next several months as that economy is entering a soft patch. That usually is an adverse development for Indonesian exports to China (Chart 13, top panel). In fact, Indonesia’s overall manufacturing exports will also likely slow. Falling household goods demand in developed countries will curtail manufacturing exports from Asia, including Indonesia. Notably, early signs of an impending slowdown in Indonesian manufacturing exports often appear in Chinese data − given the heft of the Chinese economy and its trade links in Asia and beyond (Chart 13, bottom panel). More generally, global trade will likely slow going forward, which is a negative for those economies that have relied on an export windfall over the past couple of years. Essentially, the days of boyant current account balances are numbered for Indonesia.  A slipping current account balance could spell larger problems for Indonesia as the country’s financial account surplus has been steadily eroding. From a high of $37 billion annually in 2019, it dropped to just $12 billion by the end of 2021. Much of that drop is due to a fall in net debt inflows – the type of capital inflows Indonesia strives to attract by keeping real interest rates very high (Chart 10, middle panel). Chart 14Falling Real Bond Yields In Indonesia Will Keep Foreign Debt Investors At Bay Critically, the country has not been able to attract much FDI either despite passing an Omnibus Law to boost new investments and create jobs a couple of years back (Chart 10, bottom panel). Chart 14 shows that foreign investor holdings of Indonesian government debt has shrunk materially from almost $80 billion in early 2020 to less than $60 billion now. In terms of their share in total bonds outstanding, the drop is even more remarkable: from 40% of the total to just 18%. Foreign bond purchases clearly react to the ebbs and flows of Indonesian real yields on offer (Chart 14, bottom panel). Given that Indonesian inflation will likely go up from the current very low levels − putting a downward pressure on the real yields available – foreign investors could continue to shun Indonesian bonds. Indonesian policymakers might also worry as such. That apprehension could prompt Bank Indonesia to raise rates preemptively in a bid to attract debt inflows and stabilize the currency. If so, higher real rates would add to the existing policy headwinds for the domestic economy. Growth will suffer; and markets will sell off.  Investment Conclusions The Currency: The rupiah remains vulnerable as the Indonesian balance of payments is set to deteriorate. A slipping current account balance amid receding capital inflows will be putting downward pressures on the rupiah. Stay short the rupiah versus the US dollar. Domestic Bonds: Indonesian bond yields have fallen massively relative to their EM counterparts, and are at 10-year lows in relative terms. As such, the nation’s local currency bonds have little more room to benefit from relative yield compression. The rupiah is also vulnerable. We went underweight Indonesian domestic bonds in November last year, and that recommendation remains in place (Chart 15). Sovereign Credit: Absolute return investors should reduce their exposure as the rupiah weaknesses going forward could lead to widening credit spreads, and result in negative total returns in US dollar terms (Chart 16). Chart 15Stay Underweight Indonesian Domestic Bonds In An EM Bond Portfolio Chart 16Absolute Return Investors Should Reduce Exposure To Indonesian Sovereign Credit   Asset allocators, however, should stay overweight Indonesia in an EM credit basket. This market has transitioned itself into a defensive one over the past several years – thanks to years of orthodox fiscal and monetary policies and low debt. Hence, given that a period of risk-off is around the corner – during which Indonesian credit tends to outperform as it did in 2015 and 2020 − it makes sense to stay overweight this market. Stocks: Absolute return investors should not chase this bourse up. Asset allocators should wait for relative weaknesses before considering an upgrade from underweight to neutral in EM and Emerging Asian portfolios.   Rajeeb Pramanik Senior EM Strategist rajeeb.pramanik@bcaresearch.com