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特別レポヌト Highlights Commodity markets will face growing supply challenges over the next decade as the US and China prepare for war, if only to deter war. Chinese President Xi Jinping's push for greater self-reliance at home and supply chain security abroad is reinforced by the West’s focus on the same interests. The erosion of a single rules-based global trade system increases the odds of economic and even military conflict. The competition for security is precipitating a reforging of global supply chains and a persistent willingness to use punitive measures, which can escalate into boycotts, embargoes, and even blockades (i.e. not only Huawei). The risk of military engagements will rise, particularly along global chokepoints and sea lanes needed to transport vital commodities. Import dependency and supply chain risk are powerful drivers of decarbonization efforts, especially in China. On net, geopolitical trends will keep the balance of commodity-price risks tilted to the upside. Commodity and Energy Strategy remains long commodity index exposure on a strategic basis via the S&P GSCI and the COMT ETF.  Note: Even in the short term, a higher geopolitical risk premium is warranted in oil prices due to US-Iran conflict. Feature The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) under President Xi Jinping has embarked on a drive toward autarky, or economic self-sufficiency, that has enormous implications, especially for global commodities. Beijing believes it can maintain central control, harness technology, enhance its manufacturing prowess, and grow at a reasonable rate, all while bulking up its national security. The challenge is to maintain social stability and supply security through the transition. China lives in desperate fear of the chaos that reigned throughout most of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, which also enabled foreign domination (Chart 1). The problem for the rest of the world is that Chinese nationalism and assertive foreign policy are integral aspects of the new national strategy. They are needed to divert the public from social ills and deter foreign powers that might threaten China’s economy and supply security. Chart 1China Fears Any Risk Of Another ‘Century Of Humiliation’ The chief obstacle for China is the United States, which remains the world leader even though its share of global power and wealth is declining over time. The US is formally adopting a policy of confrontation rather than engagement with China. For example, the Biden administration is co-opting much of the Trump administration's agenda. Infrastructure, industrial policy, trade protectionism, and the “pivot to Asia” are now signature policies of Biden as well as Trump (Table 1).1 Table 1US Strategic Competition Act Highlights Return Of Industrial Policy, Confrontation With China Many of these policies are explicitly related to the strategic aim of countering China’s rise, which is seen as vitiating the American economy and global leadership. Biden’s Trump-esque policies are a powerful indication of where the US median voter stands and hence of long-term significance (Chart 2). Thus competition between the US and China for global economic, military, and political leadership is entering a new phase. China’s drive for self-reliance threatens the US-led global trade system, while the US’s still-preeminent geopolitical power threatens China’s vital lines of supply. Chart 2US Public’s Fears Are China-Centric Re-Ordering Global Trade The US’s and China’s demonstrable willingness to use tariffs, non-tariff trade barriers, export controls, and sanctions cannot be expected to abate given that they are locked in great power competition (Chart 3). More than likely, the US and China will independently pursue trade relations with their respective allies and partners, which will replace the mostly ineffective World Trade Organization (WTO) framework. The WTO is the successor to the rules-based and market-oriented system known as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which was formed following World War II. The GATT’s founders shared a strong desire to avoid a repeat of the global economic instability brought on by World War I, the Great Crash of 1929, and the retreat into autarky and isolationism that led to WWII. Chart 3US and China Imposing Trade Restrictions This inter-war period saw domestically focused monetary policies and punishing tariffs that spawned ruinous bouts of inflation and deflation. Minimizing tariffs, leveling the playing field in trading markets, and reducing subsidization of state corporate champions were among the GATT's early successes. The WTO, like the GATT before it, has no authority to command a state to change its economy or the way it chooses to organize itself. At its inception the GATT's modus vivendi was directed at establishing a rules-based system free of excessive government intrusion and regulation. If governments agreed to reduce their domestic favoritism, they could all improve their economic efficiency while avoiding a relapse into autarky and the military tensions that go with it.2 The prime mover in the GATT's founding and early evolution – the USA – firmly believed that exclusive trading blocs had created the groundwork for economic collapse and war. These trading blocs had been created by European powers with their respective colonies. During the inter-war years the revival of protectionism killed global trade and exacerbated the Great Depression. After WWII, Washington was willing to use its power as the global hegemon to prevent a similar outcome. Policymakers believed that European and global economic integration would encourage inter-dependency and discourage protectionism and war. The fall of the Soviet Union reinforced this neoliberal Washington Consensus. Countries like India and China adopted market-oriented policies. The WTO was formed along with a range of global trade deals. Ultimately the US and the West cleared the way for China to join the trading bloc, hoping that the transition from communism to capitalism would eventually be coupled with social and even political liberalization. The world took a very different turn as the United States descended into a morass of domestic political divisions and foreign military adventures. China seized the advantage to expand its economy free of interference from the US or West. The West failed to insist that liberal economic reforms keep pace.3 Moreover, when China joined the WTO in 2001, the organization was in a state of "regulatory stalemate," which made it incapable of dealing with the direct challenges presented by China.4 Today President Xi has consolidated control over the Communist Party and directs its key economic, political, and military policymaking bodies. He has deepened party control down to the management level of SOEs – hiring and firing management. SOEs have benefited from Xi’s rule (Chart 4). But now the West is also reasserting the role of the state in the economy and trade, which means that punitive measures can be brought to bear on China’s SOEs. Chart 4State-Owned Enterprises Benefit From Xi Administration What Comes After The WTO? The CCP has shown no interest in coming around to the WTO's founding beliefs of government non-interference in the private sector. For example, it is doubling down on subsidization and party control of SOEs, which compete against firms in other WTO member states. Nor has the party shown any inclination to accept a trade system based on the GATT/WTO founding members' Western understanding of the rule of law. These states represent market-based economies with long histories of case law for settling disputes. Specifically, China’s fourteenth five-year plan and recent policies re-emphasize the need to upgrade the manufacturing sector rather than rebalancing the economy toward household consumption. The latter would reduce imbalances with trade deficit countries like the US but China is wary of the negative social consequences of too rapidly de-industrializing its economy. It wants to retain its strategic and economic advantage in global manufacturing and it fears the social and political consequences of fully adopting consumer culture (Chart 5). Chart 5China’s Economic Plans Re-Emphasize Manufacturing, Not Consumption The US, EU, and Japan have proposed reform measures for the WTO aimed at addressing “severe excess capacity in key sectors exacerbated by government financed and supported capacity expansion, unfair competitive conditions caused by large market-distorting subsidies and state owned enterprises, forced technology transfer, and local content requirements and preferences.”5 But these measures are unlikely to succeed. China disagrees with the West’s characterization. In 2018-19, during the trade war with the US, Beijing contended that WTO members must “respect members’ development models.” China formally opposes “special and discriminatory disciplines against state-owned enterprises in the name of WTO reform.”6 In bilateral negotiations with the US this year, China’s first demand is that the US not to oppose its development model of “socialism with Chinese characteristics” (Table 2). Table 2China’s Three Diplomatic Demands Of The United States (2021) Yet it is hard for the US not to oppose this model because it involves Beijing using the state’s control of the economy to strengthen national security strategy, namely by the fusion of civil and military technology. Going forward, the Biden administration will violate the number one demand that Chinese diplomats have made: it will attempt to galvanize the democracies to put pressure on China’s development model. China’s demand itself reflects its violation of the US primary demand that China stop using the state to enhance its economy at the expense of competitors. If a breakdown in global trading rules is replaced by the US and China forming separate trading blocs with their allies and partners, the odds of repeating the mistakes of the inter-bellum years of 1918-39 will significantly increase. Tariff wars, subsidizing national champions, heavy taxation of foreign interests, non-tariff barriers to trade, domestic-focused monetary policies, and currency wars would become more likely. China’s Strategic Vulnerability The CCP has delivered remarkable prosperity and wealth to the average Chinese citizen in the 43 years since it undertook market reforms, and especially since its accession to the WTO in 2001 (Chart 6). China has transformed from an economic backwater into a $15.4 trillion (2020) economy and near-peer competitor to the US militarily and economically.7 This growth has propelled China to the top of commodity-importing and -consuming states globally for base metals and oil. We follow these markets closely, because they are critical to sustaining economic growth, regardless of how states are organized. Production of and access to these commodities, along with natural gas, will be critical over the next decade, as the world decarbonizes its energy sources, and as the US and China address their own growth and social agendas while vying for global hegemony. Decarbonization is part of the strategic race since all major powers now want to increase economic self-sufficiency and technological prowess. Chart 6CCPs Remarkable Success In Growing Chinas Economy Over recent decades China has become the largest importer of base metals ores (Chart 7) and the world's top refiner of many of these metals. In addition, it is the top consumer of refined metal (Chart 8). Chart 7China Is World’s Top Ore Importer Chart 8China Is Worlds Top Refined Metal Consumer By contrast, the US is not listed among ore importers or metals consumers in the Observatory of Economic Complexity (OEC) databases we used to map these commodities. This reflects not only domestic supplies but also the lack of investment and upgrades to the US's critical infrastructure over 2000-19.8 Going forward, the US is trying to invest in “nation building” at home. An enormous change has taken shape in strategic liabilities. In the oil market, the US went from being the world's largest importer of oil in 2000, accounting for more than 24% of imports globally, to being the largest oil and gas producer by 2019, even though it still accounted for more than 12% of the world's imports (Chart 9). In 2000, China accounted for ~ 3.5% of the world's oil imports and by 2019 it was responsible for nearly 21%. China is far behind per capita US energy consumption, given its large population, but it is gradually closing the gap (Chart 10). Overall energy consumption in China is much higher than in the US (Chart 11). Chart 9US Oil Imports Collapse As Shale Production Grows Chart 10Energy Use Per Capita In China Far From US Levels... Chart 11China Is World’s Largest Primary Energy Consumer China's impressive GDP growth in the twenty-first century is primarily responsible for China's stunning growth in imports and consumption of oil (Chart 12) and copper (Chart 13), which we track closely as a proxy for the entire base-metals complex. Chart 12Global Oil Demand Forecast Remains Steady Chinas GDP Drives Oil Consumption, Imports Chart 13Global Oil Demand Forecast Remains Steady Chinas GDP Drives Refined Copper Consumption And Ore Imports China’s importance in these markets points to an underlying strategic weakness, which is its dependency on imports. This in turn points to the greatest danger of the breakdown in US-China relations and the global trade system. The Road To War? China is extremely anxious about maintaining supply security in light of these heavy import needs. Its pursuit of economic self-sufficiency, including decarbonization, is driven by its fear of the US’s ability to cut off its key supply lines. China’s first goal in modernizing its military in recent years was to develop a naval force capable of defending the country from foreign attack, particularly in its immediate maritime surroundings. Historically China suffered from invaders across the sea who took advantage of its weak naval power to force open its economy and exploit it. Today China is thought to have achieved this security objective. It is believed to have a high level of capability within the “first island chain” that surrounds the coast, from the Korean peninsula to the Spratly Islands, including southwest Japan and Taiwan (Map 1).9 China’s militarization of the South China Sea, suppression of Hong Kong, and intimidation of Taiwan shows its intention to dominate Greater China, which would put it in a better strategic position relative to other countries. Map 1China’s Navy Likely Achieved Superiority Within The First Island Chain China’s capability can be illustrated by comparing its naval strength to that of the United States, the most powerful navy in the world. While the US is superior, China would be able to combine all three of its fleets within the first island China, while the US navy would be dispersed across the world and divided among a range of interests to defend (Table 3). China would also be able to bring its land-based air force and missile firepower to bear within the first island chain, as opposed to further abroad.10 Table 3China’s Naval Growth Enables Primacy Within First Island Chain In this sense China is militarily capable of conquering Taiwan or other nearby islands. President Xi Jinping had in fact ordered China’s armed forces be capable of doing so by 2020.11 Taiwan continues to be the most significant source of insecurity for the regime. True, a military victory would likely be a pyrrhic victory, as Taiwan’s wealth and tech industry would be destroyed, but China probably has the raw military capability to defeat Taiwan and its allies within this defined space. However, this military capability needs to be weighed against economic capability. If China seized military control of Taiwan, or Okinawa or other neighboring territories, the US, Japan, and their allies would respond by cutting off China’s access to critical supplies. Most obviously oil and natural gas. China’s decarbonization has been impressive but the reliance on foreign oil is still a fatal strategic vulnerability over the next few years (Chart 14). China is rapidly pursuing a Eurasian strategy to diversify away from the Middle East in particular. But it still imports about half its oil from this volatile region (Chart 15). The US navy is capable of interdicting China’s critical oil flows, a major inhibition on China’s military ambitions within the first island chain. Chart 14Chinas Energy Diversification Still Leaves Vulnerabilities Of course, if the US and its allies ever blockaded China, or if China feared they would, Beijing could be driven to mount a desperate attack to prevent them from doing so, since its economic, military, and political survival would be on the line. Chart 15China Still Dependent On Middle East Energy Supplies The obvious historical analogy is the US-Japan conflict in WWII. Invasions that lead to blockades will lead to larger invasions, as the US and Japan learned.12 However, the lesson from WWII for China is that it should not engage the US navy until its own naval power has progressed much further. In the event of a conflict, the US would be imposing a blockade at a distance from China’s naval and missile forces. When it comes to the far seas, China’s naval capabilities are extremely limited. Military analysts highlight that China lacks a substantial naval presence in the Indian Ocean. China relies on commercial ports, where it has partial equity ownership, for ship supply and maintenance (Table 4). This is no substitute for naval basing, because dedicated military facilities are lacking and host countries may not wish to be drawn into a conflict. Table 4China’s Network Of Part-Owned Ports Across The World: Useful But Not A Substitute For Military Bases Further, Beijing lacks the sea-based air power necessary to defend its fleets should they stray too far. And it lacks the anti-submarine warfare capabilities necessary to defend its ships.13 These capabilities are constantly improving but at the moment they are insufficient to overthrow US naval control of the critical chokepoints like the Strait of Hormuz or Strait of Malacca. While China’s naval power is comparable to the US’s Asia Pacific fleet (the seventh fleet headquartered in Japan), it is much smaller than the US’s global fleet and at a much greater disadvantage when operating far from home. China’s navy is based at home and focused on its near seas, whereas US fleet is designed to operate in the far seas, especially the Persian Gulf, which is precisely the strategic area in question (Chart 16).14 China is gradually expanding its navy and operations around the world, so over time it may gain the ability to prevent the US from cutting off its critical supplies in the Persian Gulf. But not immediately. The implication is that China will have to avoid direct military conflict with the United States until its military and naval buildup has progressed a lot further. Chart 16China’s Navy At Huge Disadvantage In Distant Seas Meanwhile Beijing will continue diversifying its energy sources, decarbonizing, and forging supply chains across Eurasia via the Belt and Road Initiative. What could go wrong? We would highlight a few risks that could cause China to risk war even despite its vulnerability to blockade: Chart 17China’s Surplus Of Males Undergirds Rise In Nationalism Domestic demographic pressure. China is slated to experience a dramatic bulge in the male-to-female ratio over the coming decade (Chart 17).15 A surfeit of young men could lead to an overshoot of nationalism and revanchism. This trend is much more important than the symbolic political anniversaries of 2027, 2035, and 2049, which analysts use to predict when China’s military might launch a major campaign. Domestic economic pressure. China’s turn to nationalism reflects slowing income growth and associated social instability. An economic crisis in China would be worrisome for regional stability for many reasons, but such pressures can lead nations into foreign military adventures. Domestic political pressure. China has shifted from “consensus rule” to “personal rule” under Xi Jinping. This could lead to faulty decision-making or party divisions that affect national policy. A leadership that carefully weighs each strategic risk could decay into a leadership that lacks good information and perspective. The result could be hubris and belligerence abroad. Foreign aggression. Attempts by the US or other powers to arm China’s neighbors or sabotage China’s economy could lead to aggressive reaction. The US’s attempt to build a technological blockade shows that future embargoes and blockades are not impossible. These could prompt a war rather than deter it, as noted above. Foreign weakness. China’s capabilities are improving over time while the US and its allies lack coordination and resolution. An opportunity could arise that China’s strategists believe they cannot afford to miss. Afghanistan is not one of these opportunities, but a US-Iran war or another major conflict with Russia could be. The breakdown in global trade is concerning because without an economic buffer, states may resort to arms to resolve disputes. History shows that military threats intended to discourage aggressive behavior can create dilemmas that incentivize aggression. The behavior of the US and China suggests that they are preparing for war, even if we are generous and assume that they are doing so only to deter war. Both countries are nuclear powers so they face mutually assured destruction in a total war scenario. But they will seek to improve their security within that context, which can lead to naval skirmishes, proxy wars, and even limited wars with associated risks of going nuclear. Investment Takeaways The pursuit of the national interest today involves using fiscal means to create more self-sufficient domestic economies and reduce international supply risks. Both China and the West are engaged in major projects to this end, including high-tech industrialization, domestic manufacturing, and decarbonization. These trends are generally bullish for commodities, even though they include trends like military modernization and naval expansion that could well be a prelude to war. War itself leads to commodity shortages and commodity price inflation, but of course it is disastrous for the people and economies involved. Fortunately, strategic deterrence continues to operate for the time being. The underlying geopolitical trend will put commodity markets under continual pressure. A final urgent update on oil and the Middle East: The US attempt to conduct a strategic “pivot” to Asia Pacific faces a critical juncture. Not because of Afghanistan but because of Iran. The Biden administration will have trouble unilaterally lowering sanctions on Iran after the humiliating Afghanistan pullout. The new administrations in both Iran and Israel are likely to establish red lines and credible threats. A higher geopolitical risk premium is thus warranted immediately in global oil markets. Beyond short-term shows of force, everything depends on whether the US and Iran can find a temporary deal to avoid the path to a larger war. But for now short-term geopolitical risks are commodity-bullish as well as long-term risks.   Robert P. Ryan Chief Commodity & Energy Strategist rryan@bcaresearch.com Matt Gertken Vice President Geopolitical Strategy mattg@bcaresearch.com   Footnotes 1     There are also significant differences between Biden and Trump in other areas such as redistribution, immigration, and social policy. 2     See Ravenhill, John (2020), Regional Trade Agreements, Chapter 6 in Global Political Economy, which he edited for Oxford University Press, particularly pp. 156-9. 3    “As time went by, the United States realized that Communism not only did not retreat, but also further advanced in China, with the state-owned economy growing stronger and the rule of the Party further entrenched in the process." See Henry Gao, “WTO Reform and China Defining or Defiling the Multilateral Trading System?” Harvard International Law Journal 62 (2021), p. 28, harvardilj.org.  4    See Mavroidis, Petros C. and Andre Sapir (2021), China and the WTO, Why Multilateralism Still Matters (Princeton University Press) for discussion.  See also Confronting the Challenge of Chinese State Capitalism published by the Center for Strategic & International Studies 22 January 2021. 5    Gao (2021), p. 19. 6    Gao (2021), p. 24. 7     Please see China's GDP tops 100 trln yuan in 2020 published by Xinhuanet 18 January 2021. 8    We excluded 2020 because of the COVID-19 pandemic's effects on supply and demand for these ores, metals and crude oil. 9    See Captain James Fanell, “China’s Global Navy Strategy and Expanding Force Structure: Pathway To Hegemony,” Testimony to the US House of Representatives, May 17, 2018, docs.house.gov. 10   Fanell (2018), p. 13. 11    He has obliquely implied that his vision for national rejuvenation by 2035 would include reunification with Taiwan. Others suggest that the country’s second centenary of 2049 is the likely deadline, or the 100th anniversary of the People’s Liberation Army. 12    The US was a major supplier of oil to Japan, and in 1941 it froze Japan's assets in the US and shut down all oil exports, in response to Japan's military incursion into China in the Second Sino-Japanese War of 1937-45.  Please see Anderson, Irvine H. Jr. (1975), "The 1941 De Facto Embargo on Oil to Japan: A Bureaucratic Reflex," Pacific Historical Review, 44:2, pp. 201-231.  13   See Jeffrey Becker, “Securing China’s Lifelines Across the Indian Ocean,” China Maritime Report No. 11 (Dec 2020), China Maritime Studies Institute, digital-commons.usnwc.edu. 14   See Rear Admiral Michael McDevitt, “Becoming a Great ‘Maritime Power’: A Chinese Dream,” Center for Naval Analyses (June 2016), cna.org. 15   For discussion see Major Tiffany Werner, “China’s Demographic Disaster: Risk And Opportunity,” 2020, Defense Technical Information Center, discover.dtic.mil.  
Highlights US crude oil output will continue its sharp recovery before leveling off by mid-2022, in our latest forecast (Chart of the Week). The recovery in US production is led by higher Permian shale-oil production, which is quietly pushing toward pre-COVID-19 highs while other basins languish. Permian output in July was ~ 143k b/d below the basin's peak in Mar20, and likely will surpass its all-time high output in 4Q21. Overall US shale-oil output remains ~ 1.1mm b/d below Nov19's peak of 9.04mm b/d, but we expect it to end the year at 7.90mm b/d and to average 8.10mm b/d for 2022. We do not expect US crude oil production to surpass its all-time high of 12.9mm b/d of Jan20 by the end of 2023. Instead, exploration & production (E&P) companies will continue to prioritize shareholders' interests. This means larger shares of free cashflow will go to shareholders, and not to drilling for the sake of increasing output. While our overall balances estimates remain largely unchanged from last month, we have taken down our expectation for demand growth this year by close to 360k b/d and moved it into 2022, due to continuing difficulties containing the COVID-19 Delta variant. Our Brent crude oil forecasts for 2H21, 2022 and 2023 remain largely unchanged at $70, $73 (down $1) and $80/bbl. WTI will trade $2-$3/bbl lower. Feature Chart 1US Crude Recovery Continues Global crude oil markets are at a transition point. The dominant producer – OPEC 2.0 – begins retuning 400k b/d every month to the market from the massive 5.8mm b/d of spare capacity accumulated during the COVID-19 pandemic. For modeling purposes, it is not unreasonable to assume this will be a monthly increment returned to the market until the accumulated reserves are fully restored. This would take the program into 2H22, per OPEC's 18 July 2021 communique issued following the meeting that produced this return of supply. Thereafter, the core group of the coalition able to increase and sustain higher production – Kuwait, the UAE, Iraq, KSA and Russia – is expected to meet higher demand from their capacity.1 There is room for maneuver in the OPEC 2.0 agreement up and down. We continue to expect the coalition to make supply available as demand dictates – a data-dependent strategy, not unlike that of central banks navigating through the pandemic. This could stretch the return of that 5.8mm b/d of accumulated spare capacity further into 2H22 than we now expect. The pace largely depends on how quickly effective vaccines are distributed globally, particularly to EM economies over the course of this year and next. US Shale Recovery Led By Permian Output While OPEC 2.0 continues to manage member-state output – keeping the level of supply below that of demand to reduce global inventories – US crude oil output is quietly recovering. We expect this to continue into 1H22 (Chart 2). Chart 2Permian Output Recovers Strongly The higher American output in the Lower 48 states primarily is due to the continued growth of tight-oil shale production in the low-cost Permian Basin (Chart 3). This has been aided in no small part by the completion of drilled-but-uncompleted (DUC) wells in the Permian and elsewhere. Chart 3E&Ps Favor Permian Assets Since last year’s slump, the rig count has increased; however, compared to pre-pandemic levels, the number of rigs presently deployed are not sufficient to sustain current production. The finishing of DUC wells means that, despite the low rig count during the pandemic, shale oil supply has not dipped by a commensurate amount. This is a major feat, considering shale wells’ high decline rates. Chart 4US Producers Remain Focused On Shareholder Priorities DUCS have played a large role in sustaining overall US crude oil production. According to the EIA, since its peak in June 2020, DUCs in the shale basins have fallen by approximately 33%. As hedges well below the current market price for shale producers roll off, and DUC inventories are further depleted, we expect to see more drilling activity and the return of more rigs to oil fields. We do not expect US crude oil output to surpass its all-time high of 12.9mm b/ of Jan20 by the end of 2023. Instead, exploration & production (E&P) companies will continue to prioritize shareholders' interests. This means only profitable drilling supporting the free cashflow that allows E&Ps to return capital to shareholders will receive funding. US oil and gas companies have a long road back before they regain investors' trust (Chart 4).   Demand Growth To Slow We expect global demand to increase 5.04mm b/d y/y in 2021, down from last month's growth estimate of 5.4mm b/d. We have taken down our expectation for demand growth this year by ~ 360k b/d and moved it into 2022, because of reduced mobility and local lockdowns due to continuing difficulties in containing the COVID-19 Delta variant, particularly in Asia (Chart 5).2 We continue to expect the global rollout of vaccines to increase, which will allow mobility restrictions to ease, and will support demand. This has been the case in the US, EU and is expected to continue as Latin America and other EM economies receive more efficacious vaccines. Thus, as DM growth slows, EM oil demand should pick up (Chart 6). Chart 5COVID-19 Delta Variant's Spread Remains Public Health Challenge Chart 6EM Demand Growth Will Offset DM Slowdown Net, we continue to expect demand for crude oil and refined products to grind higher, and to be maintained into 2023, as mobility rises, and economic growth continues to be supported by accommodative monetary policy and fiscal support. If anything, the rapid spread of the Delta variant likely will predispose central banks to continue to slow-walk normalizing monetary policy and interest rates. Global Balances Mostly Unchanged Chart 7Oil Markets To Remain Balanced Although we have shifted part of the demand recovery into next year, at more than 5mm b/d of growth, our 2021 expectation is still strong. This is expected to continue next year and into 2023 although not at 2021-22 rates. Continued production restraint by OPEC 2.0 and the price-taking cohort outside the coalition will keep the market balanced (Chart 7). We expect OPEC 2.0's core group of producers – Kuwait, the UAE, Iraq, KSA and Russia – will continue to abide by the reference production levels laid out in 18 July 2021 OPEC communique. Capital markets can be expected to continue constraining the price-taking cohort's misallocation of resources. These factors underpin our call for balanced markets (Table 1), and our view inventories will continue to draw (Chart 8). Table 1BCA Global Oil Supply - Demand Balances (MMb/d, Base Case Balances) To Dec23Our balances assessment leaves our price expectations unchanged from last month, with Brent's price trajectory to end-2023 intact (Chart 9). We expect Brent crude oil to average $70, $73 and $80/bbl in 2H21, 2022 and 2023, respectively. WTI is expected to trade $2-$3/bbl lower over this interval. Chart 8Inventories Will Continue To Draw Chart 9Brent Prices Trajectory Intact   Investment Implications Balanced oil markets and continued inventory draws support our view Brent and refined-product forward curves will continue to backwardate, even if the evolution of this process is volatile. As a result, we remain long the S&P GSCI and the COMT ETF, which is optimized for backwardation. We continue to wait for a sell-off to get long the SPDR S&P Oil & Gas Exploration & Production ETF (XOP ETF).   Robert P. Ryan Chief Commodity & Energy Strategist rryan@bcaresearch.com Ashwin Shyam Research Associate Commodity & Energy Strategy ashwin.shyam@bcaresearch.com Commodities Round-Up Energy: Bullish The US EIA expects natural gas inventories at the end of the storage-injection season in October to be 4% below the 2016-2020 five-year average, at 3.6 TCF. At end-July, inventories were 6% below the five-year average (Chart 10). Colder-than-normal weather this past winter – particularly through the US Midwest and Texas natural gas fields – affected production and drove consumption higher this past winter, which forced inventories lower. Continued strength in LNG exports also are keeping gas prices well bid, as Asian and European markets buy fuel for power generation and to accumulate inventories ahead of the coming winter. Base Metals: Bullish The main worker’s union at Chile's Escondida mine, the largest in the world, and BHP reached an agreement on Friday to avoid a strike. The mine is expected to constitute 5% of total mined global copper supply for 2021. China's refined copper imports have been falling for the last three months (Chart 11). Weak economic data â€“ China reported slower than expected growth in retail sales and manufacturing output for July – contributed to lower import levels.  Precious Metals: Bullish Gold has been correcting following its recent decline, ending most days higher since the ‘flash crash’ last Monday, facilitated by a drop in real interest rates. The Jackson Hole Symposium next week will provide insights to market participants regarding the Fed’s future course of action and if it is in fact nearing an agreement to taper asset purchases. According to the Wall Street Journal, some officials believe the program could end by mid-2022 on the back of strong hiring reports. This was corroborated by minutes of the FOMC meeting which took place in July, which suggested a possibility to begin tapering the program by year-end. While the Fed stressed there was no mechanical relationship between the tapering and interest rate hikes, this could be bearish for gold, as real interest rates and the bullion move inversely. On the other hand, political uncertainty and a potential economic slowdown in China will support gold prices. Ags/Softs: Neutral Grain and bean crops are in slightly worse shape this year vs the same period in 2020, according to the USDA. The Department reported 62% of the US corn crop was in good to excellent condition for the week ended 15 August 2021, compared to 69% for the same period last year. 57% of the soybean crop was in good-to-excellent shape for the week ending on the 15th vs 72% a year ago. Chart 10 Chart 11 Footnotes 1 Please see our report of 22 July 2021, OPEC 2.0's Forward Guidance In New Baselines, which discusses the longer-term implications of this meeting and the subsequent communique containing the OPEC 2.0 core group's higher reference production levels. It is available at ces.bcareserch.com. 2 S&P Global Platts notes China's most recent mobility restrictions throughout the country will show up in oil demand figures in the near future. We expect similar reduced mobility as public health officials scramble to get more vaccines distributed. Please see Asia crude oil: Key market indicators for Aug 16-20 published 16 August 2021 by spglobal.com. Investment Views and Themes Strategic Recommendations Commodity Prices and Plays Reference Table Trades Closed In 2021 Summary of Closed Trades
Highlights Going into the new crop year, we expect the course of the broad trade-weighted USD to dictate the path taken by grain and bean prices (Chart of the Week). Higher corn stocks in the coming crop year, flat wheat stocks and lower rice stocks will leave grain markets mostly balanced vs the current crop year.  Soybean stocks and carryover estimates from the USDA and International Grains Council (IGC) are essentially unchanged year-on-year (y/y). In the IGC's estimates, changes in production, trade, and consumption for the major grains and beans largely offset each other, leaving carryovers unchanged. Supply-demand fundamentals leave our outlook for grains and beans neutral.  This does not weaken our conviction that continued global weather volatility will tip the balance of price risk in grains and beans over the coming year to the upside. Our strategically bearish USD view also tips the balance of price risk in grains – and commodities generally – to the upside. We believe positioning for higher-volatility weather events and a lower US dollar is best done with index products like the S&P GSCI and the COMT ETF, which tracks a version of the GSCI optimized for backwardation.  Feature Chart of the WeekUSD Will Drive Global Grain Markets Chart 2Opening, Closing Grain Stocks Will Be Largely Unchanged Going into the new crop year, opening and closing stocks are expected to remain flat overall vs the current crop years, with changes in production and consumption largely offsetting each other in grain and bean markets (Chart 2).1 This will leave overall prices a function of weather – which no one can predict – and the path taken by the USD over the coming year. The IGC's forecast calls for mostly unchanged production and consumption for grains and beans globally, with trade volumes mostly flat y/y. This leaves global end-of-crop-year carryover stocks essentially unchanged at 594mm tons. The USDA expects wheat ending stocks at the end of the '21/22 crop year up a slight 0.5%; rice down ~ 4.5%, and corn up ~ 4%. Below we go through each of the grain and bean fundamentals, and assess the impact of COVID-19 on global trade in these commodities. We then summarize our overall view for the grain and bean complex, and our positioning recommendations. Rice The IGC forecasts higher global rice production and consumption, and, since they expect both to change roughly by the same amount, ending stocks are projected to remain unchanged in the '21/22 crop year relative to the current year (Chart 3). The USDA, on the other hand, is expecting global production to increase by ~ 1mm MT in the new crop year, with consumption increasing by ~ 8mm MT. This leaves ending inventories for the new crop year just under 8mm MT below '20/21 ending stocks, or 4.5%. Chart 3Global Rice Balances Roughly Unchanged Corn The IGC forecasts global corn production will rise 6.5% to a record high in the '21/22 crop year, while global consumption is expected to increase 3.6%. Trade volumes are expected to fall ~ 4.2%, leaving global carryover stocks roughly unchanged (Chart 4). In the USDA's modelling, global production is expected to rise 6.6% in the '21/22 crop year to 1,195mm MT, while consumption is projected to rise ~ 2.4% to 1,172mm MT. The Department expects ending balances to increase ~ 11mm MT, ending next year at 291.2mm MT, or just over 4% higher. Chart 4Corn Balances Y/Y Remain Flat Wheat The IGC forecasts global wheat production in the current crop year will increase by ~ 16mm MT y/y, which will be a record if realized. Consumption is expected to rise 17mm MT, with trade roughly unchanged. This leaves expected carryover largely unchanged at ~ 280mm MT globally (Chart 5). The USDA's forecast largely agrees with the IGC's in its ending-stocks assessment for the new crop year. Global wheat production is expected to increase 16.6mm MT y/y in '21/22, and consumption will rise ~ 13mm MT, or 1.7% y/y. Ending stocks for the new crop year are expected to come in at just under 292mm MT, or 0.5% higher. Chart 5Ending Wheat Stocks Mostly Unchanged Soybeans Both the IGC and USDA expect increases in soybean ending stocks for the '21/22 crop year. However, the USDA’s estimates for ending stocks are nearly double the IGC projections.2 We use the IGC's estimates in Chart 6 to depicts balances. USDA - 2021/22 global soybean ending stocks are set to increase by ~3 mm MT to 94.5 mm MT, as higher stocks from Brazil and Argentina are partly offset by lower Chinese inventories. US production is expected to make up more than 30% of total production, rising 6% year-on-year. Chart 6Higher Bean Production Meets Higher Consumption Impact Of COVID-19 On Ags Trade Global agricultural trade was mostly stable throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. China was the main driver for this resilience, accounting for most of the increase in agricultural imports from 2019 to 2020. Ex-China, global agricultural trade growth was nearly zero. During this period, China was rebuilding its hog stocks after an outbreak of the African Swine Flu, which prompted the government to grant waivers on tariffs in key import sectors, which increased trade under the US-China Phase One agreement. As a result, apart from COVID-19, other factors were influencing trade. Arita et. al. (2021) attempted to isolate the impact of COVID on global agricultural trade.3 Their report found that COVID-19 – through infections and deaths – had a small impact on global agricultural trade. Government policy restrictions and reduced mobility in response to the pandemic were more detrimental to agricultural trade flows than the virus itself in terms of reducing aggregate demand. Policy restrictions and lower mobility reduced trade by ~ 10% and ~ 6% on average over the course of the year. Monthly USDA data shows that the pandemic was not as detrimental to agricultural trade as past events. Rates of decline in global merchandise trade were sharper during the Great Recession of 2007 – 2009 (Chart 7). Many agricultural commodities are necessities, which are income inelastic. Furthermore, shipping channels for these types of commodities did not require substantial human interactions, which reduced the chances of this trade being a transmission vector for the virus, when governments declared many industries using and producing agricultural commodities as necessities. This could explain why agricultural trade was spared by the pandemic. Amongst agricultural commodities, the impact of the pandemic was heterogenous. For necessities such as grains or oilseeds, there was a relatively small effect, and in few instances, trade actually grew. For example, trade in rice increased by ~4%. The value of trade in higher-end items, such as hides, Chart 7COVID-19 Spares Ag Trade Chart 8Grains Rallied During Pandemic tobacco, wine, and beer fell during the pandemic. This was further proof of the income inelasticity of many agricultural products which kept global trade in this sector resilient. Indeed, the UNCTAD estimates global trade for agriculture foods increased 18% in 1Q21 relative to 1Q19. Over this period, Bloomberg's spot grains index was up 47.08% (Chart 8). Investment Implications We remain neutral grains and beans based on our assessment of the new crop-year fundamentals. That said, we have a strong-conviction view global weather volatility will tip the balance of price risk in grains over the coming year to the upside. Our strategically bearish USD view also tips the balance of price risk in grains – and commodities generally – to the upside. Weather-induced grain and bean prices volatility is supportive for our recommendations in the S&P GSCI and the COMT ETF, which tracks a version of the GSCI optimized for backwardation. These positions are up 5.8% and 7.9% since inception, and are strategic holdings for us.   Robert P. Ryan Chief Commodity & Energy Strategist rryan@bcaresearch.com Ashwin Shyam Research Associate Commodity & Energy Strategy ashwin.shyam@bcaresearch.com   Commodities Round-Up Energy: Bullish US natural gas prices remain well supported by increased power-generation demand due to heat waves rolling through East and West coasts, lower domestic production and rising exports. The US EIA estimates natgas demand for July rose 3.9 bcf/d vs June, taking demand for the month to 75.8 bcf/d. Exports – pipeline and LNG – rose 0.4 bcf/d to 18.2 bcf/d, while US domestic production fell to 92.7 bcf/d, down 0.2 bcf/d from June's levels. As US and European distribution companies and industrials continue to scramble for gas to fill inventories, we expect natgas to remain well bid as the storage-injection season winds down. We remain long 1Q22 call spreads, which are up ~214% since the position was recommended April 8, 2021 (Chart 9). Base Metals: Bullish Labor and management at BHP's Escondida copper mine – the largest in the world – have a tentative agreement to avoid a strike that would have crippled an already-tight market. The proposed contract likely will be voted on by workers over the next two days, according to reuters.com. Separately, the head of a trade group representing Chile's copper miners said prices likely will remain high over the next 2-3 years as demand from renewables and electric vehicles continues to grow. Diego Hernández, president of the National Society of Mining (SONAMI), urged caution against expecting a more extended period of higher prices, however, mining.com reported (Chart 10). We remain bullish base metals generally, copper in particular, which we expect to remain well-bid over the next five years. Precious Metals: Bullish US CPI for July rose 0.5% month-over-month, suggesting the inflation spike in June was transitory. While lower inflation may reduce demand for gold, it will allow the Fed to continue its expansionary monetary policy. The strong jobs report released on Friday prompted markets and some Fed officials to consider tapering asset purchases sooner than previously expected. The jobs report also boosted an increasing US dollar. A strong USD and an increase in employment were negative for gold prices on Monday. There also were media reports of a brief “flash crash” caused by an attempt to sell a large quantity of gold early in the Asian trading day, which swamped available liquidity at the time. This also was believed to trigger stops and algorithmic trading programs, which exacerbated the move. The potential economic impact of the COVID-19 Delta variant is the only unequivocally supportive development for gold prices. Not only will this increase safe-have demand for gold, but it will also prevent the Fed from being too hasty in tapering its asset purchases and subsequently raising interest rates. Chart 9 Chart 10 Footnotes 1     The wheat crop year in the US begins in June; the rice crop year begins this month; and the corn and bean crop years begin in September. 2     Historical data indicate this difference is persistent, suggesting different methods of calculating ending stocks.  The USDA estimates ending stocks for the '21/22 crop year will be 94.5mm tons, while the IGC is projecting a level of 53.8mm.  3    Please refer to ‘Has Global Agricultural Trade Been Resilient Under Coronavirus (COVID-19)? Findings from an Econometric Assessment. This is a working paper published by Shawn Arita, Jason Grant, Sharon Sydow, and Jayson Beckman in May 2021.   Investment Views and Themes Strategic Recommendations Tactical Trades Commodity Prices and Plays Reference Table Trades Closed in 2021 Summary of Closed Trades
On June 29th 2020, we recommended that investors will be best served by accumulating natural gas futures. Since then, the Henry Hub front month contract has risen from $1.6/MMBTU to $3.8/MMBTU, a return of over 130%. The leap in prices has been driven by

Highlights Political and corporate climate activism will increase the cost of developing the resources required to produce and deliver energy going forward – e.g., oil and gas wells; pipelines; copper mines, and refineries. Over the short run, the fastest way for investor-owned companies (IOCs) to address accelerated reductions in CO2 emissions imposed by courts and boards is to walk away from the assets producing them, which could be disruptive over the medium term. Longer term, state-owned companies (SOCs) not facing the constraints of IOCs likely will be required to provide an increasing share of the resources needed to produce and distribute energy. The real difficulty will come in the medium term. Capex for critical metals like copper languishes, just as the call on these metals steadily increases over the next 30 years (Chart of the Week). The evolution to a low-carbon future has not been thought through at the global policy level. A real strategy must address underinvestment in base metals and incentivize the development of technology via a carbon tax – not emissions trading schemes – so firms can innovate to avoid it. We remain long energy and metals exposures.1 Feature And you may ask yourself, "Well 
 how did I get here?" David Byrne, Once In A Lifetime Energy markets – broadly defined – are radically transforming from week to week. The latest iteration of these markets' evolution is catalyzed by climate activists, who are finding increasing success in court and on corporate boards – sometimes backed by major institutional investors – and forcing oil and gas producers to accelerate CO2 emission-reduction programs.2 Climate activists' arguments are finding increasing purchase because they have merit: Years of stiff-arming investors seeking clarity on the oil and gas producers' decarbonization agendas, coupled with a pronounced failure to provide returns in excess of their cost of capital, have given activists all of the ammo needed to argue their points. Chart of the WeekCall On Metals For Energy Will Increase This activism is not limited to the courts or boardrooms. Voters in democratic societies with contested elections also are seeking redress for failures of their governments to effectively channel mineral wealth back into society on an equitable basis, and to protect their environments and the habitats of indigenous populations. This voter activism is especially apparent in Chile and Peru, where elections and constitutional conventions likely will result in higher taxes and royalties on metals IOCs operating in these states, which will increase production costs and ultimately be passed on to consumers.3 These states account for ~ 40% of world copper output. IOCs Walk Away Earlier this week, Exxon walked away from an early-stage offshore oil development project in Ghana.4 This followed the unfavorable court rulings and boardroom setbacks experienced by Royal Dutch Shell, Chevron and Exxon recently (referenced in fn. 2). While the company had no comment on its abrupt departure, its action shows how IOCs can exercise their option to put a project back to its host government, thus illustrating one of the most readily available alternatives for energy IOCs to meet court- or board-mandated CO2 emissions targets. If these investments qualify as write-offs, the burden will be borne by taxpayers. As climate activism increases, state-owned companies (SOCs) not facing the constraints of IOCs likely will be required to provide an increasing share of the resources – particularly oil and gas – needed to produce and distribute energy going forward. This is not an unalloyed benefit, as the SOCs still face stranded-asset risks, if they invest in longer-lived assets that are obviated by a successful renewables + grid buildout globally. That is a cost that will have to be compensated, when the SOCs work up their capex allocations. Still, if legal and investor activism significantly accelerates IOCs' capex reductions in oil and gas projects, the SOCs – particularly those in OPEC 2.0 – will be able to expand their position as the dominant supplier in the global oil market, and could perhaps increase their influence on price levels and forward-curve dynamics (Chart 2).5 Chart 2OPEC 2.0s Could Expand If Investor Activism Increases Higher Call On Metals At present, there is a lot of talk about the need to invest in renewable electricity generation and the grid structure supporting it, but very little in the way of planning for this transition. Other than repeated assertions of its necessity, little is being said regarding how exactly this strategy will be executed given the magnitude of the supply increase in metals required. Nowhere is this more apparent than in the refined copper market, which has been in a physical deficit – i.e., production minus consumption is negative – for the last 6 years (Chart 3). Physical copper markets in China, which consumes more than 50% of refined output, remain extremely tight, as can be seen in the ongoing weakness of treating charges and refining charges (TC/RC) for the past year (Chart 4). These charges are inversely correlated to prices – when TC/RCs are low, it means there is surplus refining capacity for copper – unrefined metal is scarce, which drives down demand for these services. Chart 3Coppers Physical Deficit Likely Persist Chart 4Chinas Refined Copper Supply Remains TightTheoretically, high prices will incentivize higher levels of production. However, after the last decade’s ill-timed investment in new mine discoveries and expansions, mining companies have become more wary with their investments, and are using earnings to pay dividends and reduce debt. This leads us to believe that mining companies will not invest in new mine discoveries but will use capital expenditure to expand brownfield projects to meet rising demand. In the last decade, as copper demand rose, capex for copper rose from 2010-2012, and fell from 2013-2016 (Chart 5). During this time, the copper ore grade was on a declining trend. This implies that the new copper brought online was being mined from lower-grade ore, due to the expansion of existing projects(Chart 6). Chart 5Copper Capex Growth Remains Weak Chart 6Copper Ore-Quality Declines Persist Through Capex Cycle Capex directed at keeping ore production above consumption will not be sufficient to avoid major depletions of ore supplies beginning in 2024, according to Wood Mackenzie. The consultancy foresees a cumulative deficit of ~ 16mm MT by 2040. Plugging this gap will require $325-$500 billion of investment in the copper mining sector.6 The Case For A Carbon Tax The low-carbon future remains something of a will-o'-the-wisp – seen off in the future but not really developed in the present. Most striking in discussions of the low-carbon transition is the assumption of resource availability – particularly bases metals –in, e.g., the IEA's Net Zero by 2050, A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector, published last month. In the IEA's document, further investment in hydrocarbons is not required beyond 2025. The copper, aluminum, steel, etc., required to build the generation and supporting grid infrastructure will be available and callable as needed to build all the renewable generation the world requires. The document is agnostic between carbon trading and carbon taxes as a way to price carbon and incentivize the technology that would allow firms and households to avoid a direct cost on carbon. A real strategy must address the fact that most of the world will continue to rely on fossil fuels for decades, as development goals are pursued. Underinvestment in base metals and its implications for the buildout of generation and grids has to be a priority if these assets are to be built. Given the 5-10-year lead times base metals mines require to come online, it is obvious that beyond the middle of this decade, the physical reality of demand exceeding supply will assert itself. A good start would be a global effort to impose and collect carbon taxes uniformly across states.7 This would need to be augmented with a carbon club, which restricts admission and trading privileges  to those states adopting such a scheme. Harmonizing the multiple emissions trading schemes worldwide will be a decades-long effort that is unlikely to succeed. Such schemes also can be gamed by larger players, producing pricing distortions. A hard and fast tax that is enforced in all of the members of such a carbon club would immediately focus attention on the technology required to avoid paying it – mobilizing capital, innovation and entrepreneurial drive to make it a reality. This would support carbon-capture, use and storage technologies as well, thus extending the life of existing energy resources as the next generation of metals-based resources is built out. In addition, a carbon tax raises revenue for governments, which can be used for a variety of public policies, including reducing other taxes to reduce the overall burden of taxation. Lastly, a tax eliminates the potential for short-term price volatility in the pricing of carbon – as long as households and firms know what confronts them they can plan around it.  Tax revenues also can be used to reduce the regressive nature of such levies. Investment Implications The lack of a coherent policy framework that addresses the very real constraints on the transition to a low-carbon economy makes the likelihood of a volatile, years-long evolution foreordained. We believe this will create numerous investment opportunities as underinvestment in hydrocarbons and base metals production predisposes oil, natural gas and base metals prices to move higher in the face of strong and rising demand. We remain long commodity index exposure – the S&P GSCI and GSCI Commodity Dynamic Roll Strategy ETF (COMT), which is optimized to take advantage of the most backwardated commodity forward curves in the index. These positions were up 5.3% and 7.2% since inception on December 7, 2017 and March 12, 2021, respectively, at Tuesday's close. We also remain long the MSCI Global Metals & Mining Producers ETF (PICK), which is up 33.9% since it was put on December 10, 2020. Expecting continued volatility in metals – copper in particular – we will look for opportunities to re-establish positions in COMEX/CME Copper after being stopped out with gains. A trailing stop was elected on our long Dec21 copper position established September 10, 2020, which was closed out with a 48.2% gain on May 21, 2021. Our long calendar 2022 vs short calendar 2023 COMEX copper backwardation trade established April 22, 2021, was closed out on May 20, 2021, leaving us with a return of 305%.   Robert P. Ryan Chief Commodity & Energy Strategist rryan@bcaresearch.com Ashwin Shyam Research Associate Commodity & Energy Strategy ashwin.shyam@bcaresearch.com   Commodities Round-Up Energy: Bullish OPEC 2.0 offered no surprises to markets this week, as it remained committed to returning just over 2mm b/d of production to the market over the May-July period, 70% of which comes from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), according to Platts. While Iran's return to the market is not a given in OPEC 2.0's geometry, we have given better than even odds it will return to the market beginning in 3Q21 and restore most of the 1.4mm b/d not being produced at present to the market over the course of the following year. OPEC itself expects demand to increase 6mm b/d this year, somewhat above our expectation of 5.3mm b/d. Stronger demand could raise Brent prices above our average $63/bbl forecast for this year (Chart 7). Brent was trading above $71/bbl as we went to press. Base Metals: Bullish BHP declared operations at its Escondida and Spence mines were running at normal rates despite a strike by some 200 operations specialists. BHP is employing so-called substitute workers to conduct operation, according to reuters.com, which also reported separate unions at both mines are considering strike actions in the near future. Precious Metals: Bullish The Fed’s reluctance to increase nominal interest rates despite indications of higher inflation will reduce real rates, which will support higher gold prices (Chart 8). We agree with our colleagues at BCA Research's US Bond Strategy that the Fed is waiting for the US labor market to reach levels consistent with its assessment of maximum employment before it makes its initial rate hike in this interest-rate cycle. Subsequent rate changes, however, will be based on realized inflation and inflation expectations. In our opinion, the Fed is following this ultra-accommodative monetary policy approach to break the US liquidity trap, brought about by a rise in precautionary savings due to the pandemic. In addition, we continue to expect USD weakness, which also will support gold and precious metals prices. We remain long gold, expecting prices to clear $2,000/oz this year. Ags/Softs: Neutral Corn prices fell more than 2% Wednesday, following the release of USDA estimates showing 95% of the corn crop was planted by 31 May 2021, well over the 87% five-year average. This was in line with expectations. However, the Department's assessment that 76% of the crop was in good-to-excellent condition exceeded market expectations. Chart 7 Chart 8 Footnotes 1     Please see Trade Tables below. 2     Please see OPEC, Russia seen gaining more power with Shell Dutch ruling and EXCLUSIVE BlackRock backs 3 dissidents to shake up Exxon board -sources published by reuters.com June 1, 2021 and May 25, 2021. 3    Please see Chile's govt in shock loss as voters pick independents to draft constitution published by reuters.com May 17, 2021, and Peru’s elite in panic at prospect of hard-left victory in presidential election published by ft.com June 1, 2021.  Peru has seen significant capital flight on the back of these fears.  See also Results from Chile’s May 2021 elections published by IHS Markit May 21, 2021 re a higher likelihood of tax increases for the mining sector.  The risk of nationalization is de minimis, according to IHS. 4    Please see Exxon walks away from stake in deepwater Ghana block published by worldoil.com June 1, 2021. 5    Please see OPEC 2.0's Production Strategy In Focus, which we published on May 20, 2021, for a recap our how we model OPEC 2.0's strategy.  It is available at ces.bcaresearch.com. 6    Please see Will a lack of supply growth come back to bite the copper industry?, published by Wood Mackenzie on March 23, 2021. 7     Please see The Challenges and Prospects for Carbon Pricing in Europe published by the Oxford Institute for Energy Studies last month for a discussion of carbon taxes vs. emissions trading schemes.     Investment Views and Themes Strategic Recommendations Tactical Trades Commodity Prices and Plays Reference Table Trades Closed in 2021 Summary of Closed Trades
ハむラむト IEAの最新予枬によれば、2021–22幎の期間における䞖界の発電蚭備増加のうち、再生可胜゚ネルギヌの蚭備容量が90を占める芋蟌みです。これは、昚幎远加された再生可胜゚ネルギヌの発電蚭備容量が前幎同期比で45増加したこずCOVID-19パンデミック䞋でも発生したを受けたものです今週のチャヌト。 再生可胜゚ネルギヌず電気自動車EVぞの継続的な投資、および䞖界経枈の回埩により、銀行や商瀟の銅䟡栌予枬は1トンあたり玄13,00020,000ドルのレンゞに匕き䞊げられ぀぀あり、珟圚の玄10,600ドル/トン玄4.80ドル/ポンドず比べお高い氎準ずなっおいたす。 これらのより匷い金属䟡栌芋通しが的䞭すれば、カヌボン回収やサヌキュラヌ利甚技術を通じお化石燃料の䜎炭玠利甚を延長する投資の魅力が高たるでしょう。 これらの技術ぞの投資は、投資を評䟡するための明確な䞖界的参照䟡栌が存圚しないため限定的でした。カヌボン垂堎や炭玠皎がそのような基準を提䟛すれば投資は加速したす。これはカヌボン・マヌケット・クラブを通じお監芖でき、皎を公衚し城収する加盟囜に取匕を限定したす。1 特集 IEAの最新の再生可胜゚ネルギヌに関するアップデヌトによれば、昚幎の再生可胜゚ネルギヌの蚭備容量増加はほが280GWで、前幎同期比45増ず1999幎以来の最倧の䌞びでした。2 今幎および来幎に぀いおは、再生可胜゚ネルギヌが蚭備容量増加の90を占めるず芋蟌たれおおり、特に倪陜光PVぞの投資は玄50増の162GWに達するず予想されおいたす。颚力は昚幎90増の114GWにたで成長し、2022幎末たでに玄50増加する芋蟌みです。 再生可胜゚ネルギヌの発電量の増加ず電気自動車EVぞの投資の拡倧に䌎い、バルク鉄鋌および鉄鉱石や、銅を先頭ずするベヌスメタルの需芁が䟡栌を抌し䞊げるでしょう。これは、2020幎末たでの4幎間で䟛絊の䌞びが停滞し物理的な䞍足が続いた背景のもずで起きおいたすチャヌト2。IEAによれば、2020幎9月から2021幎3月の期間で鉄鋌および銅䟡栌が40䞊昇したこずが、倪陜光PVモゞュヌル䟡栌䞊昇の䞀因ずなりたした。 今週のチャヌト 再生可胜゚ネルギヌ蚭備容量の急増 金属䟡栌の急隰ずカヌボンキャプチャヌの必芁性 金属䟡栌の急隰ずカヌボンキャプチャヌの必芁性 我々の評䟡では、銅垂堎の䟛絊偎は今幎ず来幎も䞍足が続く芋蟌みであり、Wood Mackenzieが想定するように、今埌20幎間で需芁が幎率玄2で成長し、鉱山事業者が需芁に芋合う蚭備投資capexに螏み切らない堎合、この傟向は継続する可胜性がありたす。3 チャヌト2 物理的な赀字が銅の圚庫を匕き䞋げる... 珟物䞍足が銅圚庫を取り厩す  珟物䞍足が銅圚庫を取り厩す  銅や、再生可胜゚ネルギヌの構築やむンフラに必芁な他の金属に関するESGリスクは、䟡栌䞊昇に䌎っお高たり、コストを抌し䞊げたす。4 こうしたコスト䞊昇ずESGリスクの増倧は、我々の芋解ではカヌボン回収やサヌキュラヌ゚コノミヌ技術ぞの投資魅力を高めたす。これにより、もし技術が䞖界をネットれロの方向ぞ近づけられるなら、䜎炭玠の化石燃料の利甚期間を延長するこずが可胜になりたす。しかし、政府の政策がこの投資を誘発しない限り—䟋えば䞖界的なカヌボン取匕䟡栌や炭玠皎を通じお—、これら技術ぞの投資は䜎迷し続ける可胜性が高いでしょう。 カヌボン回収技術の果たせなかった玄束 カヌボン回収・利甚・貯留CCUSの歎史は、高い期埅ず達成されない期埅の繰り返しでした。気候倉動緩和の手段ずしお䞀般に認識されおいるものの、その導入は期埅ほど速く進んでいたせん。 䜎炭玠技術は化石燃料に基づく技術に比べおより倚くの重芁金属を必芁ずしたすチャヌト3。コストの問題に加え、再生可胜゚ネルギヌ移行のために金属採掘が増えれば、採掘に䌎うESGリスクも増倧したす。これに぀いおは圓瀟の過去のリサヌチで議論したした。5 Wood Mackenzieによれば、䜎炭玠䞖界ぞの移行を支えるのに必芁な金属䟛絊のために、鉱業䌚瀟は今埌15幎でほが1.7兆ドルの投資を行う必芁があるず掚蚈しおいたす。6 チャヌト3 䜎炭玠技術は金属集玄的である 金属䟡栌の急隰ずカヌボン・キャプチャヌの意矩 金属䟡栌の急隰ずカヌボン・キャプチャヌの意矩 こうした金属に関する差し迫った物理的需芁を考えるず、垂堎が珟圚織り蟌んでいるよりも長い期間、化石燃料が橋枡しずしお䜿われるか、あるいは炭玠をハむドロカヌボンから陀去する技術の成功床合いに応じお将来の䞀郚ずしお䜿われ続ける可胜性が高いず蚀えたす。そうであるならば、移行期においお化石燃料を䜿い続け぀぀その環境圱響を軜枛するには、CO2やその他の枩宀効果ガスGHG排出を䜎枛するための高床に焊点を絞った技術が必芁になりたす。 そこでCCUS技術ですこの技術は、化石燃料やバむオマスを甚いお珟代瀟䌚に必芁な゚ネルギヌを生産する過皋で発生するCO2を捕捉したす。珟圚の圢態では、CO2は圧瞮されお茞送されるか、地質構造や海掋貯留局に貯留されたす。これを増進回収EORに利甚しお、炭化氎玠を含む貯留局にCO2を泚入するこずで採取が困難な油を抜出するこずも可胜です。7 CCUS投資の䜙地 CCUSぞの投資支出は増加しおおり、この技術を利甚たたは実蚌する予定の斜蚭数も増えおいたす。IEAの『Energy Technology Perspectives 2020』の2020幎版では、2017幎以降に30件の新しい統合型CCUS斜蚭が発衚され、䞻に米囜や欧州など先進囜で進められおいるが、䞀郚の新興囜でも蚈画があるず指摘しおいたす。2020幎時点で蚈画が高床な段階にあるプロゞェクトは合蚈で270億ドルに盞圓し、2017幎時点の蚈画投資の2倍以䞊ずなっおいたすチャヌト4。 パリ協定の倚くの目的の䞀぀は、21䞖玀埌半に人工的な排出ず枩宀効果ガスGHG吞収シンクによる陀去ずの間でバランスを取るこずです。実務的には、倚くの囜、特に新興囜はこの期間䞭に開発のために化石燃料を䜿甚し続ける必芁があるでしょうチャヌト5。8 チャヌト4 ここたでのカヌボン回収プロゞェクト 急隰する金属䟡栌ずカヌボンキャプチャヌの必芁性 急隰する金属䟡栌ずカヌボンキャプチャヌの必芁性 チャヌト5 新興囜の開発には化石燃料゚ネルギヌが必芁になる 高隰する金属䟡栌ずカヌボン・キャプチャヌ導入の必芁性 高隰する金属䟡栌ずカヌボン・キャプチャヌ導入の必芁性 ゚ネルギヌ分野におけるCCUS 石炭に比べおGHG排出が少ない燃料、すなわち石炭のCO2の半分皋床しか排出しない倩然ガスは、グリヌン発電ぞの橋枡しブリッゞずしお有効に䜿うこずができたすチャヌト6。 チャヌト6 倩然ガスはブリッゞ燃料ずしお匕き続き魅力的である 金属䟡栌の急隰ずカヌボン・キャプチャ導入の必芁性 金属䟡栌の急隰ずカヌボン・キャプチャ導入の必芁性 倩然ガス䞭のCO2は、パむプラむン品質のガスやLNGずしお販売される前に陀去する必芁がありたす。通垞、このCO2は倧気䞭に攟出されたすが、CCUS技術を甚いるこずで地質貯留局ぞ再泚入し、増進回収EORに利甚するこずができたす。このため、䞖界最倧のLNG茞出囜である米囜のLNG䌁業は、より環境に配慮した事業運営を目指しおCCUS技術ぞの投資を怜蚎しおいたす。9 CCUSはたた、倩然ガスや石炭を甚いお䜎コストの氎玠いわゆるブルヌ氎玠を生産するためにも利甚できたす。これは再生可胜゚ネルギヌ由来の電力を甚いる電気分解による「グリヌン氎玠」よりもコストが䜎く、ブルヌ氎玠の䜎コスト化は新興囜にクリヌンな氎玠を普及させ、脱炭玠化に向けた新たな利甚経路を開く可胜性がありたす。 その他産業におけるCCUSの䟡倀 CCUS技術は既存の発電所や産業プラントに埌付けで導入するこずが可胜であり、IEAによれば、そうでなければ2050幎に玄80億トンのCO2を排出し続ける可胜性があるずされ、これは2020幎の゚ネルギヌ郚門の幎間排出量のおよそ4分の1に盞圓したす。 化石燃料を燃焌する発電所のうち、石炭火力発電は最倧のCO2課題を抱えおいたす。排出の倧郚分は䞭囜やその他のアゞア新興囜から生じおおり、平均蚭備幎霢は20幎未満です。米囜芏制委員䌚協䌚によれば石炭火力発電所の平均寿呜は40幎であるため、これらの発電所は残存皌働幎数が長く、2050幎たで皌働し続ける可胜性がありたす。既存の発電所や産業プラントを廃止したり甚途倉曎したりする代替手段ずしお、CCUSは唯䞀の遞択肢ずなり埗たす。 IEAは、ネットれロ炭玠排出を達成するにはCCUSが䞍可欠であるず考えおいたす。同機関のSustainable Development Scenarioでは、゚ネルギヌ郚門からの䞖界のCO2排出が2070幎たでにネットれロに枛少するシナリオにおいお、CCUSは环積排出削枛の15を占めたす。もし䞖界が2050幎たでにネットれロを達成する必芁がある堎合、ほが50倚いCCUSの導入が必芁ずなりたす。10 適切に実装・拡倧されれば、CCUSは産業が石油、ガス、石炭を䜿い続け぀぀ネットれロ目暙を達成するこずを可胜にし、䞭期的には化石燃料需芁を埌抌しする可胜性がありたす。これは特に新興囜の開発にずっお重芁です。 なぜCCUSはもっず進んでいないのか䜕ができるか CCUSが広く䜿われおいない䞻な理由はコストです。 珟圚、CO2を捕捉するコストはCO2濃床に基づいお倉動し、盎接空気回収Direct Air Captureが最も高䟡ですチャヌト7。こうした高コストのために、CCUSは商業的に成立しおいたせん。 ただし、同じ議論は再生可胜゚ネルギヌ導入に察しおもか぀おは成り立ちたした。か぀お再生可胜゚ネルギヌの平準化発電コストは高䟡でしたが、政府補助金による拡倧ずスケヌルアップにより、ムヌアの法則的なコスト䜎䞋曲線に沿っおコストは䞋がりたした。Lazard Ltd.が報告する技術暪断比范が可胜な倪陜光発電の平準化発電コストでは、2009幎から2019幎にかけお発電コストが89䜎䞋し、359ドル/MWhから40ドル/MWhになりたしたチャヌト8。この孊習曲線は、倪陜光技術の導入を促進した政府補助金によっお可胜になりたした。 チャヌト7 CCUSは高コストになり埗る 金属䟡栌の急隰ずカヌボンキャプチャヌの必芁性 金属䟡栌の急隰ずカヌボンキャプチャヌの必芁性 チャヌト8 倪陜光ず同様に補助金がCCUSを支揎し埗る 補助金は、倪陜光発電で行われたのず同様にCCUSを支揎できる 補助金は、倪陜光発電で行われたのず同様にCCUSを支揎できる CCUS技術のコストは䜎䞋しおいたす。䟋えば、2019幎にGlobal CCS Instituteは、カナダのBoundary Damで2014幎に皌働したCCSナニットでの捕捉コストが1トン圓たり100ドルであったず報告したした。3幎埌に建蚭された米囜のPetra Novaで、改良技術を甚いた捕捉コストは1トン圓たり65ドルでした。いずれも石炭火力発電所です。報告曞はたた、Boundary DamやPetra Novaず同様のCCS技術を甚いお2024–28幎に皌働開始予定の石炭火力発電所では、孊習曲線の進展、研究、芏暡の経枈による資本コスト䜎䞋、デゞタル化などにより1トン圓たり玄43ドルになるず芋蟌たれおいるず指摘したした。これらのコスト削枛の共通点の䞀぀は、䌁業がCCUSにより倚く投資し、この技術に慣れ芪しむ必芁があるずいう点です。 再生可胜゚ネルギヌの事䟋ず同様に、政府補助金はCCUSの運甚コストの参入障壁を䞋げ、この技術の改良ぞの参加を促したす。初期の先駆的なCCUSは高䟡ですが、資本支揎や皎額控陀ずいった補助によりCCUSの実装ず研究は増加したす。Boundary DamずPetra Novaは政府補助金の恩恵を受けた䟋であり、CCSナニット建蚭時にそれぞれカナダ政府および米囜の機関から1億7,000䞇ドルず2億ドルの支揎を受けたした。 米囜はたた45Q皎額控陀制床を導入しおおり、貯留されたCO2に察しおは1トン圓たり50ドル、増進回収のような甚途で䜿甚されたCO2に察しおは1トン圓たり35ドルを斜蚭に支払いたす。Global CCS Instituteによれば、2019幎末時点で米囜に远加された8件の新しいCCUSプロゞェクトのうち4件は、45Qの存圚を䞻芁な掚進芁因ずしお挙げおいたした。 カヌボン垂堎ず炭玠皎の掻甚 2005幎に導入されたEUの排出暩取匕制床ETSは、䌁業に垂堎の力を䜿っお排出削枛を促す革新的な政策の䞀䟋です。これらの垂堎で蚈枬される炭玠䟡栌は、これたで蚘録されおこなかった負の倖郚性に具䜓的な䟡倀を䞎えたす。ETSの欠点は、長期の需絊分析や蚈画を耇雑にする政策倉曎に巊右されるEUの環境政策実斜に䟝存しおいる点です。䟋えば、最近の目暙匕き䞊げでは2030幎たでに枩宀効果ガス排出を少なくずも55削枛するこずが掲げられたした。 排出暩の政策䞻導トレヌドに代わる手段ずしおは、政府が課し城収する排出量圓たりの炭玠皎がありたす。これにより、鉱業で䜿甚されるような化石燃料を甚いる技術のコストが䞊昇し、再生可胜゚ネルギヌ移行に必芁なバルクやベヌスメタルの䟛絊を増やすための技術を䟛絊・䜿甚する䌁業にCCUSなどでCO2を削枛するむンセンティブが䞎えられたす。 ETS垂堎ず政府によるCO2課皎は、りィリアム・ノヌドハりス2018幎ノヌベル経枈孊賞受賞者が提唱した技術であるカヌボン・マヌケット・クラブを圢成するこずができたす。これにより、加盟囜がパリ協定で求められる実際の削枛を取匕や皎制で瀺し参加しおいるこずを実蚌できる囜に取匕を限定できたす。11 グリヌン゚ネルギヌ移行が勢いを増し、各囜がネットれロ政策を実斜するに぀れお、炭玠の䟡栌は䞊昇するでしょう。炭玠䟡栌が䞊がるず、䌁業の排出に関連するコスト負担が増加したす。垂堎参加者が炭玠䟡栌が蚘録的氎準に達した埌も䞊昇を続けるず芋蟌む䞭で、EUで事業を行う䌁業にずっおCCUS技術を採甚するむンセンティブは匷たり、炭玠皎に盎面する䌁業にずっおも同様に導入の動機が高たりたす。12 芁点 緑の金属䟡栌の急隰、蚭備投資の䞍足、そしお䜎炭玠未来のために採掘される金属に䌎うESGリスクを螏たえるず、我々は垂堎の織り蟌み以䞊に化石燃料が䜎炭玠瀟䌚ぞの移行で倧きな圹割を果たすず予想したす。各囜が気候目暙を達成し぀぀化石燃料を利甚できるようにするためには、CCUS技術の利甚が重芁です。CCUSの普及を高めるためには、再生可胜゚ネルギヌの事䟋にならい、需芁が確立するたで政府がこの技術を補助する必芁がありたす。たた、ETSや炭玠皎の導入促進も行動を觊発するために必芁です。   Robert P. Ryan チヌフ・コモディティ゚ネルギヌ・ストラテゞスト rryan@bcaresearch.com Ashwin Shyam リサヌチ・ア゜シ゚むト コモディティ゚ネルギヌ戊略 ashwin.shyam@bcaresearch.com     コモディティ抂況 ゚ネルギヌ 匷気 蚘事䜜成時点で、ブレント原油䟡栌は70ドル/バレルの氎準に迫っおいたした。これはIEAが2021幎埌半の匷い需芁回埩を評䟡したこずを受けた動きですチャヌト9。IEAは2021幎前半の需芁増加芋通しを27侇b/d匕き䞋げたしたが、むンドやOECDアメリカ、欧州でのCOVID-19による需芁枛少が䞻因であり、埌半の芋積りは維持しおおり、今幎の総需芁増は540侇b/dずしおいたす。EIAも今幎の需芁増を540侇b/d、来幎は370侇b/dず芋蟌んでいたす。OPECは2021幎通幎の需芁増を600侇b/dのたた維持したした。OPEC 2.0は6月1日に再び䌚合し、我々の芋立おでは垂堎により倚くのサむドラむン生産を戻すこずを怜蚎するでしょう。来週のレポヌトで需絊バランスず䟡栌芋通しを曎新する予定です。 ベヌスメタル 匷気 蚘事䜜成時点で、CME/COMEXのスポット銅䟡栌はおおむね4.80ドル/ポンド付近で掚移しおいたした。チリでの増皎の脅嚁そのような皎を求める法案が議䌚を通過し぀぀あるこず、鉱山劎働者のストラむキの可胜性、そしお採鉱で䜿甚される硫酞の䞍足パンデミックによる補油所の皌働枛少が原因で䞖界的に硫黄䟛絊が枛少したこずによるなどが、ブルヌムバヌグによれば銅を匷く買われた状態にしおいたす。圓瀟の12月限COMEX銅の目暙は5ドル/ポンドLMEで玄11,000ドル/トンです。物理的な䟛絊䞍足が圚庫取り厩しを匷い続け、金利構造をバックワヌディテヌトさせるず予想しおいるため、圓瀟は2022幎カレンダヌ物のCOMEX銅をロング、2023幎をショヌトのポゞションを継続しおいたす。 貎金属 匷気 氎曜日の米囜のCPIデヌタは、4月の総合むンフレ率が前幎同月比で4.2䞊昇したこずを瀺したした。これは2008幎以来の高氎準ですが、この䞊昇はベヌス効果昚幎の同時期にパンデミックで物䟡が䞋萜しおいたためによる郚分もあるず考えられたす。物䟡䞊昇は金をむンフレヘッゞずしおの需芁を高めたすが、もしこのデヌタを受けおFRBが金利を匕き䞊げれば米ドル高ずなり、金䟡栌にはマむナスに働きたすチャヌト10。ただし我々はFRBがこの報告で指針を急激に転換するずは予想しおおらず、䞭銀がこの䞀時的な䞊振れず扱うず芋おいたす。昚日の終倀時点でCOMEXの金は1,835.9ドル/オンスで取匕されおいたした。 蟲産物゜フト商品 äž­ç«‹ 蚘事䜜成時点で、シカゎ倧豆垂堎は氎曜日に発衚予定のWorld Agriculture Supply and Demand EstimatesWASDEレポヌトを前に䞊昇しおいたした。先物の期近は玄16.70ドル/ブッシェルで、日䞭で2䞊昇しおいたした。今月のWASDEには、2021/22䜜付幎に察するUSDAの初の需芁芋積りが含たれ、需芁の匷たりにより䟛絊が匕き締たるずの芋通しが垂堎で予想されおいたす。 チャヌト9 ブレント䟡栌が䞊昇䞭 ブレント䟡栌が䞊昇䞭 チャヌト10 新型コロナの䞍確実性が金の需芁を抌し䞊げる可胜性がある 新型コロナの䞍確実性が金の需芁を抌し䞊げる可胜性がある   脚泚 1     詳现はWorld Bankが2016幎7月に公衚したカヌボン・マヌケット・クラブず新パリ䜓制を参照しおください。こうした技術の知的および蚈算の枠組みは、2018幎ノヌベル経枈孊賞受賞者のりィリアム・ノヌドハりスによっお開発されたした。 2     今週IEAが公衚した再生可胜゚ネルギヌ垂堎アップデヌト、2021幎および2022幎の芋通し.pdfを参照しおください。 3    WoodMacは「远加の倧芏暡な投資がない限り、2024幎以降生産は枛少する。需芁の䌞びず盞たっお、この生産枛少は理論的には2040幎たでに玄16Mtの䞍足をもたらすだろう」ず指摘しおいたす。コンサルタントは、この期間の銅需芁を満たすためにさらに3,250億5,000億ドル以䞊の投資が必芁になるず芋積もっおいたす。詳现は䟛絊成長の欠劂は銅業界にしっぺ返しをもたらすかwoodmac.com、2021幎3月23日をご芧ください。 4    圓瀟が2021幎4月29日に公衚した需芁拡倧に䌎う再生可胜゚ネルギヌのESGリスクの増倧を参照しおください。ces.bcaresearch.comで入手可胜です。 5    脚泚4を参照しおください。 6    Reutersが公衚した䜎炭玠䞖界には1.7兆ドルの鉱業投資が必芁をご芧ください。 7     この方法は石油生産を増加させるために甚いられたす。炭化氎玠の特性を倉え、貯留局圧力を回埩し、貯留局内での油の眮換を促進したす。EORを甚いるこずで、石油䌚瀟は貯留局䞭の原油原始埋蔵量の30から60を回収するこずができたす。詳现は米囜゚ネルギヌ省が公衚する増進回収をご芧ください。 8    ReutersのコラムCO2排出制限ず経枈開発を参照しおください。 9    World Oilの蚘事米囜のLNG業者はグリヌンなむメヌゞ向䞊のためにカヌボン回収を唱えるをご芧ください。 10   IEAのカヌボン回収・利甚・貯留に関する特別報告Energy Technology Perspectives 2020の䞀郚をご芧ください。 11    䞊の脚泚1を参照しおください。 12    Financial Timesの蚘事EUで汚染のコストが急隰、炭玠䟡栌が蚘録的な€50に達するを参照しおください。 投資芋解ずテヌマ 戊略的掚奚事項 タクティカル・トレヌド コモディティ䟡栌および取匕参考衚 2021幎にクロヌズした取匕 クロヌズした取匕の芁玄 より高いむンフレが到来 より高いむンフレが到来
BCA Research’s Commodity & Energy Strategy service expects US natural gas prices to remain well supported this year. US LNG cargoes out of the US Gulf balanced demand coming from Asia and Europe this past winter, which was sharply colder than expected and

Highlights US natural gas prices will remain well supported over the April-October injection season, as the global economic expansion gains traction, particularly in Europe, which also is refilling depleted storage levels. China's natgas demand is expected to rise more than 8% yoy, and EM Asia consumption also will be robust, which will revive US liquified natural gas (LNG) exports. Exports of US light-sweet crude into the North Sea Brent pricing pool – currently accounting for close to half the physical supply underpinning the global oil-price benchmark – also will increase over the course of the year, particularly in the summer, when maintenance will markedly reduce the physical supply of crudes making up the Brent index. At the margin, coal demand will increase in the US, as industrial natgas demand and LNG exports incentivize electric generators to favor coal. Higher-than-expected summer temperatures in the US also would boost coal demand.  This will be tempered somewhat in Europe, where carbon-emissions rights traded through €50/MT for the first time this week on the EU's Emission Trading System (ETA). We expect US LNG and oil exports to revive this year (Chart of the Week) and remain long natgas in 1Q22. Feature The importance of US LNG and crude oil exports out of the US Gulf to the global economy is only now becoming apparent. As demand for these fossil fuels grows and the supply side continues to confront a highly uncertain risk-reward tradeoff, their importance will only grow. In natgas markets, US LNG cargoes out of the US Gulf balanced demand coming from Asia and Europe this past winter, which was sharply colder than expected and stretched supply chains globally. As a widening economic recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic spurs industrial, residential and commercial demand, and inventories in Europe and Asia are re-built in preparation for next winter, US LNG exports will be called upon to meet increasing demand, particularly since they are priced attractively vs regional importing benchmarks, with differentials vs the US presently $4+/MMBtu vs Europe and $5+/MMBtu vs Asia (Chart 2).1 Chart of the WeekUS LNG, Oil Export Growth Will Rebound Chart 2Lower US Natgas Prices Encourage LNG Exports In oil markets, an ongoing kerfuffle in the pricing of Brent Blend brought about by falling North Sea crude oil production makes American light-sweet crude oil exports from the Gulf (i.e., WTI produced mostly in the Permian Basin) account for almost half of the physical supplies in this critical benchmark-pricing market.2 US LNG Exports Will Increase US natural gas prices will remain well supported as the global economic expansion gains traction, and the US and Europe open the April-October injection season well bid (Chart 3). US inventories are expected to end the Apr-Oct injection season at just over 3.7 TCF according to the EIA, very close to where they ended the 2020 injection season. Chart 3US, Europe Rebuild Storage Higher US LNG exports, industrial, commercial and residential demand will be offset by lower consumption from electric generators this year, netting to a slight decline in overall demand. The EIA expects generators to take advantage of lower generating costs to be had burning coal to produce electricity, a view we share given the current differentials in the forward curves for each fuel (Chart 4).3 On the supply side, the EIA's expecting output to remain unchanged from last year at just under 91.5 BCF/d in 2021. Higher LNG exports, even as generator demand is falling, pushes prices higher this year – averaging $3.04/MMBtu this year – which leads to a slight increase in output in 2022. For our part, we continue to expect higher prices during the November-March heating season than currently are clearing the market and remain long 1Q22 $3.50/MMBtu calls vs. short $3.75/MMbtu calls. As of Tuesday night, when we mark to market, this position was up 20.8% since inception on 8 April 2021. Chart 4Lower Prices Will Favour Increased Coal Demand Natgas demand could surprise on the upside during the injection season if air-conditioning demand comes in stronger than expected and production remains essentially unchanged this year. This could reduce LNG exports and slow the rate of inventory refill in the US, which could further advantage coal as a burner fuel for generators in the US. The US National Weather Service's Climate Prediction Center expects above-average temperatures for most of the US population centers this summer (Chart 5). This could become a semi-permanent feature of the market if current temperature trends persist (Chart 6). Based on analyses’ run by the NOAA's National Centers for Environmental Information, 2021 "is very likely to rank among the ten warmest years on record," with lower (6%) odds of ranking in the top five hottest years on record.4 Chart 5Odds Of Hotter Summer Rising Chart 6Higher Global Temperatures Could Become A Recurring Phenomenon The Crude Kerfuffle As the Chart of the Week shows, US exports of light-sweet crude oil peaked at ~ 3.7mm b/d in February 2020, just before the COVID-19 pandemic hit the world full force. Exports out of the US Gulf – i.e., WTI priced against the Midland, TX, gathering hub – accounted for ~ 95% of these volumes. With exports currently running ~ 2.5mm b/d, more than 1mm b/d of readily available export capacity remains in place. Additional volumes will be developed as dredging of the Corpus Christi, TX, progresses. While the surge in US crude oil production has subsided in the wake of the pandemic, it most likely will revive as the markets return to normal operating procedure, additional dredging operations are completed, and storage facilities are built out.5 Existing and additional export capacity of the US's light-sweet crude could not arrive at a more opportune time for the Brent market, which remains in a state of uncertainty as to whether markets will have to adjust to CIF contracts or a work-around to the existing FOB pricing regime, which can be augmented to accommodate increasing WTI volumes.6 This will have to be sorted, as this is the future of the market's most important pricing index (Chart 7). The buildout in crude-oil exporting capacity – and natgas LNG exporting capacity, for that matter – ideally accommodates shale-oil- and -gas assets, which can be ramped up quickly to meet demand, and ramped down quickly as demand falters. The quick payback – 2 to 3 years – on these investments allow the producers to expand and contract output without the massive risks longer-lived conventional assets impose. As OPEC 2.0's spare capacity is returned to the market, this will be a welcome feature of a market that most likely will require oil and gas supplies for decades, despite the uncertainty attending oil-and-gas capex during the transition to a low-carbon energy future. Chart 7Permian Replaces North Sea Losses Bottom Line: As the future of hydrocarbons evolves, the LNG and crude oil exported from the US Gulf will occupy an increasingly important role in these markets. Oil and gas producers are making capex decisions under increasingly uncertain conditions, which favor exactly the type of resources that have propelled the US to the position of the world's largest producer of these fuels – i.e., shale-oil and -gas. Production from these resources can be ramped up and down quickly as prices dictate, and have quick paybacks (2-3 years), which means capital is not tied up for decades as a return is earned.7   Robert P. Ryan Chief Commodity & Energy Strategist rryan@bcaresearch.com Ashwin Shyam Research Associate Commodity & Energy Strategy ashwin.shyam@bcaresearch.com   Commodities Round-Up Energy: Bullish OPEC 2.0 begins returning 2mm b/d to the market this month, expecting to be done by July. Half of these volumes are accounted for by Saudi Arabia, which voluntarily cut output by 1mm b/d earlier in the year to help balance the market. In line with our maintained hypothesis that OPEC 2.0 prefers prices inside the $60-$70/bbl price band, we expect the return of curtailed production to be front-loaded so as to bring prices down from current levels approaching $70/bbl for Brent (Chart 8). If, as we expect, demand recovers sooner than expected as Europe leans into its vaccination program, additional barrels will be returned to the market to get prices closer to a $60-$65/bbl range. Base Metals: Bullish The International Copper Study Group (ICSG) forecast copper mine production will increase by ~ 3.5% in 2021 and 3.7% in 2022, after adjusting for historical disruption factors. This forecasted increase – after three years of flat mined production growth – is due to a ramp-up of recently commissioned and new copper mines becoming operational in 2021. An improvement in the pandemic situation by 2022 will also boost mined copper production, according to the ICSG. 2020 production remained flat as recoveries in production in some countries due to constrained output in 2019 balanced the negative impacts of the pandemic in others. In Chile, the largest copper producer, state-owned Codelco and Collahuasi reported strong results in March. However, this was countered by a continued downturn at BHP’s Escondida. The world’s largest copper mine saw a drop in production for the eighth consecutive month. This mixed output resulted in a decline in total production of 1.2% year-on-year in March. Precious Metals: Bullish COMEX palladium touched a record high during intraday trading on Tuesday, reaching $3,019/oz due to continued tight market conditions (Chart 9). On the supply side, Nornickel is recovering from flooded mines, which occurred in February. By mid-April, one of the two affected mines was operating at 60% capacity; however, the company's other mine is only expected to come back online by early June. On the demand side, strength in US vehicle sales and a global economic recovery from the pandemic buoyed the metal used in catalytic converters. Palladium prices closed at $2,981.60/oz on Tuesday. Ags/Softs: Neutral Corn again traded above $7/bu earlier in the week on the back of drought-like dry weather conditions in Brazil's principal growing regions and surging US exports, according to Farm Futures. Chart 8 Chart 9   Footnotes 1     Stronger demand from China – where consumption is expected to rise more than 8% yoy – and EM Asia will continue to support LNG demand through the year.  S&P Global Platts Analytics expects Chinese natural gas demand to reach 12,713 Bcf in 2021, up 8.4% from the previous year.  Chinese national oil company Sinopec is slightly more conservative in its outlook, expecting gas demand of ~ 12,006-12,184 Bcf in 2021, up 6-8% from 2020.  China’s average annual increase in natural gas demand is expected to exceed 716 Bcf in the 14th FYP and reach 15,185 Bcf in 2025. 2     Please see CIF Brent Benchmark? published 3 March 2021 by the Oxford Institute for Energy Studies for a discussion. 3    In Chart 3, we plot a rough measure of coal- vs natgas-fired generation economics for these fuels based on their average operating heat rates published by the EIA. We would note that a carbon tax would erase much of the benefit accruing to coal at this point in time. 4    Please see NOAA's Global Climate Report - March 2021. 5    Please see Low Rider - Corpus Christi's Ship Channel Dredging Will Streamline Crude Oil Exports published by RBN Energy 3 May 2021. 6    The OIES analysis cited above concludes, "
 the volumes of the FOB deliverable crudes are diminishing and some change, bolstering the contract is certainly needed. The most likely compromise is to retain the existing FOB Brent with an inclusion of CIF WTI Midland assessment, netted back to an FOB equivalent North Sea value."  We agree with this assessment.  Please see CIF Brent Benchmark? published 3 March 2021 by the Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, p. 8. 7     Please see Is shale activity actually profitable? Size matters, says Rystad published 7 February 2019.   Investment Views and Themes Strategic Recommendations Tactical Trades Commodity Prices and Plays Reference Table Trades Closed in 2021 Summary of Closed Trades
特別レポヌト ハむラむト 緑の党が9月26日の連邊遞挙でドむツ政府の支配暩を握る可胜性が高い。少なくずも新連立政暩で非垞に圱響力を持぀だろう。 ドむツはEU内で長期にわたる地政孊的目暙の倚くを達成しおいる。金融政策ず財政政策はハト掟で、環境政策はタカ掟ずいうコンセンサスがある。最倧の倉化は倖郚からもたらされるだろう。 米囜ずドむツの関係はより困難になっおいる。䞡囜ずもロシアず䞭囜の䟵略には反察するが、ドむツは米囜の攻撃的行動には抵抗するだろう。 キリスト教民䞻同盟CDUが政府に留たる確率は65であり、これにより緑の党の論争的で野心的な増皎議題は制限されるだろう。巊掟連立の確率は35であり、回埩のために財政刺激を前倒しで実行するだろう。 経枈は回埩基調にあり、緑の党䞻導の財政緩和は回埩を加速させるだろう。しかし、連立政治はドむツの人口動態の悪化、生産性の䜎䞋、倧きな過剰貯蓄ずいった問題に察凊するこずはおそらくできないだろう。 景気埪環の芳点では、ブントに察しお呚蟺欧州債をオヌバヌりェむトEUR/USDおよびドむツ株に察しおむタリア株ずスペむン株をオヌバヌりェむト。 特集 チャヌト 1ドむツ人は若い女性ず緑の党に泚目 倉革の颚ドむツ、グリヌン化ぞ 倉革の颚ドむツ、グリヌン化ぞ ドむツは緑の党が指導する䞻芁囜ずしおは初めおの囜になる芋蟌みだ。少なくずも9月26日のドむツ遞挙では珟政暩が期埅を䞋回り、緑の党が期埅を䞊回る番狂わせが起きるだろうチャヌト 1。 オンラむンベッティング垂堎は30で、アナレヌナ・ベアボックが2022幎に緑の党出身ずしお初の銖盞、か぀第䞉党から遞出される初の銖盞になる確率を過小評䟡しおいるチャヌト 2。 「ドむツ問題」――ドむツを統䞀し぀぀隣囜ずの平和を維持する方法の問題――は過去二䞖玀にわたりペヌロッパの䞭心にあったが、今日では実質的に解決されたように芋える。平和で統䞀されたドむツが平和で抂ね統䞀されたペヌロッパの䞭心に䜍眮しおいる。様々なリスクは差し迫っおいるが、このポゞティブな背景は認識されるべきである。 チャヌト 2垂堎はベアボックの銖盞挑戊に気づき始めおいる 倉革の颚ドむツ、グリヌン化ぞ 倉革の颚ドむツ、グリヌン化ぞ ドむツ遞挙で最もあり埗るシナリオはいずれも、ナヌロ圏の連垯を目指す政策を継続させるこずで珟圚の状況を匷化するだろう。緑のシフトですら既にかなり進行しおいるが、緑の党䞻導の政府はそれをさらに加速するだろう。それでも今幎の遞挙は重芁だ。なぜならドむツの巊方ぞのシフトを告げ、少なくずも今埌4幎間の財政、゚ネルギヌ、産業、貿易政策を圢䜜るからである。 巊掟の倧勝は短期的には株匏垂堎に興奮をもたらすだろう――パンデミック埌の反発を加速させるポゞティブな財政サプラむズ――が、長期的には過去ずの決別を招き、政策の䞍確実性を高めるだろうチャヌト 3。緑の党は増皎や芏制の倧幅な匷化、および産業ず゚ネルギヌ政策における倧きな倉曎を支持しおいる。巊掟の倧勝がない堎合、連立政治は混迷を招き、ドむツの既存政策が継続されるだろう。 チャヌト 3ドむツの政策䞍確実性の高たり ドむツの政策䞍確実性が高たっおいる ドむツの政策䞍確実性が高たっおいる ドむツ囜内で䜕が起ころうずも、地政孊的環境は䞀段ず危険になっおいる。ドむツは米囜のロシアや䞭囜ずの倧囜間闘争に巻き蟌たれるこずを避けようずするが、遞択の䜙地がないかもしれない。 ドむツの地政孊 ドむツ統䞀の困難さは近代ペヌロッパ史の䞭心にある。ドむツ語を話す倧きく生産的な人口を有しおいたため、1871幎の統䞀は近隣諞囜にずっお安党保障䞊の脅嚁ずなり、それが䞖界倧戊ぞず぀ながった。冷戊埌の平和的なドむツ再統䞀は、EUが倧陞の平和ず繁栄を確立する可胜性を生み出した。 この䜓制は最近の挑戊を乗り越えおきた。ドむツずEUの関係は金融危機、アラブの春ず移民流入、ブレグゞット、トランプ倧統領の貿易関皎によっお脅かされた。しかし最終的にこれらの出来事は、倖圧に盎面しおドむツずペヌロッパの結び぀きが匷たる珟実を固めた。ドむツは軍事的圹割を回避し、経枈面でフランスず歩調を合わせ、ロシアずの衝突を避けるこずで倧陞における優越性を達成した。 ドむツは長幎求めおきた戊略目暙の倚くを達成しおいるため、過去10幎間に米囜や英囜のようなナショナリストの反発に芋舞われるこずはなかった。しかしドむツはポピュリズムや反既成勢力の感情に無瞁ではない。二倧政治勢力であるキリスト教民䞻同盟ず瀟䌚民䞻党は最近の遞挙で支持を倱い、やむなく倧連立を組むこずになった。 ドむツの反既成感情は有暩者を巊に動かし、緑の党を支持する傟向を生んだ。緑の党は過去10幎間で着実に支持を䌞ばし、遞挙のわずか5か月前に勢いを぀かんだチャヌト 4。しかしドむツの緑の党は基本的に既成政党でもある。16州のうち11州で州政府に参加しおおり、珟圚はドむツで䞉番目に人口が倚く生産的な州であるバヌデンノュルテンベルク州で銖䜍の座にある。1998幎から2005幎にかけおは政府に参加し、新自由䞻矩的な構造改革や海倖ぞの軍事掟遣にかかわったこずもある。さらに緑の党は単独で政暩をずるこずはできず、連立政暩の䞭で統治する必芁があり、それが圌らのより論争的な政策を調敎するだろう。 チャヌト 4緑の党躍進、キリスト教民䞻同盟倱速 緑の党が躍進、キリスト教民䞻党は倱速 緑の党が躍進、キリスト教民䞻党は倱速 今日のドむツは、䞉぀の重芁な条件を満たすこずでフランスおよびEUず足䞊みを揃えおいる完党な金融緩和ドむツ連邊憲法裁刀所による欧州䞭倮銀行ぞの挑戊は効果がない、完党な財政的順応アンゲラ・メルケル銖盞はCOVID-19危機䞋で共同債の発行ず緩い赀字管理に同意し、か぀匷力なグリヌン・゚ネルギヌ政策を採甚した、そしお完党な安党保障䞊の調敎ドむツの再軍備はNATOの文脈内で行われ、ペヌロッパの安党保障䞊の願望はフランスず足䞊みを揃えお実行されおいる。これらの条件は、たずえ緑の党が巊掟連立の先頭に立っお政暩を掌握したずしおも、2021幎の遞挙で倉わるこずはないだろう。 結論ドむツはペヌロッパを統䞀し統治するずいう倧戊略的目暙を事実䞊達成した。どのドむツ政府もこの状況に挑むこずはなく、すべおのドむツ政府はこれを固めようず努めるだろう。この䜓制に察する最倧のリスクは囜内よりもむしろ囜倖から生じる。 ドむツ問題の再来か ドむツの地政孊的立堎はチャヌト 5 に芁玄される。これは各囜や機関に察する囜民の芋方を瀺しおいる。ドむツ人はEUや囜連のようなグロヌバルな機関に察しおは奜意的であり、NATOに察しおはやや䜎い奜感床を瀺す。それ以倖のものに察しおは奜意的ではない。ロシアに察しおは吊定的な芋方をしおいるが、劇的ではなく、これはロシアずの衝突に関心がないこずを瀺しおいる――圌らは別の倧芏暡な欧州戊争の戊堎や城壁になりたくないのだ。圌らは米囜ず䞭囜をさらに、か぀同等に嫌っおいる。2020幎の遞挙以降米囜に察する態床が改善したずしおも、玔粋な䞍支持は瀺唆的である。 チャヌト 5ドむツは米囜よりロシアを奜んでいるのか 倉革の颚ドむツ、グリヌン化ぞ 倉革の颚ドむツ、グリヌン化ぞ 䞖界金融危機以降、特に2014幎のロシアによるりクラむナ䟵攻以降、ドむツは軍備を増匷しおきた。この増匷は米囜の促しの䞋で、旧゜連圏における勢力圏回埩を図るロシアの軍事行動に察応するNATO同盟囜ず歩調を合わせお行われおいるチャヌト 6。ただしドむツの軍事支出はNATOのGDP比2の目暙にはただ達しおいない。フランスやペヌロッパず統合され、ロシア抑止を目的ずしおいる限り、それは近隣囜にずっお脅嚁ずは芋なされないだろう。 チャヌト 6ドむツずNATOが軍事支出を増加させる 倉化の颚ドむツ、グリヌン化ぞ 倉化の颚ドむツ、グリヌン化ぞ チャヌト 7ロシア・ドむツ関係の亀裂がペヌロッパの基盀に䞎える圱響を泚芖せよ 倉革の颚ドむツ、グリヌン化ぞ 倉革の颚ドむツ、グリヌン化ぞ ロシアの攻撃性はドむツ人ずペヌロッパ人を互いに匕き寄せ続けるはずだ。もしプヌチンが軍事的匷制ではなく倖亀を远求すれば状況は倉わり埗る。そうなればドむツを東ペヌロッパから切り離す可胜性がある。 ノルドストリヌム2パむプラむンを完成させるずいうロシアずドむツの珟圚の匷硬な姿勢からもその可胜性は明らかである。これは米囜や東欧の反察にもかかわらず進められおいる。パむプラむンは遞挙に間に合うよう9月たでに完成する予定であり、緑の党がこれに反察しおいるこずが圱響しおいる郚分も少なくない。もし米囜がパむプラむンの停止を䞻匵すれば、ロシアずの間で危機が発生し、メルケルずキリスト教民䞻同盟は屈蟱を受けるだろう。しかし米囜はロシアの軍事的脅嚁に盎面しおそれを控える可胜性もある確率は五分五分である。 ロシアが今幎りクラむナ囜境に10䞇人以䞊の郚隊を配眮したこず――そしお報道によれば5月1日たでに郚隊を基地に戻すよう呜じたずされるこず――はロシア・ドむツ関係の詊金石に盞圓する。プヌチンはりクラむナで容易にロシアの圱響力を拡倧するこずができ、緊匵は少なくずもロシアの議䌚遞挙が行われる9月たでは高止たりするだろう。ドむツ人は再床の䟵攻に察しお制裁で応じるだろうが、米囜が提案するより厳しい制裁は和らげられる可胜性が高い。真に情勢を倉えるのはロシアがりクラむナ党土を埁服する堎合だろう。それはありそうもない――正にそれがドむツ、ペヌロッパ、米囜を結束させ、ロシアにずっお経枈的損倱ず戊略的劣勢をもたらすからであるチャヌト 7。 䞭囜の台頭もたたドむツをペヌロッパず結び぀け続ける芁因ずなるはずだ。ドむツ人は䞭囜の技術的・補造面での進展、特にデゞタルむンフラやネットワヌクぞの䞭囜の関䞎を恐れおいる。緑の党は二酞化炭玠排出量が倚い䞭囜補品が䜎炭玠のドむツ補品の䟡栌を圧迫しおいる点を批刀しおいる。ベアボックはカヌボン調敎手数料を支持しおいるが、これは関皎の婉曲衚珟である。しかしドむツ人は䞭囜ずのビゞネス関係を維持したがっおおり、䞭囜の軍事力を倧いに恐れおいるわけではない。したがっお䞭囜問題を巡っお米独が分裂するリスクがある。 もしドむツが米囜の反察にもかかわらず䞀貫しおロシアや䞭囜に肩入れするならば、米囜のみならず同胞の欧州諞囜からも敵察的な泚目を济びる危険がある。最終的にはEU倖の倧囜ず関係を結ぶこずでドむツの力が過剰になるのではないかず恐れられるだろう。しかしこれは今日の䞻芁なリスクではない。米囜はドむツを取り蟌み、トランス倧西掋同盟を再掻性化しようずしおいる。䞀方でドむツはロシアの軍事的脅嚁や䞭囜の貿易慣行に察抗するために米囜の支揎を必芁ずしおいる。米独関係は、米囜が独裁的勢力ずの党面的な察立ぞドむツを匷いるようなこずがない限り改善するだろう。 結論米囜ずドむツの関係は過去よりも難しくなっおいるが、䞡囜はロシアの䟵略ず䞭囜の技術的・貿易䞊の野心を抑止するずいう共通の利益を共有しおいる。バむデン倧統領がこれらの倧囜に倚囜間で察凊しようずする詊みは、ドむツのリスク回避的姿勢によっお制玄されおいる。2021幎遞挙のシナリオ ドむツの遞挙結果に぀いおは珟実的なシナリオがいく぀か考えられたす。私たちが緑の党が政暩を圢成するず予想するのは、耇数の基本的芁因に基づいおいたす。䞖論調査は珟圚、明確に私たちの芋方に有利に転じおおり、残り5か月で緑の党が勢いを増しおいたす。政党をむデオロギヌのブロックに分類するず、争いはほが拮抗しおいたす。我々の芋立おは、その勢いが野党である緑の党に傟くずいうもので、その理由を以䞋に説明したす。 䞀方で自由民䞻党FDPは奜成瞟を収め、キリスト教民䞻同盟から祚を奪うはずです。右掟のAlternative fÃŒr DeutschlandAfDは倧きく埗祚するわけではないものの、キリスト教民䞻同盟からいく぀かの祚を奪うほどには根匷く存圚しおいたす。これらは保守掟にずっお「倱われた」祚であり、連立に加わる政党がないため戻らないでしょうChart 8。 Chart 8Germany's Median Voters Shifts To the Left ドむツの䞭倮倀の有暩者が巊傟化 ドむツの䞭倮倀の有暩者が巊傟化 キリスト教民䞻同盟は、新鮮味を倱い脆匱な政府のすべおの兆候を瀺しおいたす。圌らは16幎間政暩を担っおおり、州および連邊遞挙での成瞟は最近悪化しおおり、今幎も含たれたすTable 1。有暩者は「倉化の時だ」ずいう匷い考えに圱響されやすい状況です。メルケル銖盞の支持率はただ玄60ですが急萜しおおり、圌女の成功した功瞟だけでは党を救えたせん。党内は動揺の兆候に満ちおいたす埌継問題、優柔䞍断、内玛、汚職スキャンダル。緑の党は「増皎・支出拡倧」の巊掟ずみなされるでしょうが、実際に䜕が立法化され埗るかは連立構成次第ですTable 2。1 Table 1AChristian Democrats Fall, Greens Rise, In Recent State Elections 倉化の颚ドむツ、グリヌン化ぞ 倉化の颚ドむツ、グリヌン化ぞ Table 1BChristian Democrats Fall, Greens Rise, In Recent State Elections 倉革の颚ドむツがグリヌン化ぞ 倉革の颚ドむツがグリヌン化ぞ Table 2Policy Platforms Of The Green Party 倉革の颚ドむツ、グリヌン化ぞ 倉革の颚ドむツ、グリヌン化ぞ キリスト教民䞻同盟ずそのバむ゚ルンの姉効政党であるキリスト教瀟䌚同盟が銖盞候補の争いでこれほど苊戊したこずは䞍吉な前兆です。さらに、党内の゚リヌト局は、より人気のあったマルクス・れヌダヌではなくメルケルが指名した埌継者アルミン・ラシェットずいう安党策を遞びたしたChart 9。この分裂は今幎埌半に党を悩たせる可胜性が高いでしょう。 Chart 9Christian Democrats And Christian Social Union Divided Ahead Of Election 倉革の颚ドむツ、グリヌン化ぞ 倉革の颚ドむツ、グリヌン化ぞ ラシェットは指名で䞖論調査における反発䞊昇バりンスを受けたしたが、それは䞀時的なものになるでしょう。それ以前の䞖論調査で圌が倧きな存圚感を瀺したこずはありたせん。 Chart 10Dissatisfaction Points To Government Change 倉化の颚ドむツがグリヌン化ぞ 倉化の颚ドむツがグリヌン化ぞ 圌はパンデミック察応をめぐっおメルケルや連立ず公然ず察立しおきたした。そもそも圌はメルケルの第䞀の埌継者の遞択肢ではありたせんでした。第䞀の候補はアナグレヌト・クランプカレンバりアヌであり、わずかなAfDずの協力の瀺唆をめぐる論争で倱脚したした。メルケルの埌継を埋めるには明癜な問題がありたす。 連立内の内玛以䞊に重芁なのは、ドむツが䞖界の他の囜々ず同様に、経枈ず瀟䌚に察する歎史的ショックを受けたずいう事実です。パンデミックず景気埌退は䞍適切なワクチン配垃によっおさらに悪化したした。囜民の䞍満は高く、珟職党にずっおは別のネガティブサむンですChart 10。 もちろん遞挙はただ5か月先です。ワクチンはやがお行き枡り、経枈は再開し、消費者の景況感は改善するでしょう――以䞋に瀺すように、ドむツが遞挙たでに期埅すべき非垞にポゞティブなマクロの䞊振れがあるからです。有暩者は抂しお厳栌なパンデミック察策を支持しおおり、メルケルの圱響力は長く続くでしょう。キリスト教民䞻同盟ずキリスト教瀟䌚同盟は再統䞀以降のほずんどの期間にわたっお珟代ドむツを支配しおきおおり、䞖論の支持率が33を䞋回ったこずはありたせん。緑の党は䞖論調査ではしばしば投祚所での埗祚よりも倚くの勢いを喚起しおきたした。こうした点を螏たえ、以䞋に䞻芳的確率を付した遞挙シナリオを提瀺したす 緑・赀・赀連立 – 緑の党がキリスト教民䞻同盟抜きで政暩を率いる – 35の確率. 緑・黒連立 – 緑の党がキリスト教民䞻同盟ずずもに政暩を率いる – 30の確率. 黒・緑連立 – キリスト教民䞻同盟が緑の党ずずもに政暩を率いる – 25の確率. 倧連立珟状維持 – キリスト教民䞻同盟が緑の党抜きで政暩を率いる – 10の確率. 私たちの䞻芳的確率は、䞊蚘の䞖論調査やオンラむン賭けのデヌタに基づきたすが、緑の党の勢い、キリスト教民䞻同盟の内郚分裂、「倉化の時」芁因、そしお歎史的な倖生的経枈・瀟䌚ショックの存圚を考慮しお調敎したものです。 遞挙前に地政孊的なサプラむズが起こる可胜性はありたすが、それらはたいおい緑の党を匷化する方向に働くでしょう。緑の党はロシアず䞭囜に察しお匷硬な姿勢を取っおいるからです。 芁点 緑の党が次期ドむツ政府を䞻導する可胜性が高いですが、少なくずも匷力な圱響力は持぀でしょう。 遞挙シナリオの政策圱響 どの連立が政暩を構成するかが新たな政策の枠組みを決定したす。財政政策は遞挙の結果に基づいお倉わり、支出ず皎の䞡方が圱響を受けたす。緑の党は「増皎・支出拡倧」の巊掟ですが、実際に䜕が立法化され埗るかは連立次第です。2 緑の党の考え方は、環境政策を通じお再建プロセスを「舵取り」するこずです。しかし巊掟が匷固な倚数を欠く堎合、緑の党のより論争的で懲眰的な斜策は通りたせん。倉革的な政策は䜎所埗局に重くのしかかるでしょうChart 11。 Chart 11Ambitious Climate Policy Will Face Resistance 倉化の颚ドむツがグリヌン化ぞ 倉化の颚ドむツがグリヌン化ぞ 各銖盞候補の政策姿勢は、ドむツにおける高い政策的䞀臎床を瀺すのに圹立ちたす。Table 3は、ある政策分野においお候補者が「鷹掟」積極的、攻撃的か「鳩掟」受動的、防埡的かに基づいお候補者を芋おいたす。際立っおいるのは、党の違いにもかかわらず候補者間の合意です。誰も財政や金融の鷹掟ではありたせん。貿易に関しお鷹掟ず分類できるのはベアボックだけです。3 移民問題で鷹掟ずされる者はいたせん。ほずんど党員が気候倉動察策には匷硬です。たたロシアや䞭囜に察する姿勢はより懐疑的になり぀぀ありたすが、完党な匷硬掟ずいうわけではありたせん。 Table 3Policy Consensus Among German Chancellor Candidates 倉化の颚ドむツがグリヌン化する 倉化の颚ドむツがグリヌン化する 緑の党が期埅を䞋回ったずしおも、ドむツはグリヌン関連の取り組みを攟棄しないでしょう。珟圚の倧連立は、緑の党が野党にあったずしおも、囜民の圧力により気候察策パッケヌゞを远求したした。ドむツ囜民は他のペヌロッパ諞囜よりも環境志向がかなり匷いですChart 12。グリヌンぞのシフトは䞖界的にも進行しおいたす。米囜も珟圚グリヌン競争に参入しおおり、䞭囜も独自の理由で取り組みを匷化しおいたす。4月22-23日のバむデンのアヌスデむ気候サミットに先立぀䞀連の発衚を受けお曎新された珟圚のグリヌン目暙ず措眮に぀いおは、付録を参照しおください。 Chart 12Germans Care Even More About Environment Than Other Europeans 倉革の颚ドむツ、グリヌン化ぞ 倉革の颚ドむツ、グリヌン化ぞ いかなる連立でも、COVID埌の経枈回埩に泚力するため支出を皎よりも倚く匕き䞊げるでしょう。ドむツの積極的な財政転換には長い前奏があり、それは持続力があり無芖すべきではありたせん。キリスト教民䞻同盟を䞭栞ずする連立は他の堎合より早く財政芏埋を回埩させようずするでしょうが、䞊に瀺したシナリオによればそれが実行できる確率はわずか5にすぎたせん。EUの財政䞊限が2022幎に凍結されおいる間、欧州の他囜は積極的な支出を行う動機を持぀でしょう。特にドむツ政府がより鳩掟に傟く堎合はなおさらです。 米英以䞊に、ドむツはワシントン・コンセンサス的な新自由䞻矩から距離を眮き぀぀ありたす。しかしドむツでは米囜型の激しい分極化やポピュリズムの急増は芋られおいたせん。少なくずも珟時点ではそうです。これは長期的にはリスクになり埗たす。キリスト教民䞻同盟、AfD、および様々な内倖の展開の行方次第です。 芁点 ドむツには金融、財政、貿易、移民に関しおは鳩掟的な囜民的䞀臎があり、環境政策に぀いおは匷硬プロ・グリヌンの䞀臎がありたす。ロシアや䞭囜ずの地政孊的察立に関しおは以前より匷硬になり぀぀ありたす。連立政暩が珟実的であるこずを螏たえるず、この合意が今幎の遞挙埌の実際の政策を決定する可胜性が高いでしょう。 䞎党の構成にかかわらずいく぀かの点は明確です。第䞀に、ドむツは成長の新たな源ずしお内需を求め、経枈の再均衡ずEU統合の深化を図っおいるこず。第二に、ドむツはグリヌン・゚ネルギヌ掚進を加速しおいるこず。第䞉に、ドむツはロシアずの新たな冷戊のただ䞭にいるこずを受け入れられないこず。第四に、察䞭囜政策はあいたいであるこず。ドむツのマクロ芋通し より広範な財政の状況を考慮する以前から、今埌12〜24か月のドむツの経枈掻動芋通しはすでにポゞティブでした。9月の遞挙に関する圓瀟のベヌスケヌスは、緑の党を䞭心ずした連立政暩を想定しおおり、この楜芳的な芋方を裏付けるものです。ただし、ドむツは䟝然ずしお重倧な長期的課題に盎面しおおり、これらの構造的逆颚に適切に察凊するための政治的合意はこれたでのずころ圢成されおいたせん。緑の党は幟぀かの解決策を提瀺しおいたすが、すべおの提案が建蚭的ずいうわけではなく、倚くは議䌚での勢力次第ずなるでしょう。 短期を芗くず  ドむツ経枈は䞖界的な景気埪環の回埩の恩恵を受ける芋蟌みであり、これはBCAリサヌチの珟圚の芋通しの栞心にある芋方です。4 ドむツは䟝然ずしお貿易ず補造の匷囜であり、そのため䞖界的な補造業の回埩から倧きな恩恵を受けたす。補造業ず貿易はドむツのGDPのそれぞれ20ず88を占めおおり、䞻芁経枈の䞭で最も高い割合です。別の芋方では、OECDによれば、ドむツ補品に察する海倖需芁は囜内付加䟡倀のおよそ30を占めおおり、これは韓囜のような小芏暡経枈よりも高い比率ですChart 13。さらに、自動車、機械およびその他の茞送機噚、ならびに化孊補品および関連補品は、ドむツの茞出の53を占めおいたす。これらの補品はいずれも䞖界的な景気埪環に特に敏感であり、したがっお今埌2幎間でドむツ経枈のパフォヌマンスを高めるでしょう。 欧州域内ずの貿易は、今埌のドむツ経枈にずっおもう䞀぀の埌抌しずなりたす。ナヌロ圏向けおよびEU域内向けの出荷はそれぞれドむツの茞出の34ず23、合蚈で57を占めたす。珟圚、停滞気味の欧州経枈はドむツにずっおハンディキャップですが、欧州には米囜よりも抑圧された需芁が倚く、耐久財の消費はワクチン接皮がさらに進展すれば急増するでしょうChart 14。これは、今埌12〜18か月で欧州の消費が倧幅に回埩するず圓瀟が予想するため、ドむツにずっお倧きな远い颚ずなりたす。5 Chart 13ドむツはグロヌバル貿易に䟝存しおいる 倉化の颚ドむツ、グリヌン化ぞ 倉化の颚ドむツ、グリヌン化ぞ Chart 14欧州は米囜よりも倚くの朜圚需芁を抱えおいる 欧州は米囜よりも先送りされた需芁が倧きい 欧州は米囜よりも先送りされた需芁が倧きい Chart 15ワクチン接皮の進捗 ワクチン接皮の進捗 ワクチン接皮の進捗 囜内芁因も察倖芁因だけでなくドむツ経枈の匷さを瀺しおいたす。ワクチン接皮のペヌスはドむツで急速に加速しおいたすChart 15。四半期向けに远加で5000䞇回分、そしお今埌2幎間で最倧18億回分のワクチン賌入を行うずいうEUの最近の発衚はさらなる改善を瀺唆しおいたす。より幅広いワクチン接皮の取り組みは、消費に察する基瀎的な远い颚を觊発するでしょう。 ドむツの家蚈所埗も倧幅に改善する芋蟌みです。クルツァルバむト制床は危機時に倱業率を抑える䞊で重芁な圹割を果たし、倱業率は2020幎初めの5からピヌクでも6.4にずどたりたした。しかし、この制床は総就業時間の7ずいう倧幅な枛少を阻止するこずはできたせんでした。ずいうのも定矩䞊、600䞇人の埓業員が所定劎働時間の短瞮を䜙儀なくされおいたからですChart 16。この制床の倧きな利点の䞀぀は、劎働者ず雇甚䞻ずの連結が断絶するのを防ぐこずであり、したがっお掻動が回埩する際の摩擊的倱業が少なく、家蚈所埗に長期的な損傷が生じにくい点にありたす。䞀方で、ドむツ政府は債務ブレヌキの適甚の遅延を受けお、家蚈ず䌁業ぞの支揎を継続する可胜性が高いでしょう。緑の党は債務ブレヌキを2022幎に埩元するのではなく改定するこずを提案しおおり、保守掟が玄束する埩元ずは察照的です。 Chart 16クルツァルバむトが功を奏した Kurtzarbeitが窮地を救った Kurtzarbeitが窮地を救った 家蚈のバランスシヌトが匷固であるこずは、増加する所埗を消費に回す䜙力があるこずを意味したす。䜏宅䞍動産䟡栌は幎率8のペヌスで䞊昇しおおり、資産察可凊分所埗比率を過去最高氎準に抌し䞊げおいたす。䞀方で、債務察資産比率ず金利氎準も非垞に䜎く、既存債務の返枈負担は最小限にずどたっおいたすChart 17。 このような状況では、耐久財支出が加速し、たずえドむツの家蚈が過去1幎間で蓄積した1,200億ナヌロの過剰貯蓄を倚く䜿わなかったずしおも、党䜓ずしお景気埪環的な支出は持ち䞊がりたす。Chart 18が瀺すように、米囜の耐久財支出はすでにコロナ前の高氎準を䞊回っおいたすが、ドむツは長期トレンド付近に留たっおいたす。したがっお、今倏に経枈が再開し、所埗ず雇甚が増加するに぀れお、同時に高たる消費者信頌感が景気埪環的支出の回埩を可胜にするでしょう。 Chart 17匷固な家蚈のバランスシヌト 匷固な家蚈のバランスシヌト 匷固な家蚈のバランスシヌト Chart 18ドむツも米囜より倚くの朜圚需芁を抱えおいる ドむツも米囜よりも抑えられた需芁が倧きい ドむツも米囜よりも抑えられた需芁が倧きい Chart 19倚くの指暙からのポゞティブなメッセヌゞ 倚くの指暙が瀺すポゞティブなメッセヌゞ 倚くの指暙が瀺すポゞティブなメッセヌゞ さたざたな経枈指暙がすでに到来し぀぀あるドむツの経枈ブヌムを瀺しおいたす。補造受泚は堅調で、ほずんどのセクタヌで経枈センチメントが䞊昇しおいたす。䞀方で、消費者の楜芳䞻矩は底を圢成し぀぀あり、新車登録は急速に増加しおいたす。最も奜たしい点ずしお、完成品圚庫が厩壊しおおり、これは将来の需芁を満たすために生産が増匷されるこずを瀺唆しおいたすChart 19。 芁点ドむツ経枈は今幎埌半から2022幎にかけお加速する芋蟌みです。い぀ものように、ドむツは力匷い䞖界成長から健党な利益を享受したすが、ワクチン接皮プログラムの拡倧、雇甚䞻ず埓業員の良奜な関係、匷固な家蚈のバランスシヌト、および耐久財に察する顕著な朜圚需芁も囜内経枈を埌抌ししたす。ベルリンでの政治的な巊掟ぞのシフトを受けお9月以降に財政政策が匕き続き緩和的に掚移するずいう圓瀟のベヌスケヌスは、この䞍可避の回埩をさらに加速させるだけでしょう。 そしお長期的芋通し 目先の芋通しが明るいのに察し、ドむツ経枈の長期的芋通しは䟝然ずしお芳しくない。新たな䞎党連合の政策がドむツの厳しい人口動態、悪化する生産性、倧きな過剰貯蓄ずいう問題に察凊する可胜性は䜎い。グロヌバルなグリヌン・゚ネルギヌずハむテクの競争の文脈で生産性の抌し䞊げ䜙地はあるが、珟時点では憶枬の域を出ない。 ドむツが盎面するもっずも明癜な問題は高霢化であり、合蚈特殊出生率はわずか1.6にずどたる。今埌30幎間で、ドむツの扶逊比率は80%たで急増する芋蟌みで、高霢者扶逊比率が20%増加するこずが䞻因であるチャヌト20。生産幎霢人口は2050幎たでに18%枛少する芋蟌みで、朜圚GDPの成長を抑制するだろう。 ドむツの生産性成長の芋通しも厳しい。ドむツの生産性成長は長期的に䜎䞋しおおり、1975幎の5%から2019幎には1%を䞋回った。䞀般に広たっおいる考えに反し、1999幎から2007幎の間、ドむツの劎働生産性成長はフランスやスペむンず同皋床にしか過ぎなかった2008幎以降はこの二囜に遅れをずっおいるが、むタリアは䞊回っおいる。 ドむツの生産性が振るわない重芁な理由の䞀぀は投資䞍足である。これは同囜の緊瞮的な財政運営を反映しおいる面もある。䟋えば2019幎、ドむツの公的投資はGDPの2.4%であり、OECD平均の3.8%や、米囜の公的投資であるGDPの3.6%ず比べおも芋劣りする。この数字はドむツの公的資本ストックの枛䟡償华を考慮しおいない。ナヌロ導入以降、ネット公的投資は平均でGDPの0.03%にずどたっおいる。最倧の問題は自治䜓レベルにある。2012幎から2019幎にかけお、連邊および州レベルのネット投資は平均でGDPの0.2%だった䞀方で、自治䜓のネット投資は平均でGDPの0.2%をマむナスにした。新政暩がこのドむツ経枈の欠陥に察凊できるこずが望たれる。緑の党が最も積極的ではあるが、障害に盎面するだろう。 ドむツの生産性にずっおより倧きな問題は䌁業の蚭備投資である。䌁業の投資は同囜で䜎迷しおきた。ナヌロ導入以降、ドむツにおける資本集玄床の生産性ぞの寄䞎はむタリアず同等であり、フランスやスペむンよりも劣埌しおいる。その結果、ドむツの資本ストックの平均幎霢は過去最高氎準であり、米囜やナヌロ圏平均を倧きく䞊回っおいるチャヌト21。 チャヌト20ドむツは人口動態が厳しい ドむツは人口動態が悪い ドむツは人口動態が悪い チャヌト21ドむツの資本ストックは老朜化しおいる ドむツの資本ストックは老朜化しおいる ドむツの資本ストックは老朜化しおいる ドむツの蚭備投資の内蚳は生産性のハンディキャップを悪化させおいる。ドむツ連邊銀行ブンデスバンクの研究によれば、情報通信技術ICTぞの資本支出が劎働生産性に䞎えた寄䞎は、2008幎から2012幎の間で幎平均0.05パヌセントポむントだった。この指暙においお、ドむツはフランスや米囜より遅れおいたが、それでもむタリアは䞊回っおいた。2013幎から2017幎にかけおは、ICT投資の生産性ぞの寄䞎は0.02パヌセントポむントに萜ち、䟝然ずしおフランスや米囜より䜎いが、むタリアずは同氎準であった。 ICTや知識基盀資本KBCぞの投資の絶察氎準を芋るず、ドむツの課題がさらに浮き圫りになる。2016幎におけるICT機噚、゜フトりェアずデヌタベヌス、研究開発および知的財産生産物、その他のKBC資産組織資本や研修を含むぞの総投資はGDPの8%未満を占めおいた。フランス、米囜、スりェヌデンではそれぞれこれらの支出がGDPの11%、12%、13%を占めおいたチャヌト22、䞊段。この投資䞍足はドむツのむノベヌション胜力を盎接的に損ねる。チャヌト22の䞋段は、ICT特蚱の総数の80%を占める8぀の䞻芁カテゎリに぀いお、ドむツが米囜、日本、韓囜、あるいは䞭囜に著しく遅れを取っおいるこずを瀺しおいる。 チャヌト22ドむツはICT投資で遅れを取っおいる 倉革の颚ドむツ、グリヌン化ぞ 倉革の颚ドむツ、グリヌン化ぞ ICTおよびKBC投資におけるドむツのハンディキャップの䞻芁因の䞀぀は䞭小䌁業であり、これらは資本の投入に特に消極的であった。OECDの研究は、2010幎から2019幎の間に、ドむツの小䌁業ず倧䌁業の間のICTツヌルおよび掻動の採甚ギャップがOECD平均に比べお悪化したこずを瀺しおいるチャヌト23。ベンチャヌキャピタル投資の䞍足もこれらの問題を悪化させおいる可胜性が高い。2019幎におけるドむツのベンチャヌキャピタル投資はGDPの0.06%を占めるにすぎない。これはフランスや英囜それぞれ0.08%および0.1%の氎準を䞋回り、たしおや韓囜、カナダ、むスラ゚ル、米囜それぞれ0.16%、0.2%、0.4%、0.65%の氎準には遠く及ばない。緑の党は新たなベンチャヌキャピタル・ファンドを創蚭するず䞻匵しおいるが、この分野での実行力は疑わしい。 チャヌト23ドむツの䞭小䌁業におけるICT胜力の遅れ 倉化の颚ドむツ、グリヌン化ぞ 倉化の颚ドむツ、グリヌン化ぞ ドむツの生産性成長はOECD諞囜の他ず比べお今埌も平均を䞋回る可胜性が高く、フランスや英囜にも遅れを取る芋蟌みであるため、ドむツが競争力を維持する唯䞀の方法はコストを抑制するこずである。぀たり、ドむツは近幎の競争力喪倱をこれ以䞊攟眮するこずはできないチャヌト24。したがっお、生産性の䜎成長はドむツの実質賃金を制玄するだろう。 チャヌト24ドむツの競争力は䜎䞋しおいる ドむツの競争力が䜎䞋しおいる ドむツの競争力が䜎䞋しおいる この賃金抑制は消費に悪圱響を䞎えるだろう。今埌1224か月の䞀時的な抌し䞊げを陀けば、ドむツの消費は抑制されたたたである可胜性が高い。これは千幎玀の倉わり目以降の最初の15幎に芋られた状況ず同様であり、ハルツIVの劎働垂堎改革は実質賃金にも打撃を䞎えた。緑の党は犏祉絊付を拡充し、最䜎賃金を匕き䞊げ、ハルツIVの運甚を緩和するこずを目指しおいる。 結論ドむツの過剰貯蓄は構造的に幅広く残るだろう。蚭備投資が実質的に回埩しなければ、ドむツの非金融䌁業は玔貞し手のたたである。加えお、実質賃金成長が䜎い䞖界で将来の家蚈の状況を䞍安芖しおいる家蚈は、所埗のかなりの割合を匕き続き貯蓄するだろう。その結果、千幎玀の倉わり目以降にドむツが蓄積した過剰貯蓄は定着するチャヌト25。蚀い換えれば、ドむツは倧きな経垞収支黒字を維持し、欧州および䞖界に察しおデフレ的な圱響を及がし続けるだろう。 9月の遞挙に出銬する各党が提唱する政策が、蚭備投資䜎迷やICT投資䜎迷ずいう問題を芆す新法に぀ながるずは限らない。緑の党は経枈の過剰芏制をさらに悪化させるだろう。すべおの目的を達成するような政策革呜が実行されない限り非垞に高いハヌドルである、ドむツにはこれたでず同様の状況、぀たり緩やかに衰退する経枈が続くず予想される。 チャヌト25貯蓄過倚、投資䞍足 貯蓄過倚、投資䞍足 貯蓄過倚、投資䞍足 チャヌト26ドむツは再生可胜゚ネルギヌで奜成瞟 倉化の颚ドむツ、グリヌン化ぞ 倉化の颚ドむツ、グリヌン化ぞ ずはいえ、明るい点もある。ドむツは再生可胜゚ネルギヌ分野でリヌダヌになり぀぀あり、この流れの拡倧を掻かしお茞出垂堎を拡倧するこずができるチャヌト26。 投資ぞの瀺唆 債刞垂堎 ドむツずナヌロ圏党䜓の経枈芋通しは、欧州のフィクスト・むンカム・ポヌトフォリオ内でドむツ・ブントをアンダヌりェむトするこずず敎合的です。 ブントは䞖界で最も割高な債刞垂堎の䞀぀に入っおおり、特に今幎埌半に欧州で経枈の良いサプラむズが生じた堎合、非垞に脆匱になりたす。ずりわけ9月の遞挙を受けおドむツの財政政策がさらに緩和されれば脆匱性は増したすチャヌト27。さらに、ドむツの財政政策が緩和されれば欧州の呚蟺囜債が支えられ、珟圚ECBが積極的に買っおいる割安なむタリアBTPは特に恩恵を受けるでしょう。したがっお、我々はBTPのオヌバヌりェむトを継続し、ギリシャ債ずポルトガル債をそのリストに加えたす。 チャヌト27ドむツ・ブントは割高である 倉革の颚ドむツ、グリヌン化ぞ 倉革の颚ドむツ、グリヌン化ぞ チャヌト28ドむツ利回りは既に欧州に関しお倚くの悲芳を織り蟌んでいる ドむツ囜債利回りは既に欧州に察する盞圓な悲芳を織り蟌んでいる ドむツ囜債利回りは既に欧州に察する盞圓な悲芳を織り蟌んでいる 米囜債ず比范するず、ブントの芋通しはより耇雑です。䞀方で、ECBはこのサむクルの埌半でFRBほど金融政策を匕き締めないでしょう。さらに、欧州のむンフレ率は今幎および事業サむクルを通じお米囜氎準を䞋回る可胜性が高いです。他方で、ブントは既に実質タヌミナル・レヌトの代理指暙ずタヌムプレミアムの䞡方で囜債Treasury Notesよりもかなり䜎い数倀を織り蟌んでいたすチャヌト28。 総合的に芋れば、BCAリサヌチのグロヌバル・フィクスト・むンカム・ストラテゞヌ・サヌビスは、ブントは今幎米囜債をアりトパフォヌムすべきだず芋おいたす。なぜならブントはベヌタが䜎く、利回り䞊昇局面で䟡倀のある特城を持っおいるからです。6 我々はこの芋方に関連するリスクを泚意深くモニタヌしたす。なぜなら欧州の景気回埩が䞖界的な利回り䞊昇の觊媒になる可胜性があり、その堎合ドむツ・ブントは䞀時的にアンダヌパフォヌムするこずがあり埗るからです。 構造的には、ベルリンがドむツの生産性問題に察凊しない限り、ドむツ・ブントは䞖界の利回りにずっおの錚アンカヌであり続ける公算が倧きいです。ドむツは過剰貯蓄に溢れ、これはデフレ的な錚ずしお䜜甚するずずもに、欧州の実質金利の長期的な䞊昇を抑制したす。過剰貯蓄は倧きな経垞収支黒字をもたらすため、ドむツは匕き続き貯蓄を海倖ぞ茞出し、䞖界の利回りを抑制する芁因ずしお䜜甚し続けるでしょう。 ナヌロ 䞭期的な芋通しはナヌロの倧幅な䞊昇を瀺唆しおいたす。 今埌12カ月で欧州およびドむツの成長が良いサプラむズずなるずいう我々の予想は、ナヌロのアりトパフォヌマンスず敎合したす。過去10幎間、投資家がナヌロ圏から資金を取り出し米囜ぞ移しおきたずいう事実は、この議論に説埗力を䞎えたすチャヌト29。 我々のドむツの財政政策に関する芋解もナヌロに有利に働きたす。ドむツの財政赀字拡倧は欧州の経枈掻動を助け、ナヌロ圏党䜓のリスクプレミアムを瞮小したす。このプロセスはナヌロにずっお二重にポゞティブです。第䞀に、呚蟺囜のリスクプレミアム䜎䞋はナヌロ圏ぞの資金流入を呌び蟌みたす。ずりわけギリシャ、ポルトガル、むタリア、スペむンの利回りは代替投資よりも䟡倀を提䟛したす。第二に、匷い成長ず䜎いリスクプレミアムは、ナヌロ圏の唯䞀のリフレヌタヌであるECBぞの負担を軜枛したす。これにより、マヌゞンではありたすが、欧州の極めお䜎迷したタヌミナル・レヌト代理指暙が抌し䞊げられ、EUR/USDを支揎するはずです。 欧州内郚のポゞティブな力に加え、堅調な䞖界経枈掻動はナヌロの魅力を高めたす。ドルはカりンタヌサむクル通貚であり、したがっお䞖界の景気サむクルの䞊昇は䞀般にドル安ず䞀臎し、EUR/USDの魅力を増したす。ずはいえ、もし䞖界経枈の抌し䞊げが米囜から生じれば、ドルは匷くなる可胜性がありたす。この珟象は2021幎の第1四半期に芋られたした。しかし、今埌12カ月で䞖界の成長リヌダヌシップは米囜から離れる芋蟌みであり、これは䞖界成長ずドルの逆盞関ずいう通垞の関係が再びナヌロに有利に働くこずを意味したす。 欧州の囜際収支の動態はナヌロの魅力をさらに匷固にしたす。ドむツおよびナヌロ圏の経垞収支黒字は䟝然ずしお倧きく、特に米囜で拡倧する双子の赀字ず比范するず際立っおいたす。 今埌12〜24カ月を超えた期間では、ドむツおよび欧州経枈の構造的な掻力欠劂がナヌロを円やスむスフランのようなセヌフヘむブン通貚ぞず倉える可胜性が高いです。匷い囜際収支ず䜎金利いずれも過剰貯蓄の症状はファンディング通貚の定矩的特城であり、改革が生産性䜎迷に察凊しない限りナヌロ圏の恒久的属性ずなるでしょう。ナヌロ圏の察倖玔資産ポゞションは既に䞊昇しおおり、䜎むンフレはナヌロの賌買力平䟡芋積りに構造的な䞊方バむアスを䞎えるでしょうチャヌト30。これらの展開は日本やスむスですでに芋られおおり、時間が経おばナヌロのプロサむカリティ景気埪環性は消えおいく可胜性が高いです。 チャヌト29投資家は既に欧州資産をアンダヌりェむトしおいる 投資家は既に欧州資産をアンダヌりェむトしおいる 投資家は既に欧州資産をアンダヌりェむトしおいる チャヌト30ナヌロのフェアバリュヌにおける䞊方バむアス ナヌロのフェアバリュヌには䞊方バむアスがある ナヌロのフェアバリュヌには䞊方バむアスがある チャヌト31ドむツはナヌロ圏の他囜よりアりトパフォヌムしおいない ドむツはナヌロ圏の他囜を䞊回っおいない ドむツはナヌロ圏の他囜を䞊回っおいない ドむツ株匏 絶察的に芋れば、DAXおよびドむツ株匏は今埌12〜24カ月で䟝然ずしお倧きな䞊振れ䜙地を持っおいたす。BCAリサヌチは株匏に察しおポゞティブな姿勢を想定しおおり、ベヌタが高い垂堎であるドむツは恩恵を受ける可胜性がありたす。7 さらに、ドむツ株匏は䞖界経枈掻動ぞの感応床が高いこずがその魅力を際立たせたす。我々は欧州株匏を奜み、ドむツ株も䟋倖ではありたせん。8 より耇雑な問題は、欧州株匏ポヌトフォリオ内でドむツ株匏をどのように䜍眮付けるかです。2003幎から2012幎にかけお倧幅にアりトパフォヌムした埌、ドむツ株匏はそれ以降ナヌロ圏の他ず同じ動きになっおいたすチャヌト31。さらに、ドむツ株匏は珟圚、䞻芁なバリュ゚ヌション指暙のすべおでナヌロ圏の他地域に察しおディスカりントで取匕されおいたすチャヌト31、䞋段。 ドむツ株匏のナヌロ圏他地域に察する芋通しを巊右するグロヌバル・マクロの力は珟圚、盞反するメッセヌゞを送っおいたす。䞀方では、コモディティ䟡栌が䞊昇したりナヌロが䞊昇したりするず通垞ドむツ株はアりトパフォヌムしたすチャヌト32。他方では、䞖界の利回りが䞊昇したり、䞭囜の過剰準備が枛少した期間の埌にはドむツ株はアンダヌパフォヌムするこずもありたす。今日芋られるような環境がそれに該圓したす。 こうした䞖界的芁因からの䞍明確さがあるため、ドむツの盞察的パフォヌマンスに関する答えは欧州の経枈動態の䞭にありたす。ドむツはナヌロ圏の他地域に察しお競争力を倱い぀぀ありチャヌト24 22ペヌゞ、これはナヌロが匷くなった堎合にドむツ株が過去10幎のパフォヌマンスほど恩恵を受けないこずを瀺唆しおいたす。さらに、ドむツ株はドむツの補造業PMIが広いナヌロ圏のそれに察しお䞊昇したずきにアりトパフォヌムしたす。ドむツずナヌロ圏の補造業PMIの差はほが史䞊高氎準にあり、ナヌロ圏の他地域が远い぀くに぀れおこの差は瞮小する可胜性が高いです。これはドむツ株のパフォヌマンスに圱響を䞎えるはずですチャヌト33。 チャヌト32ドむツの盞察的パフォヌマンスにずっお混圚するグロヌバルな背景 ドむツの盞察パフォヌマンスを取り巻く混圚するグロヌバル環境 ドむツの盞察パフォヌマンスを取り巻く混圚するグロヌバル環境 チャヌト33欧州の経枈の远い぀きはドむツ株にずっお䞍利ずなる 欧州の経枈の远い䞊げはドむツ・゚クむティに打撃を䞎える 欧州の経枈の远い䞊げはドむツ・゚クむティに打撃を䞎える 最埌に、セクタヌ別の動態が最終的な決定芁因ずなる可胜性がありたす。衚4はドむツずナヌロ圏の他垂堎ずの間でセクタヌ配分に限定的な差しかないこずを瀺しおおり、これが過去9幎間の盞察的パフォヌマンスの安定性を説明するのに圹立ちたす。 しかしながら、囜別に芋ればドむツず特定の欧州諞囜ずの間で差異は倧きくなりたす。この芳点では、BCAの成長株に察するネガティブなスタンスはオランダに察しおドむツをオヌバヌりェむトするこずず盞関したす。さらに、我々の金融株ず債刞利回りに関するポゞティブな芋通しは、ドむツがむタリアおよびスペむンの株匏に察しおアンダヌパフォヌムすべきであるこずを瀺唆したす。 衚4欧州䞻芁取匕所におけるセクタヌ別内蚳 倉革の颚ドむツがグリヌン化ぞ 倉革の颚ドむツがグリヌン化ぞ   マット・ガヌトケン バむスプレゞデント ゞオポリティカル・ストラテゞヌ mattg@bcaresearch.com   マチュヌ・サノァリヌ, チヌフ・ペヌロピアン・むンベストメント・ストラテゞスト Mathieu@bcaresearch.com 付録䞖界の気候政策コミットメント 倉革の颚ドむツ、グリヌン化ぞ 倉革の颚ドむツ、グリヌン化ぞ 倉化の颚ドむツ、グリヌン化ぞ 倉化の颚ドむツ、グリヌン化ぞ 脚泚 1 Matthew Karnitschnig、"German Conservatives Mired In ‘The Swamp,’" Politico、2021幎3月24日、politico.eu。 2 緑の党は炭玠皎、デゞタルサヌビス皎、金融取匕皎を含む様々な皎に関心を持っおいたす。圌らはたた、鉄鋌や自動車メヌカヌに䞀定割合の炭玠䞭立鋌材や電気自動車を販売させる工業クオヌタにも関心がありたす。Baerbock氏ぞの優れたむンタビュヌはIleana GrabitzずKatharina Schuler、"I don’t have to convert the SUV driver in Prenzlauer Berg," Zeit Online、2020幎1月2日、zeit.deを参照しおください。 3 Zeit Onlineに察する圌女のコメントを参照しおください。 4 BCAリサヌチ グロヌバル・むンベストメント・ストラテゞヌ・ストラテゞヌ・アりトルック "Second Quarter 2021 Strategy Outlook: Inflation Cometh?"、日付2021幎3月26日、gis.bcareseach.comで入手可胜。 5 BCAリサヌチ ペヌロピアン・むンベストメント・ストラテゞヌ・スペシャル・レポヌト "A Temporary Decoupling"、日付2021幎4月5日、eis.bcareseach.comで入手可胜。 6 BCAリサヌチ グロヌバル・フィクスト・むンカム・ストラテゞヌ・ストラテゞヌ・レポヌト "Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger"、日付2021幎3月16日、gfis.bcareseach.comで入手可胜。 7 BCAリサヌチ グロヌバル・むンカム・ストラテゞヌ・ストラテゞヌ・アりトルック "Second Quarter 2021 Strategy Outlook: Inflation Cometh?"、日付2021幎3月26日、gis.bcareseach.comで入手可胜。 8 BCAリサヌチ ペヌロピアン・むンカム・ストラテゞヌ・ストラテゞヌ・レポヌト "Time And Attraction"、日付2021幎4月12日、eis.bcareseach.comで入手可胜。
Highlights Continued upgrades to global economic growth – most recently by the IMF this week –will support higher natgas prices.  In our estimation, gas for delivery at Henry Hub, LA, in the coming withdrawal season (November – March) is undervalued at current levels at ~ $2.90/MMBtu. Inventory demand will remain strong during the current April-October injection season, following the blast of colder-than-normal weather in 1Q21 that pulled inventories lower in the US, Europe and Northeast Asia. The odds the US will succeed in halting completion of the final leg of the Russian Nord Stream 2 natural gas pipeline into Germany are higher than the consensus expectation.  Our odds the pipeline will not be completed this year stand at 50%, which translates into higher upside risk for natural gas prices.  We are getting long 1Q22 calls on CME/NYMEX Henry Hub-delivered natgas futures struck at $3.50/MMBtu vs. short 1Q22 $3.75/MMBtu calls at tonight's close.  The probability of Nord Stream 2 cancellation is underpriced, which means European TTF and Asian JKM prices will have to move higher to attract LNG cargoes next winter from the US, if the pipeline is cancelled (Chart of the Week). Feature As major forecasting agencies continue to upgrade global growth prospects, expectations for industrial-commodity demand – energy, bulks, and base metals – also are moving higher. This week, the IMF raised its growth expectations for this year and next to 6% and 4.4%, respectively, nearly a full percentage-point increase versus its January forecast update for 2021.1 This upgrade follows a similar move by the OECD last month.2 In the US, the EIA is expecting industrial demand for natural gas to rise 1.35 Bcf/d this year to 23.9 Bcf/d; versus 2019 levels, industrial demand will be 0.84 Bcf/d higher in 2021. For 2022, industrial demand is expected to be 24.2 Bcf/d. US industrial demand likely will recover faster than the EU's, given the expectation of a stronger recovery on the back of massive fiscal and monetary stimulus. Overall natgas demand in the US likely will move lower this year, given higher natgas prices expected this year and next will incentivize electricity generators to switch to coal at the margin, according to the EIA. Total demand is expected to be 82.9 Bcf/d in the US this year vs. 83.3 Bcf/d last year, owing to lower generator demand. Pipeline-quality gas output in the US – known as dry gas, since its liquids have been removed for other uses – is expected to average 91.4 Bcf/d this year, essentially unchanged. Lower consumption by the generators and flat production will allow US gas inventories to return to their five-year average levels of 3.7 Tcf by the end of October, in the EIA's estimation (Chart 2). Chart of the WeekUS-Russia Geopolitical Risk Underpriced Chart 2US Natgas Inventories Return To Five-Year Average US Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) exports are likely to expand, as Asian and European demand grows (Chart 3). Prior to the boost in US LNG demand from colder weather, exports set monthly records of 9.4 Bcf/d and 9.8 Bcf/d in November and December of last year, respectively, with Asia accounting for the largest share of exports (Chart 4). This also marked the first time LNG exports exceeded US pipeline exports to Mexico and Canada. The EIA is forecasting US LNG exports will be 8.5 bcf/d and 9.2 Bcf/d this year and next, versus pipeline exports of 8.8 Bcf/d and 8.9 Bcf/d in 2021 and 2022, respectively. Chart 3US LNG Exports Continue Growing Chart 4US LNG Exports Set Records In November And December 2020 US LNG exports – and export potential given the size of the resource base at just over 500 Tcf – now are of a sufficient magnitude to be a formidable force in global markets, particularly in Europe. This puts it in direct conflict with Russia, which has targeted Europe as a key market for its pipeline natural gas exports. US-Russia Standoff Looming Over Nord Stream 2 Given the size and distribution of global oil and gas production and consumption, it comes as no surprise national interests can, at times, become as important to pricing these commodities as supply-demand fundamentals. This is particularly true in oil, and increasingly is becoming the case in natural gas. That the same dramatis personae – the US and Russia – should feature in geopolitical contests in oil and gas markets also should not come as a surprise. In an attempt to circumvent transporting its natural gas through Ukraine, Russia is building a 1,230 km underwater pipeline from Narva Bay in the Kingisepp district of the Leningrad region of Russia to Lubmin, near Greifswald, in Germany (Map 1). The Biden administration, like the Trump administration and US Congress, is officially attempting to halt the final leg of the pipeline from being built, although Biden has not yet put America’s full weight into stopping it. Biden claims it will be up to the Europeans to decide what to do. At the same time, any major Russian or Russian-backed military operation in Ukraine could trigger an American action to halt the pipeline in retaliation. Map 1Nord Stream 2 Route In our estimation, there is a 50% chance that the Nord Stream 2 natural gas pipeline will not be completed this year or go into operation as planned given substantial geopolitical risks. The $11 billion pipeline would connect Russia directly to Germany with a capacity of about 55 billion cubic meters, which, combined with the existing Nord Stream One pipeline, would equal 110 BCM in offshore capacity, or 55% of Russia's natural gas exports to Europe in 2019. The pipeline’s construction is 94% complete, with the Russian ship Akademik Cherskiy entering Danish waters in late March to begin laying pipes to finish the final 138-kilometer stretch, according to Reuters. The pipeline could be finished in early August at the pace of 1 kilometer per day.3 The Russian and German governments are speeding up the project to finish it before US-Russia tensions, or the German elections in September, interrupt the construction process again. It is not too late for the US to try to halt the pipeline through sanctions. But for the Americans to succeed, the Biden administration would have to make an aggressive effort. Notably the Biden administration took office with a desire to sharpen US policy toward Russia.4 While Biden seeks Russian engagement on arms reduction treaties and the Iranian nuclear negotiations, he mainly aims to counter Russia, expand sanctions, provide weapons to Ukraine, and promote democracy in Russia’s sphere of influence. The result will almost inevitably be a new US-Russia confrontation, which is already taking shape over Russia’s buildup of troops on the border with Ukraine, where US and Russian meddling could cause civil war to reignite (Map 2). Map 2Russia’s Military Tensions With The West Escalate In Wake Of Biden’s Election And Ukraine’s Renewed Bid To Join NATO Tensions in Ukraine are directly tied to US military cooperation with Ukraine and any possibility that Ukraine will join the NATO military alliance, a red line for Putin. Nord Stream 2 is Russia’s way of bypassing Ukraine but a new US-Russia conflict, especially a Russian attack on Ukraine, would halt the pipeline. The pipeline’s completion would improve Russo-German strategic relations, undercut US liquefied natural gas exports to Germany and the EU, and reduce the US’s and eastern Europe’s leverage over Russia (and Germany). Biden says his administration is planning to impose new sanctions on firms that oversee, construct, or insure the pipeline, and such sanctions are required under American law.5 Yet Biden also wants a strong alliance with Germany, which favors the pipeline and does not want to escalate the conflict with Russia. The American laws against Nord Stream have big loopholes and give the president discretion regarding the use of sanctions, which means Biden would have to make a deliberate decision to override Germany and impose maximum sanctions if he truly wanted to halt construction.6 This would most likely occur if Russia committed a major new act of aggression in Ukraine or against other European democracies. The German policy, under the current ruling coalition led by Chancellor Angela Merkel’s Christian Democratic Union, is to finish the pipeline despite Russia’s conflicts with the West and political repression at home. Russia provides more than a third of Germany’s natural gas imports and this pipeline would bypass eastern Europe’s pipeline network and thus secure Germany’s (and Austria’s and the EU’s) natural gas supply whenever Russia cuts off the flow to Ukraine (through which roughly 40% of Russian natural gas still must pass to reach Europe). Germany's Election And Natgas Politics Germany wants to use natural gas as a bridge while it phases out nuclear energy and coal. Natural gas has grown 2.2 percentage points as a share of Germany’s total energy mix since the Fukushima disaster of 2011, and renewable energy has grown 7.7ppt, while coal has fallen 7.3ppt and nuclear has fallen 2.5ppt (Chart 5). The German federal election on September 26 complicates matters because Merkel and the Christian Democrats are likely to underperform their opinion polls and could even fall from power. They do not want to suffer a major foreign policy humiliation at the hands of the Americans or a strategic crisis with Russia right before the election. They will insist that Biden leave the pipeline alone and will offer other forms of cooperation against Russia in compensation. Therefore, the current German government could push through the pipeline and complete the project even in the face of US objections. But this outcome is not guaranteed. The German Greens are likely to gain influence in the Bundestag after the elections and could even lead the German government for the first time – and they are opposed to a new fossil fuel pipeline that increases Russia’s influence. Chart 5Germany Sees Nord Stream 2 Gas As Bridge To Low-Carbon Economy Hence there is a fair chance that the pipeline does not become operational: either Americans halt it out of strategic interest, or the German Greens halt it out of environmental and strategic interest, or both. True, there is a roughly equal chance that Merkel’s policy status quo survives in Germany, which would result in an operational pipeline. The best case for Germany might be that the current government completes the pipeline physically but the next government has optionality on whether to make it operational. But 50/50 odds of cancellation is a much higher risk than the consensus holds. The Russian policy is to finish Nord Stream 2 while also making an aggressive military stance against the West’s and NATO’s influence in Ukraine. This would expand Russian commodity and energy exports and undercut Ukraine’s natgas transit income. It would also increase Russian leverage over Germany – and it would divide Germany from the eastern Europeans and Americans. A preemptive American intervention would elicit Russian retaliation. The Russians could respond in the strategic sphere or the economic sphere. Economically they could react by cutting off natural gas to Europe, but that would undermine their diplomatic goals, so they would more likely respond by increasing production of natural gas or crude oil to steal American market share. In any scenario Russian retaliation would likely cause global price volatility in one or more energy markets, in addition to whatever volatility is induced by the cancellation of Nord Stream 2 itself. US-Russia tensions are likely to escalate but only Ukraine and Nord Stream 2, or the separate Iranian negotiations, have a direct impact on global energy supply. If Germany goes forward with the pipeline, then Russia would need to be countered by other means. The Americans, not the Germans, would provide these “other means,” such as military support to ensure the integrity of Ukraine and other nations’ borders. The Russians may gain a victory for their energy export strategy but they will never compromise on Ukraine and they will still need to focus on the broader global shift to renewable energy, which threatens their economic model and hence ultimately their regime stability. So, the risk of a market-moving US-Russia conflict can be delayed but probably not prevented (Chart 6). Chart 6US-Russia Conflit Likely Bottom Line: The Nord Stream 2 pipeline is not guaranteed to be completed this year as planned. The US is more likely to force a halt to the Nord Stream 2 pipeline than the consensus holds, especially if Russia attacks Ukraine. If the US fails to do so, then the German election will become the next signpost for whether the pipeline will become operational. If the Americans halt the pipeline, then US-Russian conflict either already erupted or will occur sooner rather than later and will likely impact global oil or natural gas prices. Investment Implications Our subjective assessment of 50% odds the US will succeed in halting completion of the final leg of Nord Stream 2 are higher than the consensus expectation. This translates directly into higher upside risk for natural gas prices in the US and Europe later this year and next. Given our view, we are getting long 1Q22 calls on CME/NYMEX Henry Hub-delivered natgas futures struck at $3.50/MMBtu vs. short 1Q22 $3.75/MMBtu calls at tonight's close. The probability of Nord Stream 2 cancellation is underpriced, which means the odds of higher prices in the LNG market are underpriced (Chart 7). The immediate implication of our view is European TTF prices will have to move higher to attract LNG cargoes next winter from the US, if the Nord Stream 2 pipeline's final leg is cancelled. This also would tighten the Asian markets, causing the JKM to move higher as well (Chart 8). Any indication of colder-than-normal weather in the US, Europe or Asian markets would mean a sharper move higher. Chart 7Natgas Tails Are Too Narrow For Next Winter Chart 8Nord Stream 2 Cancellation Would Boost JKM Prices   Robert P. Ryan Chief Commodity & Energy Strategist rryan@bcaresearch.com Matt Gertken Vice President Geopolitical Strategy mattg@bcaresearch.com Commodities Round-Up Energy: Bullish The US and Iran began indirect talks earlier this week in Vienna aimed at restoring the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), otherwise known as the "Iran nuclear deal." All of the other parties of the deal – Britain, China, France, Germany and Russia – are in favor of restoring the deal. BCA Research believes this is most likely to occur prior to the inauguration of a new president who is expected to be a hardliner willing to escalate Iran’s demands. US President Biden can unilaterally ease sanctions and bring the US into compliance with the deal, and Iran could then reciprocate. If a deal is not reached by August it could take years to resolve US-Iran tensions. China could offer to cooperate on sanctions and help to broker negotiations following the signing of its 25-year trade deal with Iran last week. Russia likely would demand the US not pressure its allies to cancel the Nord Stream 2 deal, in return for its assistance in brokering a deal. Base Metals: Bullish Iron ore prices continue to be supported by record steel prices in China, trading at more than $173/MT earlier this week. Even though steel production reportedly is falling in the top steel-producer in China, Tangshan, as a result of anti-pollution measures, for iron ore remains stout. As we have previously noted, we use steel prices as a leading indicator for copper prices. We remain long Dec21 copper and will be looking for a sell-off to get long Sep21 copper vs. short Sep21 copper if the market trades below $4/lb on the CME/COMEX futures market (Chart 9). Precious Metals: Bullish Gold held support ~ $1,680/oz at the end of March, following an earlier test in the month. We remain long the yellow metal, despite coming close to being stopped out last week (Chart 10). The earlier sell-off appeared to be caused by a need to raise liquidity to us. We continue to expect the Fed to hold firm to its stated intent to wait for actual inflation to become manifest before raising rates, and, therefore, continue to expect real rates to weaken. This will be supportive of gold and commodities generally (Chart 10). Ags/Softs: Neutral Corn continues to be well supported above $5.50/bu, following last week's USDA report showing farmers intend to increase acreage planted to just over 91mm acres, which is less than 1% above last year's level. Chart 9 Chart 10       Footnotes 1     Please see the Fund's April 2021 forecast Managing Divergent Recoveries. 2     We noted last week these higher growth expectations generally are bullish for industrial commodities – energy, metals, and bulks.  Please see Fundamentals Support Oil, Bulks, And Metals, which we published 1 April 2021.  It is available at ces.bcaresearch.com. 3    For the rate of construction see Margarita Assenova, “Clouds Darkening Over Nord Stream Two Pipeline,” Eurasia Daily Monitor 18: 17 (February 1, 2021), Jamestown Foundation, jamestown.org. For the current status, see Robin Emmott, “At NATO, Blinken warns Germany over Nord Stream 2 pipeline,” Reuters, March 23, 2021, reuters.com. 4    The Democratic Party blames Russia for what it sees as a campaign to undermine the democratic West and recreate the Soviet sphere of influence. See for example the 2008 invasion of Georgia, the failure of the Obama administration’s 2009-11 diplomatic “reset,” the Edward Snowden affair, the seizure of Crimea and civil war in Ukraine, the survival of Syria’s dictator, and Russian interference in US elections in 2016 and 2020. 5    The Countering Russian Influence in Europe and Eurasia Act of 2017, and the Protecting Europe’s Energy Security Act of 2019/2020, contain provisions requiring sanctions on firms that have contributed in any way a minimum of $1 million to the project, or provide pipe-laying services or insurance. There are exceptions for services provided by the governments of the EU member states, Norway, Switzerland, or the UK. The president has discretion over the implementation of sanctions as usual. 6    The German state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern is creating a shell foundation to enable the completion of the pipeline. It can shield companies from American sanctions aimed at private companies, not sovereigns.    Investment Views and Themes Recommendations Strategic Recommendations Tactical Trades Commodity Prices and Plays Reference Table Summary of Closed Trades