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Commodities & Energy Sector

Highlights The manufacturing slowdown, on its own, is unlikely to tip the economy into a recession. The sector accounts for a small share of U.S. output and employment, and will gain a tailwind from a pick-up in global growth. A larger and more stable service sector mitigates manufacturing’s impact on the employment and consumption outlook. The bar is too high for manufacturing job losses to lift the overall unemployment rate towards recession-inducing levels. The recent divergence between alternative measures of U.S. manufacturing activity confirms the resilience of the domestic manufacturing sector relative to the rest of the world. Feature Manufacturing activity has been the most prominent casualty of the trade war between the U.S. and China, and global manufacturing PMIs have languished as tensions have intensified with no clear end in sight. Throughout the spring and early summer, manufacturing activity in the comparatively closed U.S. economy held up better than it did overseas. In August, however, the ISM Manufacturing PMI finally crossed the 50 expansion/contraction line and subsequently dipped well below it in September. Evidence of weakness was broad-based throughout September’s report and the fact that forward-looking components like new orders, new export orders and backlogs of orders all contracted further has caught our attention. Although, like most developed markets, the U.S. is a service economy, and consumption accounts for the lion’s share of its GDP, it is certainly not immune to manufacturing cycles. We are not turning a blind eye to the global manufacturing slowdown, nor downplaying its magnitude, but for now we are not overly worried about it. Regular readers know that we continue to believe that the fundamentals of the U.S. economy remain strong, supported most of all by an especially robust labor market. The manufacturing slowdown is near the top of investors’ concerns, however, so we measure how severe a manufacturing slowdown would have to be to cause serious harm to the U.S. economy. We find that the bar is high and the slowdown has low odds of getting that bad if, as we expect, global growth eventually recovers. Until a pick-up truly materializes, we remain comforted by our expectation that buoyant consumption and government spending will keep the U.S. economy out of too much trouble. David And Goliath Chart 1Services May Be Larger, But Goods Punch Harder Technology and globalization have revolutionized the manufacturing process and disrupted the global economic landscape. As the outsourcing of manufacturing activities to lower-cost countries has become more and more prevalent, developed markets have steadily transitioned to service economies. Since the 1950s, goods-producing sectors’ share of U.S. GDP has decreased from half to 29%. Nevertheless, a third of the economy is not negligible, especially when it swings much more wildly than the services sector, which is more than twice its size (Chart 1). In a previous report1 where we looked at the components of the U.S. GDP equation, we showed that smaller, more volatile fixed investment was considerably more likely to negate trend growth in the rest of the economy than giant, but stable, consumption. This narrative echoes the dynamics at play with the manufacturing portion of the U.S. economy. Given their greater variability, goods-producing sectors are just as likely to wipe out 2% trend growth in services as services are to wipe out 2% manufacturing growth (Table 1). Table 1Another Road To Recession This would be bad news if we thought the manufacturing slowdown had a lot more downside. We continue to believe in a global growth recovery narrative, however, powered by impending Chinese stimulus and revived trade negotiations. U.S. industrial production and capacity utilization both surprised to the upside in August and global growth is showing budding signs of a recovery (Chart 2). Moreover, our colleagues at Global Investment Strategy have found that industrial cycles last an average of 36 months, divided into an 18-month uptrend and an 18-month downtrend.2 Absent any major trade deterioration, the tenure of the current down leg suggests that an upturn in manufacturing activity is on its way (Chart 3). Chart 2Towards A Global Growth Pick-Up Chart 3The Global Manufacturing Cycle Has Likely Reached A Bottom   Another channel through which the manufacturing slowdown could hurt the U.S. economy is via manufacturing job losses and the detrimental effect they would have on overall U.S. consumption. Goods-producing sectors employ 21.1 million, including 12.9 million in manufacturing roles - a puny 14% and 8% of total nonfarm payrolls, respectively. The productivity gains that technological improvements and automated processes have unlocked over the years have allowed a modest share of U.S. workers who make tangible things to produce double their proportionate share of U.S. output. Bottom Line: Goods-producing sectors represent less than a third of U.S. GDP and less than a sixth of U.S. jobs. That’s enough for the global manufacturing slowdown to cause some domestic slowing, but not enough to end the expansion on its own. A High Pain Threshold Akin to the goods-producing sectors’ contribution to overall U.S. GDP, aggregate manufacturing payrolls tend to exhibit more volatility than aggregate services payrolls, particularly on the downside (Chart 4). Before the 1980s, because manufacturing activity accounted for a larger share of the U.S. economy and created a larger portion of jobs, a mere deceleration in the pace of payroll expansion was sufficient to tip the economy into a recession. The paradigm has shifted and it now takes a more severe manufacturing downturn to inflict real harm on the U.S. economy. Since the 1980s, no recession has occurred independent of a full-on contraction in manufacturing employment. We are not there yet, as manufacturing payrolls are still growing at a 1.1% pace. Aggregate manufacturing payrolls tend to exhibit higher volatility than aggregate services payrolls, particularly on the downside. Chart 4A Paradigm Shift Our Global Investment Strategy colleagues have previously shown that throughout the post-war era, whenever the 3-month moving average of the unemployment rate has risen by at least a third of a percentage point from its cyclical lows, a recession has ensued (Chart 5). The U.S. unemployment rate just made a fifty-year low and we do not expect a quick material reversal in the short run. A resilient service sector, ambitious hiring plans and elevated levels of job openings, coupled with a revival in global growth, should hold the U.S. unemployment rate in check for the time being (Chart 6). Chart 5The Recession-Inducing Level Of Unemployment... Chart 6...Is Not Imminent Given Strong Hiring Plans Investors are right to be concerned about the manufacturing slowdown nonetheless. To address those concerns more closely, and to challenge our own view, we calculated the number of manufacturing job losses that would be required to push the unemployment rate up to recession-inducing levels. The U.S. unemployment rate fell to a fifty-year low of 3.5% in September, tugging the 3-month moving average down to 3.6%. There are several paths the unemployment rate can take from current levels for its 3-month moving average to grow by a third of a percentage point. It may gain a linear 10 basis points a month and reach a 3.9% average in the fifth month. Myriad non-linear paths could get the moving average to 3.9% in more or less than five months. For the sake of this exercise, we do not choose a particular path, but simply assume that the 3-month moving average of the unemployment rate reaches 3.9% over three, six and twelve months. We build on the work of the economists at the Atlanta Fed and calculate the number of manufacturing job losses required to achieve a 3.9% target unemployment rate over those three timeframes. We used the Atlanta Fed Jobs Calculator’s3 default inputs, and the details and results of our subsequent calculations are summarized in Table 2. Table 2The Payroll Road To Recession Chart 7The Bar Is High For Manufacturing To Trigger A Recession Under the default assumptions of a constant participation rate and a population growth rate unchanged from the past twelve months’, it would take 313,000 job losses over three months for the overall U.S. unemployment rate to reach 3.9%. We assume that the private service sector, which shows no sign of distress, will continue to add jobs. It has done so at a historical average monthly growth rate of 0.19% but given that the overall economy has clearly slowed, we assume instead that the service sector will continue to add jobs at the slower 0.13% pace of the past twelve months. Under this more conservative assumption, the economy would gain 560,000 nonmanufacturing jobs over the next three months. Consequently, it would take 873,000 manufacturing job losses alone to offset these gains and lift the unemployment rate to 3.9% within three months. Over a six- and twelve-month horizon, the number of manufacturing job losses required to offset payroll expansion in services reaches 1.1 and 1.6 million, respectively.4 These levels of manufacturing job losses – equivalent to a 7% to 12% contraction in manufacturing payrolls - seem like a stretch in the current macroeconomic backdrop. The only time in the past seventy years when the U.S. economy experienced manufacturing job losses of this magnitude on a 3- month time period was in the first quarter of 1975, when the U.S. economy confronted a tripling of oil prices from the oil embargo. Manufacturing job losses in excess of 1.1 and 1.6 million jobs over a 6- and 12-month horizon have historically been more attainable (Chart 7). That said, manufacturing payrolls are still expanding on a 6- and 12-month horizon, albeit at a decelerating pace. Not only are manufacturing payrolls gains far from recession-inducing levels, manufacturing employment will gain a tailwind from the pick-up in global growth and turn in global industrial production cycles that we expect. These levels of manufacturing job losses – equivalent to a 7% to 12% contraction in manufacturing payrolls – seem like a stretch in the current macroeconomic backdrop. Bottom Line: The bar seems a little too high for the manufacturing slowdown alone to destroy enough jobs to tip the U.S. economy into a full-fledged recession. What Oil Shock? One can argue that the September oil shock caused by attacks on Saudi energy infrastructure will exert further pressure on global manufacturing activities. While it is true that large jumps in oil prices have often preceded recessions, we think the probability is slight that September’s event will jeopardize the prospects of a global growth recovery (Chart 8). Chart 8Oil Spikes And Recessions Chart 9U.S. Output Is Less Dependent On Oil First, not only was the September surge in oil prices tame relative to the spikes that have preceded past recessions, but the quicker-than-expected return of Saudi oil production has calmed markets. For now, the oil scare ended as quickly as it appeared. Second, higher oil prices are less of a drag on the U.S. economy than they were in the 1970s, as the country has become one of the largest oil-producing countries in the world and approaches true energy independence. The gradual shift from a manufacturing to services economy has also reduced the oil intensity of the U.S. economy to a little more than a third of what it was at the time of the 1970s oil embargo (Chart 9). Moreover, higher gasoline prices are less likely to hurt U.S. consumers now that filling the tank takes up a smaller portion of their wallets (Chart 10). As Fed Chair Jay Powell put it in a speech last week, “we now judge that a price spike would likely have nearly offsetting effects on U.S. GDP.” Chart 10Filling The Tank Takes Up A Smaller Portion Of Consumers' Wallets Conflicting Messages? Chart 11The ISM Manufacturing PMI's Sensitivity To Global Growth The ISM Manufacturing Composite PMI is our favored measure of U.S. manufacturing activity as its long track record allows for comparison across multiple business cycles. Although it only offers insights back to 2011, the alternative IHS Markit Manufacturing PMI is nevertheless widely watched by investors and we take note of its moves. While the recent ISM readings have been dismal, the Markit Manufacturing PMI for the U.S. accelerated to 51.1 in September. At first glance, it might seem that both readings are contradicting each other. In fact, the current divergence is not unprecedented and stems from differences in sub-component weighting methodology and in sample size and composition. The ISM reading focuses on larger multinational companies, whereas the U.S. Markit PMI polls a wider array of companies by size. Multinationals’ earnings are more directly affected by global growth developments than smaller and domestically-focused firms. Therefore, in periods of accelerating global and ex-U.S. growth, the ISM PMI tends to score higher than the Markit PMI, and vice versa (Chart 11). A still-expanding Markit Manufacturing PMI combined with a contracting ISM Manufacturing PMI simply reinforces the argument that the domestic manufacturing sector is more resilient than ex-U.S. manufacturing activity, and highlights the potential for an improvement in business confidence if the U.S. and China can reach some sort of detente. Investment Implications In spite of evidence that global manufacturing weakness is spreading, our overall assessment of the U.S. economy remains intact. Assuming an exogenous event does not snuff out the expansion, we do not expect the next recession to occur until after monetary policy turns restrictive. Since the Fed has pivoted to accommodation, along with the world’s other major central banks, we have pushed out our recession timetable back to at least the middle of 2021. We therefore think it is too early to de-risk investment portfolios. We have previously shown that bull markets tend to sprint to the finish line and we remain bullish on a 12-month cyclical horizon. Though we are not concerned that the end of the cycle is at hand, tariff tensions are squeezing trade flows and business confidence. Volatility is likely to remain elevated in the near term until trade tensions die down and the global economy demonstrates that an upturn is at hand. We are therefore neutral on equities over the tactical 0-to-3-month timeframe and recommend investors overweight cash to keep some dry powder at hand. We still recommend that investors underweight bonds in balanced portfolios.   Jennifer Lacombe, Senior Analyst jenniferl@bcaresearch.com Footnotes 1 Please see U.S. Investment Strategy Weekly Report, “If We Were Wrong”, dated April 8, 2019, available at usis.bcaresearch.com. 2 The reason underpinning this cyclicality is that most purchased goods retain some value for a certain amount of time before they need to be replaced. 3 The Atlanta Fed Jobs Calculator tool is available at https://www.frbatlanta.org/chcs/calculator?panel=1 4 Had we assumed that the nonmanufacturing payrolls continue to grow at the historical average monthly rate of 0.19% instead, the levels of manufacturing job losses required to offset the nonmanufacturing gains and lift the unemployment rate to 3.9% would be 1.1 million, 1.6 million and 2.6 million manufacturing job losses over a 3-, 6- and 12-month time horizon, respectively.
Highlights The world remains mired in a manufacturing recession. This has historically not been bullish for pro-cyclical currencies. The velocity of money in the euro area will need to rise vis-à-vis the U.S. to confirm a bottom in EUR/USD. Watch the gold/silver ratio in timing this shift. Feature The view on the dollar has hardly ever been more polarized. In the bullish camp are those who believe expected returns are currently highest in the U.S., whether in the bond, equity, or real estate markets. As such, deployment of fresh capital will naturally gravitate towards the U.S. Meanwhile, the bearish side has to contend with the fact that the dollar is expensive, the Federal Reserve is about to expand dollar liquidity, and central banks keep diversifying out of their dollar holdings at a rampant pace. Both camps make quite strong arguments. However, there is little discussion about how these trends will affect relative prices between the U.S. and its trading partners. Exchange rates constantly oscillate to equate prices between any two nations. And the most important of those prices is that of money or interest rates. Forecasting relative interest rates can be an arduous task, but at a minimum, one can observe whether they are in equilibrium or not. In this report, we do it via one lens: the velocity of money, with specific application to the EUR/USD exchange rate.    EUR/USD And The Velocity Of Money The velocity of money (V) is a difficult concept to define, but can be summarized by Irving Fisher’s classical equation MV=PQ, where P is the price level in the economy, Q is output, and M is the money supply. In other words, V=PQ/M. Classical monetarists believe that the velocity of money should exhibit a high degree of stability, allowing central banks to control prices by simply altering the money supply. However, over the past few decades, there has been no correlation between prices and money supply, at least in the U.S., which seems to suggest V has a life of its own.  Chart I-1Money Velocity And Interest Rates There are many debates on how to interpret the velocity of money, but it is generally accepted that it is related to interest rates. If money supply is expanding faster than output, then it must be that interest rates are falling, assuming the latter are the price of money. Ergo, one way to regard V is as the interest rate required by the underlying economy (the neutral rate), since it is measured using economic variables, while long rates are priced in the financial arena. Put another way, once economic agents start to increase the turnover of money in the system, it is an endogenous sign that the economy requires higher rates, similar to the signal from rising inflation. Ever since the European debt crisis, the velocity of money in the euro area has collapsed relative to that in the U.S. In the financial world, relative long bond yields have followed suit in tight correlation (Chart I-1). In a nutshell, the relative demand for holding money, perhaps precautionary demand, has been extremely high in the euro area, such that all the increase in relative money supply has been absorbed by falling relative velocity. Put another way, the neutral rate of interest in the euro area has been falling relative to that in the U.S. The velocity of money is observed ex-post, meaning it is not very useful as a forecasting tool. However, if we accept the premise that it measures the underlying neutral rate of interest in an economy, then observing it offers powerful insight into the underlying fundamental trends for any economy. One conclusion from this could be that outgoing European Central Bank President Mario Draghi might be justified in his delivery of powerful monetary stimulus last month, despite the rising chorus of dissent from the governing council. Chart I-2Structural Slowdown In European Growth Chart I-2 plots the relative growth performance of the euro area versus the U.S. superimposed with the exchange rate. The result is very evident: The collapse in the euro since the financial crisis has been driven by falling growth differentials between the Eurozone and the U.S. There is little the central bank can do about deteriorating demographic trends, but it can do something about falling productivity. One of those things is to lower the cost of capital in the entire Eurozone, such that it makes sense even for the less productive peripheral countries to borrow and invest. Of course, dynamics in the euro area are much more complex than this simple analogy, since rates do little to boost total factor productivity, and the capital stock in the euro area is quite high. But the fact that the biggest increase in investment since the end of the European debt crisis has been in the periphery is non-negligible evidence. A weaker exchange rate also helps. Global trade growth peaked in 2011, which means that since then, one of the few ways for countries to expand their trade pie has been via a “beggar thy neighbor” policy. Both the Germans and the Japanese are automobile geniuses. So, at the margin, the decision for an indifferent buyer comes down to cost. Chart I-3 shows that ever since the European debt crisis, the relative exchange rate between Japan and the euro area has followed the relative balance sheet expansion and contraction of both central banks. Until now, the Bank of Japan’s balance sheet was slated to expand much faster than that of the ECB. This would have been a powerful and unnecessary upward force on the EUR/JPY exchange rate, in the face of a trade war. Ever since the European debt crisis, the relative exchange rate between Japan and the euro area has followed the relative balance sheet expansion and contraction of both central banks. EUR/USD could face some near-term downside, judging from the spread between German bunds and Treasury yields (Chart I-4). Admittedly, hedged yields still favor the Eurozone over the U.S., especially in the periphery, but that advantage is fading rapidly. More importantly, yields across the periphery are converging rapidly towards those in Germany, solving a critical dilemma that has always plagued the Eurozone in general, and the euro in particular. In simple terms, ECB policy has historically always been too easy for some member countries while too stimulative for others. This has traditionally led to internal friction for the currency. However, with 10-year government bond yields in France, Spain, and even Portugal now at -26 basis points, 15 basis points and 14 basis points, respectively, this dilemma is slowly fading. Chart I-3ECB Action May Have Stalled A Euro Overshoot Chart I-4EUR/USD And ##br##Interest Rates The drop in the neutral rate of interest for the Eurozone versus the U.S. might have to do with internal dynamics in the euro area, but part of the reason may also lie in the performance of the manufacturing sector versus the services industry over the past few years. The end of the commodity bull market earlier this decade, the peak in global trade – partly driven by  China’s deliberate efforts to shift its economy more towards services, and the proliferation of “capital-lite” firms has decimated the manufacturing sector around the world. This maybe explains the underperformance of the Eurozone versus the U.S. It is clear that part of this shift is structural, but there has also been a cyclical component. Together with a lot of our leading indicators, one way to time the reversal will be to watch relative money velocity trends – between the U.S., the euro area, and China, for example. This brings us to the ratio of gold prices versus silver. Bottom Line: The world remains mired in a manufacturing recession. This has historically not been bullish for pro-cyclical currencies. The velocity of money in the euro area will need to rise vis-à-vis the U.S. to confirm a bottom in EUR/USD. Gold Versus Silver Chart I-5GSR At A Speculative Extreme The gold/silver ratio (GSR) was in a race towards major overhead resistance at 100 this summer, but finally hit a three-decade high of 93.3 and is now showing tentative signs of a reversal. The history of these reversals is that they tend to be powerful, quick, and extremely volatile (Chart I-5). This not only paves the way for an excellent entry point to short gold versus silver, but provides important information on the battleground between easing financial conditions and a pick-up in economic (or manufacturing) activity. In short, it provides insight on when to buy pro-cyclical currencies. Just like gold, silver benefits from low interest rates, plentiful liquidity, and the incentive for currency wars and fiat money debasement. However, the gold/silver ratio tends to rally ahead of an economic slowdown, but then peaks when growth is still weak but liquidity conditions are plentiful enough to affect the outlook for future global growth. Of course, a key assumption is that the global economy fends off a recession, which could otherwise sustain a high and rising GSR. The ratio of the velocity of money between the U.S. and China has tended to track the gold/silver ratio in a tight embrace. The ratio of the velocity of money between the U.S. and China has tended to track the gold/silver ratio in a tight embrace (Chart I-6). A falling ratio signifies that the number of times money is changing hands in China outpaces the number in the U.S. This also tends to coincide with a pickup in manufacturing activity, for the simple reason that silver has more industrial uses (Chart I-7).  Chart I-6Falling GSR = Rising Manufacturing Activity Chart I-7No Recession = Buy Silver A falling dollar also tends to benefit silver more than gold, because silver generally rises faster than gold during precious metal bull markets. Part of the reason is that the silver market is thinner and more volatile, with futures open interest that is about one-third that of gold. Put another way, volatility in silver has always been historically higher than gold (Chart I-8), just as manufacturing and exports tend to be the most volatile part of any economy. Chart I-8Silver Is More Volatile Than Gold This brings us to the sweet spot for silver (and procyclical currencies). Even if global growth remains tepid over the next few months, a lot of the bad news is already reflected in a high GSR, meaning the potential for upside will have to be nothing short of a deep recession. Relative speculative positioning hit a high of 36% of open interest and has been rolling over since. Relative sentiment hit a high of 33% and is also rolling over. More often than not, confirmation from both these indicators has led to a selloff in the GSR (Chart I-9). Chart I-9Tentative Signs Of A Top If global growth bottoms, then the rise in silver prices could be explosive. Silver fabrication demand benefits from new industries such as solar and a flourishing “cloud” industry that are capturing the new manufacturing landscape (Chart I-10). Meanwhile, we are entering a window where any pickup in demand could lead to a sizeable increase in the silver physical deficit. The sharp fall in silver scrap supply is an indication that the supply bottleneck is becoming acute (Chart I-11). Chart I-10Silver Fabrication Demand Uptrend Chart I-11Physical Silver Is In Deficit As for speculators, ETF demand for silver has just started to pick up, meaning the prospect for a speculative buying frenzy is significant. Similarly, in Shanghai, turnover in both gold and silver has been muted – fitting evidence that there has been a dearth of Asian physical demand, from Hong Kong to India (Chart I-12). We are following this turnover closely as it could be a good indication of a turnaround. Chart I-12Silver Turnover Is Low In Asia Bottom Line: A falling GSR provides important information about the battleground between easing financial conditions and a pickup in economic activity. We remain bullish on both gold and silver, but a trading opportunity has opened up for a short GSR position. Place a limit sell at 90.   Chester Ntonifor, Foreign Exchange Strategist chestern@bcaresearch.com Currencies U.S. Dollar Chart II-1USD Technicals 1 Chart II-2USD Technicals 2 Recent data in the U.S. have been mostly negative: Average hourly earnings growth fell from 3.2% year-on-year to 2.9% in September. Nonfarm payrolls decreased to 136,000, while the unemployment rate fell to a 50-year low of 3.5%. The trade deficit marginally widened to $54.9 billion in August. The NFIB’s business optimism index fell to 101.8 in September, down from 103.1 in August. Producer prices for final demand fell by 0.3% month-on-month in September. Services decreased by 0.2% while goods fell by 0.4%.  Initial jobless claims fell to 210,000 for the week ended October 4th. Both headline and core inflation were unchanged at 1.7% and 2.4% year-on-year in September. The DXY index increased by 0.1% this week. Fed chair Jerome Powell said in a speech on Tuesday that the Fed will begin increasing its securities holdings to maintain an appropriate level of reserves in order to avoid another cash supply shock. Balance sheet expansion may eventually help weaken the greenback. Report Links: Preserving Capital During Riot Points - September 6, 2019 Has The Currency Landscape Shifted? - August 16, 2019 USD/CNY And Market Turbulence - August 9, 2019 The Euro Chart II-3EUR Technicals 1 Chart II-4EUR Technicals 2 Recent data in the euro area have continued to disappoint: The Sentix confidence index in the euro area fell further to -16.8 in October.  German factory orders contracted by 6.7% year-on-year in August, while industrial production fell by 4% year-on-year. The trade surplus narrowed by roughly €2 billion to €18 billion in August. In France, the trade deficit widened by €0.5 billion to €5 billion in August. Industrial output fell by 0.9% month-on-month in August.  The EUR/USD increased by 0.4% this week. The incoming data are sending the same old message: that while services and domestic demand are holding up, manufacturing and exports continue to underperform. In an interview this week, European Central Bank Vice President Luis de Guindos stated that the ECB still has further headroom to ease policy.  Report Links: A Few Trade Ideas - Sept. 27, 2019 Battle Of The Central Banks - June 21, 2019 EUR/USD And The Neutral Rate Of Interest - June 14, 2019 Japanese Yen Chart II-5JPY Technicals 1 Chart II-6JPY Technicals 2 Recent data in Japan have been mixed: Both the coincident index and leading index fell to 99.3 and 91.7 in August. Labor cash earnings contracted by 0.2% year-on-year in August. The current account balance also widened to a surplus of ¥2.2 trillion in August. The ECO Watchers Survey shows an improvement of the current situation to 46.7 in September. However, the outlook index fell further to 36.9. Preliminary machine tool orders contracted by 35.5% year-on-year in September. The USD/JPY increased by 0.6% this week. The Bank of Japan is likely to introduce additional stimulus via stronger forward guidance. But the path of least resistance for the yen before then is down. Report Links: A Few Trade Ideas - Sept. 27, 2019 Has The Currency Landscape Shifted? - August 16, 2019 Portfolio Tweaks Into Thin Summer Trading - July 5, 2019 British Pound Chart II-7GBP Technicals 1 Chart II-8GBP Technicals 2 Recent data in the U.K. have been dismal: Halifax house prices contracted by 0.4% month-on-month in September. Retail sales decreased by 1.7% year-on-year in September. Industrial production continued to fall by 1.8% year-on-year in August. Manufacturing production also decreased by 1.7% year-on-year. GDP fell by 0.1% month-on-month in August. The GBP/USD fell by 0.8% this week, weighed by Brexit uncertainties and weaker incoming data. Moreover, the FPC meeting minutes released this Wednesday highlighted the downside risks associated with a disorderly Brexit, including material debt vulnerabilities, structural illiquidity, and reduced space for monetary policy. The pound is extremely cheap, but volatility will persist in the near term. Report Links: A Few Trade Ideas - Sept. 27, 2019 United Kingdon: Cyclical Slowdown Or Structural Malaise? - Sept. 20, 2019 Battle Of The Central Banks - June 21, 2019 Australian Dollar Chart II-9AUD Technicals 1 Chart II-10AUD Technicals 2 Recent data in Australia have been negative: The NAB’s business conditions index increased to 2 from 1 in September. However, the NAB confidence index fell to zero. The Westpac consumer confidence reading also plunged by 5.5% to 92.8 in October, its lowest since mid-2016.  Home loans grew by 1.8% month-on-month in August, following a monthly increase of 5% in July. The AUD/USD has been flat this week. Our bias remains pro-cyclical and we are constructive on the Aussie dollar from a contrarian perspective, especially against the kiwi. As an export-oriented economy, the Australian dollar is likely to respond well to positive U.S.-China trade talks. Report Links: A Contrarian View On The Australian Dollar - May 24, 2019 Beware Of Diminishing Marginal Returns - April 19, 2019 Not Out Of The Woods Yet - April 5, 2019 New Zealand Dollar Chart II-11NZD Technicals 1 Chart II-12NZD Technicals 2 There is scant data from New Zealand this week: The Inflation gauge was unchanged at 0.3% month-on-month in September. The NZD/USD has been flat this week. As a small, open economy, New Zealand is highly tied to global growth, and heavily weighed down by the U.S.-China trade war. We continue to be long AUD/NZD however as a play on relative valuation. Report Links: USD/CNY And Market Turbulence - August 9, 2019 Where To Next For The U.S. Dollar? - June 7, 2019 Not Out Of The Woods Yet - April 5, 2019 Canadian Dollar Chart II-13CAD Technicals 1 Chart II-14CAD Technicals 2 Recent data in Canada have been relatively strong: Exports and imports both increased in August. However, the trade deficit narrowed to C$0.96 billion in August from C$1.38 billion in July. The Ivey PMI fell to 48.7 in September, down from 60.6 in August. Building permits grew by 6.1% month-on-month in August. New housing prices contracted by 0.3% year-on-year in August. The USD/CAD fell by 0.1% this week, as Canada is gearing up for a federal election on October 21st. The latest opinion polls show the Liberal Party still ahead with 34.2% of votes, followed by the Conservative Party, closely behind. Our colleagues in Commodity & Energy Strategy point out that the most positive outcome for the Canadian energy sector is a Conservative majority. Our baseline scenario remains a second Trudeau term, producing a status quo result that does not materially change our energy sector outlook. Report Links: Preserving Capital During Riot Points - September 6, 2019 Portfolio Tweaks Into Thin Summer Trading - July 5, 2019 On Gold, Oil And Cryptocurrencies - June 28, 2019 Swiss Franc Chart II-15CHF Technicals 1 Chart II-16CHF Technicals 2 Recent data in Switzerland have been positive: The unemployment rate came in at 2.3% in September, the lowest over the past 18 years. USD/CHF has been more or less flat this week. As we argued in last week’s report, the Swiss domestic economy is holding up well. However, due to the highly export-driven nature of the Swiss economy, the Swiss National Bank is likely to weaponize its currency to keep tradeable goods prices in a favorable range. We will go long EUR/CHF at 1.06. Stay tuned.   Report Links: Notes On The SNB - October 4, 2019 What To Do About The Swiss Franc? - May 17, 2019 Beware Of Diminishing Marginal Returns - April 19, 2019 Norwegian Krone Chart II-17NOK Technicals 1 Chart II-18NOK Technicals 2 Recent data in Norway have been mostly negative: Manufacturing output contracted by 1.1% month-on-month in August. Headline inflation slowed to 1.5% year-on-year in September. Core inflation, however, increased to 2.2% year-on-year. The producer price index increased by 3.6% month-on-month in September. The Norwegian krone continues to trade offside against the U.S. dollar, due to broad dollar resilience and weak oil prices. The USD/NOK increased by 0.2% this week. The EIA posted an increase of 2.9 million barrels in crude oil stocks this week, following an increase of 3.1 million barrels last week, much higher than expected. The increase in oil supply, together with a quick recovery of Saudi oil facilities are viewed as near-term bearish for oil prices. But if demand is able to recover, this will be positive. Remain long petrocurrencies for now. Report Links: A Few Trade Ideas - Sept. 27, 2019 Portfolio Tweaks Into Thin Summer Trading - July 5, 2019 On Gold, Oil And Cryptocurrencies - June 28, 2019 Swedish Krona Chart II-19SEK Technicals 1 Chart II-20SEK Technicals 2 Recent data in Sweden continue to disappoint: Industrial production grew by 2.5% year-on-year in August, following yearly growth of 3.1% the previous month. Total manufacturing new orders contracted by 1.1% year-on-year on a seasonally-adjusted basis in August. Headline inflation increased to 1.5% year-on-year in September. The Swedish krona has been the worst-performing G-10 currency this week, losing 1.1% against the U.S. dollar. Year-to-date, the USD/SEK has appreciated by a total of 12.3%. Swedish manufacturing new orders, a key indicator we watch in gauging the direction of the global economy, continued to deteriorate this week. Among sub-sectors, the largest decrease was recorded in the mines and quarries sector. We are watching Swedish data closely.  Report Links: Where To Next For The U.S. Dollar? - June 7, 2019 Balance Of Payments Across The G10 - February 15, 2019 A Simple Attractiveness Ranking For Currencies - February 8, 2019 Trades & Forecasts Forecast Summary Core Portfolio Tactical Trades Limit Orders Closed Trades
In theory, a food supply shock is transitory. Given that food prices are usually excluded from the core inflation gauges targeted by central banks, monetary policy should not react to these price spikes. Nonetheless, aside from this direct impact on…
Rising temperatures are expected to result in a negligible impact on agriculture markets over the coming decade, yet this finding is not uniform across all regions. An FAO study finds that by 2030, the projected impact on crop yields will be slightly net…
Highlights Geopolitical risks are starting to abate as a result of material constraints influencing policymakers. China needs to ensure its economy bottoms and a debt-deflationary tendency does not take hold. President Trump needs to avoid further economic deterioration arising from the trade war. The U.K. is looking to prevent a recession induced by leaving the EU without an agreement. Iran and the risk of an oil price shock is the outstanding geopolitical tail risk. Feature Readers of BCA’s Geopolitical Strategy know that what defines our research is our analytical framework – specifically the theory of constraints. Chart 1The Electoral College – An Overlooked Constraint The theory holds that policymakers are trapped by the pressures of their office, their nation’s global position, and the stream of events. These pressures emerge from the material world that we inhabit and as such are measurable. If a leader lacks popular approval, cannot command a majority in the legislature, rides atop a sinking economy, or suffers under stronger or smarter foreign enemies, then his policy preferences will be compromised. He will have to change his preferences to accommodate the constraints, rather than the other way around. Case in point is the U.S. electoral college: it proved an insurmountable political constraint on the Democratic Party in 2016. The college is intended to restrain direct democracy or popular passions; it also restrains the concentration of regional power. In 2012, Barack Obama won a larger share of the electoral college than the popular vote, while in 2016 Hillary Clinton won a smaller share (Chart 1). Clinton’s lack of appeal in the industrial Midwest turned the college and deprived her of the prize. The rest is history. In this report we highlight five key constraints that will shape the direction of the major geopolitical risks in the fourth quarter. We recommend investors remain tactically cautious on risk assets, although we have not yet extended this recommendation to the cyclical, 12-month time frame. China’s Policy: The Debt-Deflation Constraint We have a solid record of pessimism regarding Chinese President Xi Jinping’s willingness and ability to stimulate the economy – but even we were surprised by his tenacity this year. His administration’s effort to contain leverage, while still stimulating the economy, has prevented a quick rebound in the global manufacturing cycle. The constraint limiting this approach is the need to avoid a debt-deflation spiral. This is a condition in which households and firms become pessimistic about the future and cut back their spending and borrowing. The general price level falls and drives up real debt burdens, which motivates further cutbacks. A classic example is Japan, which saw a property bubble burst, destroying corporate balance sheets and forcing the country into a long phase of paying down debt amid falling prices. China has not seen its property bubble burst yet. Prices have continued to rise despite the recent pause in the non-financial debt build-up (Chart 2). Looser monetary and fiscal policy have sustained this precarious balance. But the result is a tug-of-war between the government and the private sector. If the government miscalculates, and the asset bubble bursts, then it will be extremely difficult for the government to change the mindset of households and companies bent on paying down debt. It will be too late to avoid the vicious spiral that Japan experienced – with the critical proviso that Chinese people are less wealthy than the Japanese in 1990 and the country’s political system is less flexible. A Japan-sized economic problem would lead to a China-sized political problem. This is why the recent drop in Chinese producer prices below zero is a worrisome sign (Chart 3). Policymakers have loosened monetary and fiscal policy incrementally since July 2018 and they are signaling that they will continue to do so. This is particularly likely in an environment in which trade tensions are reduced but remain fundamentally unresolved – which is our base case. Chart 2China's Property Bubble Intact Chart 3China's Constraint Is Debt-Deflation Are policymakers aware of this constraint? Absolutely. If the trade talks collapse, or the global economy slumps regardless, then China will have to stimulate more aggressively. Xi Jinping is not truly a Chairman Mao, willing to impose extreme austerity. He oversaw the 2015-16 stimulus and would do it again if he came face to face with the debt-deflation constraint. Is China still capable of stimulating? High debt levels, the reassertion of centralized state power, and the trade war have all rendered traditional stimulus levers less effective by dampening animal spirits. Yet policymakers are visibly “riding the brake,” so they can remove restraints and increase reflation if necessary. Most obviously, authorities can inject larger fiscal stimulus. They have insisted that they will prevent easy monetary and credit policies from feeding into property prices – and this could change. They could also pick up the pace when it comes to reducing average bank lending rates for small and medium-sized businesses.1 In short, stimulus is less effective, but the government is also preferring to save dry powder. This preference will be thrown by the wayside if it hits the critical constraint. The implication is that Chinese stimulus will continue to pick up over a cyclical, 12-month horizon. There is impetus to reduce trade tensions with the U.S., discussed below, but a lack of final resolution will ensure that policy tightening is not called for. Bottom Line: China’s chief economic constraint is a debt-deflation trap. This would engender long-term economic difficulties that would eventually translate into political difficulties for Communist Party rule. If a trade deal is reached, it is unlikely alone to require a shift to tighter policy. If the trade talks collapse, stimulus will overshoot to the upside. Trade War: The Electoral Constraint The U.S. and China are holding the thirteenth round of trade negotiations this week after a summer replete with punitive measures, threats, and failed restarts. Tensions spiked just ahead of the talks, as expected. Immediately thereafter President Trump declared he will meet with Chinese negotiators to give a boost to the process and reassure the markets.2 Trump’s major constraint in waging the trade war is economic, not political. Americans are generally sympathetic to his pressure campaign against China. Public opinion polls show that a strong majority believes it is necessary to confront China even though the bulk of the economic pain will be borne by consumers themselves (Chart 4). Yet Americans could lose faith in Trump’s approach once the economic pain fully materializes. Critically, the decline in wage growth that is occurring as a result of the global and manufacturing slowdown is concentrated in the states that are most likely to swing the 2020 election, e.g. the “purple” or battleground states (Chart 5). Chart 4Americans To Confront China Despite The Costs? Chart 5Trump Faces Pressure To Stage A Tactical Trade Retreat Furthermore, a rise in unemployment, which is implied by the recent decline in the University of Michigan’s survey of consumer confidence regarding the purchase of large household goods, would devastate voters’ willingness to give Trump’s tariff strategy the benefit of the doubt (Chart 6). Wisconsin and Pennsylvania, two critical states, have seen a net loss of manufacturing jobs on the year. The fear of an uptick in U.S. unemployment will prevent Trump from escalating the trade war. An uptick in unemployment would be a major constraint on Trump’s trade war – he cannot escalate further until the economy has stabilized. And that may very well require tariff rollback while trade talks “make progress.” We expect that Trump is willing to do this in the interest of staying in power. As highlighted above, the Xi administration is not without its own constraints. Our proxies for China’s marginal propensity to consume show that Chinese animal spirits are still vulnerable, particularly on the household side, which has not responded to stimulus thus far (Chart 7). Since this constraint is less immediate than Trump’s election date, Xi cannot be expected to capitulate to Trump’s biggest demands. Hence a ceasefire or détente is more likely than a full bilateral trade agreement. Chart 6Waning Consumer Confidence On Big Ticket Items Foreshadows Rise In Unemployment Trump’s electoral constraint also suggests that he needs to remove trade risks such as car tariffs on Europe and Japan (which we expect he will do). We have been optimistic on the passage of the USMCA trade deal but impeachment puts this forecast in jeopardy. Chart 7China's Trade War Constraint? Animal Spirits   Bottom Line: Trump will stage a tactical retreat on trade in order to soften the negative impact on the economy and reduce the chances of a recession prior to the November 3, 2020 election. China’s economic constraints are less immediate and it is unlikely to make major structural concessions. Hence we expect a ceasefire that temporarily reduces tensions and boosts sentiment rather than a bilateral trade agreement that initiates a fundamental deepening of U.S.-China economic engagement. U.S. Policy: The Economic Constraint The 2020 U.S. election is a critical political risk both because of the volatility it will engender and because of what we see as a 45% chance that it will lead to a change in the ruling party governing the world’s largest economy. Will Trump be the candidate? Yes. If Trump’s approval among Republicans breaks beneath the lows plumbed during the Charlottesville incident in 2017 (Chart 8A), then Trump has an impeachment problem, but otherwise he is safe from removal. Judging by the Republican-leaning pollster Rasmussen, which should reflect the party’s mood, Trump’s approval rating has not broken beneath its floor and may already be bouncing back from the initial hit of the impeachment inquiry (Chart 8B). The rise in support for impeachment and removal in opinion polls is notable, but it is also along party lines and will fade if the Democrats are seen as dragging on the process or trying to circumvent an election that is just around the corner. Chart 8ARepublican Opinion Precludes Trump’s Removal Chart 8BRepublican-Leaning Pollster Shows Support Holding Thus Far How will all of this bear on the 2020 election? Turnout will be high so everything depends on which side will be more passionate. A critical factor will be the Democratic nominee. Former Vice President Joe Biden, the establishment pick, has broken beneath his floor in the polling. His rambling debate performances have reinforced the narrative that he is too old, while the impeachment of Trump will fuel counteraccusations of corruption that will detract from Biden’s greatest asset: his electability. According to a Harvard-Harris poll from late September, 61% of voters believe it was inappropriate for Biden to withhold aid from Ukraine to encourage the firing of a Ukrainian prosecutor even when the polling question makes no mention of any connection with Biden’s son’s business interest there. Moreover, 77% believe it is inappropriate that Biden’s son Hunter traveled with his father to China while soliciting investments there. With Vermont Senator Bernie Sanders’s candidacy now defunct as a result of his heart attack and old age, Elizabeth Warren, the progressive senator from Massachusetts, will become the indisputable front runner (which she is not yet). In the fourth primary debate on October 15, she will face attacks from all sides reflecting this new status. Given her debate performances thus far, she will sustain the heightened scrutiny and come out stronger. This is not to say that Warren is already the Democratic candidate. Biden is still polling like a traditional Democratic primary front runner (Chart 9), while Warren has some clear weaknesses in electability, as reflected in her smaller lead over Trump in head-to-head polls in swing states. Nevertheless Warren is likely to become the front runner. Chart 9Biden Polling About Average Relative To Previous Democratic Primary Front Runners The recession call remains the U.S. election call. Two further considerations: Impeachment and removal of President Trump ensure a Democratic victory. There are hopes in some quarters that President Trump could be impeached and removed and yet his Vice President Mike Pence could go on to win the 2020 election, preserving the pro-business policy status quo. The problem with this logic is that Trump cannot be removed unless Republican opinion shifts. This will require an earthquake as a result of some wrongdoing by Trump. Such an earthquake will blacken Pence’s and the GOP’s name and render them toxic in the general election. Not to mention that Pence’s only act as president in the brief interim would likely be to pardon Trump and his accomplices. He would suffer Gerald Ford’s fate in 1976. Which means that a significant slide in Trump’s approval among Republicans will translate to higher odds of a Democratic win in 2020 and hence higher taxes and regulation, i.e. a hit to corporate earnings expectations. We expect this approval to hold up, but the market can sell off anyway because … The market is overrating the Senate as a check on Warren in the event she wins the White House. It is true that relative to Biden, Warren is less likely to carry the Senate. Democrats need to retain their Senate seat in Alabama, while capturing Maine, Colorado, and Arizona (or Georgia) in addition to the White House in order to control the Senate. Biden is more competitive in Arizona and Georgia than Warren. But this is a flimsy basis to feel reassured that a Warren presidency will be constrained. In fact, it is very difficult to unseat a sitting president. If the Democrats can muster enough votes to kick out an incumbent and elect an outspoken left-wing progressive from the northeast, they most likely will have mustered enough votes to take the Senate as well. For instance, unemployment could be rising or Trump’s risky foreign policy could have backfired. Chart 10Business Sentiment Threatens Trump Re-Election In our estimation the Democrats have about a 45% chance of winning the presidency, and Warren does not significantly reduce this chance. The resilient U.S. economy is Trump’s base case for success. But Trump’s trade policy and the global slowdown are rapidly eating away at the prospect that voters see improvement (Chart 10). This speaks to the constraint driving a ceasefire with China above, but it also speaks to the broader probability of policy continuity in the U.S. As Warren’s path to the White House widens, there is a clear basis for equities to sell off in the near term. Bottom Line: Trump’s approval among Republicans is a constraint on his removal via impeachment. But the status of the economy is the greater constraint. The recession call remains the election call. While we expect downside in the near term, we are still constructive on U.S. equities on a cyclical basis. War With Iran: The Oil Price Constraint The Senate will remain President Trump’s bulwark amid impeachment, notwithstanding the controversial news that Trump is moving forward with the withdrawal of troops from Syria, specifically from the so-called “safe zone” agreed with Turkey, giving Ankara license to stage a larger military offensive in Syria. This abandonment of the U.S.’s Kurdish allies at the behest of Turkey (which is a NATO ally but has been at odds with Washington) has provoked flak from Republican senators. However, it is well supported in U.S. public opinion (Chart 11). Trump is threatening to impose economic sanctions on Turkey if it engages in ethnic cleansing. The Turkish lira is the marginal loser, Trump’s approval rating is the marginal winner. The withdrawal sends a signal to the world that the U.S. is continuing to deleverage from the Middle East – a corollary with the return of focus on Asia Pacific. While the Iranians are key beneficiaries of this pivot, the Trump administration is maintaining maximum sanctions pressure on the Iranians. The firing of hawkish National Security Adviser John Bolton did not lead to a détente, as President Rouhani has too much to risk from negotiating with Trump. Instead the Iranians smelled U.S. weakness and went on the attack in Saudi Arabia, briefly shuttering 6 million barrels of oil per day. The response to the attack – from both Saudi Arabia and the U.S. – revealed an extreme aversion to military conflict and escalation. Instead the U.S. has tightened its sanctions regime – China is reportedly withdrawing from its interest in the South Pars natural gas project, a potentially serious blow to Iran, which had been hyping its strategic partnership with China. This reinforces the prospect for a U.S.-China ceasefire even as it redoubles the economic pressure on Iran. As long as the U.S. maintains the crippling sanctions on Iran, there is no guarantee that Tehran will not strike out again in an effort to weaken President Trump’s resolve. The fact that about 18% of global oil supply flows through the critical chokepoint of the Strait of Hormuz is Iran’s ace in the hole (Chart 12). It is the chief constraint on Trump’s foreign policy, as greater oil supply disruptions could shock the U.S. economy ahead of the election. Trump can benefit from minor or ephemeral disruptions but he is likely to get into trouble if a serious shock weakens the economy at this juncture. Chart 11U.S. Opinion Constrains Foreign Policy Chart 12Oil Price Constrains U.S. Policy Toward Iran An oil shock does not have to originate in Hormuz shipping or sneak attacks on regional oil infrastructure. Iran is uniquely capable of fomenting the anti-government protests that have erupted in southern Iraq. The restoration of stability in Iraq has resulted in around 2 million barrels of oil per day coming onto international markets (Chart 13). If this process is reversed through political instability or sabotage, it will rapidly push up against global spare oil capacity and exert an upward pressure on oil prices that would come at an awkward time for a global economy experiencing a manufacturing recession (Chart 14). Chart 13Iran's Leverage Over Iraq Chart 14Global Oil Spare Capacity Constrains Response To Crisis Bottom Line: Iran’s power over regional oil production is the biggest constraint on Trump’s foreign policy in the region, yet Trump is apparently tightening rather than easing the sanctions regime. The failure of the Abqaiq attack to generate a lasting impact on oil prices amid weak global demand suggests that Iran could feel emboldened. The U.S. preference to withdraw from Middle Eastern conflicts could also encourage Iran, while the tightening of the sanctions regime could make it desperate. An oil shock emanating from the conflict with Iran is still a significant risk to the global bull market. Brexit: The No-Deal Constraint The fifth and final constraint to discuss in this report pertains to the U.K. and Brexit. We do not consider the October 31 deadline a no-deal exit risk. Parliament will prevail over a prime minister who lacks a majority. Nevertheless the expected election can revive no-deal risk, especially if Boris Johnson is returned to power with a weak minority government. Chart 15U.K.: Public Opinion Constrains Parliament And No-Deal Brexit While parliament is the constraint on the prime minister, the public is the constraint on parliament. From this point of view, support for Brexit has weakened and the Conservative Party is less popular than in the lead up to the 2015 and 2017 general elections. The public is aware that no-deal exit is likely to cause significant economic pain and that is why a majority rejects no-deal, as opposed to a soft Brexit. Unless the Tory rally in opinion polling produces another coalition with the Northern Irish, albeit with Boris Johnson at the helm, these points make it likely that a no-deal Brexit will become untenable when all is said and done (Chart 15). If Johnson achieves a single party majority the EU will be more likely to grant concessions enabling him to get a withdrawal deal over the line. We remain long GBP-USD but will turn sellers at the $1.30 mark. Investment Implications The path of least resistance is for China’s stimulus efforts to increase – incrementally if trade tensions are contained, and sharply if not. This should help put a floor beneath growth, but the Q1 timing of this floor means that global risk assets face additional downside in the near term. We continue to recommend going long our “China Play” index. U.S.-China trade tensions should decline as President Trump looks to prevent higher unemployment ahead of his election. China has reason to follow through on small concessions to encourage Trump’s tactical trade retreat, but it does not face pressure to make new structural concessions. We expect a ceasefire – with some tariff rollback likely – but not a big bang agreement that removes all tariffs or deepens the overall bilateral economic engagement. Stay long our “China Play” index. We remain short CNY-USD on a strategic basis but recognize that a ceasefire presents a short term (maximum 12-month) risk to this view, so clients with a shorter-term horizon should close that trade. We are long European equities relative to Chinese equities as a result of the view that China will stimulate but that a trade ceasefire will leave lingering uncertainties over Chinese corporates. U.S. politics are highly unpredictable but constraint-based analysis indicates that while the House may impeach, the Senate will not remove. This, combined with Warren’s likely ascent to the head of the pack in the Democratic primary race, means that Trump remains favored to win reelection, albeit with low conviction (55% chance) due to a weak general approval rating and economic risks. The risk to U.S. equities is immediate, but should dissipate. The U.S. is rotating its strategic focus from the Middle East to Asia Pacific, which entails a continued rotation of geopolitical risk. However, recent developments reinforce our argument in July that Iranian geopolitical risk is frontloaded relative to the China risk. This is true as long as Trump maintains crippling sanctions. Iran may be emboldened by its successes so far and has various mechanisms – including Iraqi instability – by which it can threaten oil supply to pressure Trump. This is a tail risk, but it does support our position of being long EM energy producers.   Matt Gertken, Vice President Geopolitical Strategist mattg@bcaresearch.com Footnotes 1 Please see BCA Research, China Investment Strategy Weekly Report, “Mild Deflation Means Timid Easing,” October 9, 2019, available at cis.bcaresearch.com. 2 China knows that Trump wants to seal a deal prior to November 2020 to aid his reelection campaign, while Trump needs to try to convince China that he does not care about election, the stock market, or anything other than structural concessions from China. Hence the U.S. blacklisted several artificial intelligence companies and sanctioned Chinese officials in advance of the talks. The U.S. opened a new front in the conflict by invoking China’s human rights abuses in Xinjiang, which is also an implicit warning not to create a humanitarian incident in Hong Kong where protests continue to rage. These are pressure tactics but have not yet derailed the attempt to seal a deal in Q4.
特別レポート The steady expansion of global population and rising per-capita calorie consumption has directly translated to growing demand for agricultural products of all types. However, these demand-side pressures increasingly will be met with disruptions to global supply of agricultural commodities, as the impact of climate change raises uncertainty. In any given year, the aggregate decisions of farmers all over the world – i.e., the choice of which crops to plant and how much acreage to dedicate to each crop – determine the supply and market prices of ags. In this competitive market, each farmer attempts to maximize his or her welfare by planting the crops that are expected to yield the greatest profit. The collective action of these producers in reaction to perceived demand generally leads to stable prices, especially for staple commodities such as grains and oilseeds, which differ from industrial commodities in that they are not highly correlated with global business cycles. Demand trends are long-term and slow moving, and typically do not result in abrupt price pressures, as farmers have time to adjust and adapt to changing consumer preferences. Unforeseen, weather-induced supply-side shocks, therefore, are the main source of sudden price changes in ag markets. Such a shock was dramatically on display during the drought-induced crop failures in major grain and cereal producing regions in the most recent global food crisis of 2010/11. While this massive supply shock was not the first of its kind (Chart 1), it highlighted the vulnerability of ag markets to weather risks and specifically the evolving environment under climate change. A 2019 study quantifies the impact of shifting weather patterns on the agricultural market, finding that year-to-year changes in climate factors during the growing season explain 20%-49% of change in corn, rice, soybean, and wheat yields, with climate extremes accounting for 18%-43% of this variation.1 In theory, the impact can manifest in several ways, sometimes contradictory: Chart 12010/11 Shock Highlights Ag Vulnerability To Weather Extreme weather events: An increase in the frequency and intensity of droughts or floods which threaten to wipe out crops or reduce yields, creating unpredictable supply shocks. The gradual rise in temperature: Each crop has cardinal temperatures – defined by the minimum, maximum and optimum – that determine its boundaries for growth. Increases in temperatures induced by global warming may push the boundary, reducing yields in some regions. Changes in precipitation patterns: In many areas precipitation is projected to increase – both in short bursts and over longer periods. This will lead to greater soil erosion resulting in deterioration in the quality of soil. In other regions, precipitation will decrease, and drought is expected to become more frequent.2 Moreover, the interaction of these factors – along with other region-specific variables – will amplify the impact on crops: Rising temperatures and greater precipitation will result in greater amounts of water in the atmosphere, producing increased water vapor and greater cloud cover. This will reduce solar radiation, and will harm crop productivity. Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide and CO2 fertilization: Greater CO2 concentrations brought on by continued growth in air pollution are positive for crops as they stimulate photosynthesis and plant growth. However, the impact differs across crops with plants such as soybeans, rice and wheat set to benefit relatively more than plants such as corn.3 Moreover, elevated atmospheric CO2 levels can help crops respond to environmental stresses and reduce yield losses due to ozone and crop water loss through partial stomatal closure and a reduction in ozone penetration into leaves. Temperature changes and the magnitude and intensity of precipitation impact soil moisture and surface runoff. Indirect effects of climate change – weeds, pests and pathogens – also present challenges as they require changes to management practices and may raise farming costs required. The confluence of these factors, and the region- and crop-specific nature of these variables, makes it impossible to estimate the impact of evolving climate conditions on ag products with great accuracy. Nevertheless, our research suggests that the impact of climate change on ag markets will create opportunities in this evolving and highly uncertain market. Abrupt Shocks Amid Gradual Warming: The Long And Short View The impact of climate change on agriculture markets is already evident in increasing intensity and frequency of extreme-weather events. The impact of climate change on agriculture markets is already evident in the increasing intensity and frequency of extreme-weather events such as heatwaves, floods, and droughts. Charts 2A, 2B, and 2C, illustrate the impact of major weather events in crop-producing regions of the U.S. on yields, production and acreage for the crop year in which the events took place. While the individual losses are a function of the magnitude of the event, the events highlighted translate to a 16%, 10%, and 7% decline in corn, soybean, and wheat yields, respectively. These supply disruptions generally do not extend beyond the event year, as the new crop year offers farmers a clean slate to raise output and maximize profits. Chart 2AExtreme Weather Events Reduce U.S. Corn Supplies Chart 2BExtreme Weather Events Reduce U.S. Soybean Supplies Chart 2CExtreme Weather Events Reduce U.S. Wheat Supplies In A Big Way Chart 3Climate-Induced U.S. Supply Shocks Associated With Price Spikes Given that the U.S. is a major global supplier of these crops, extreme weather events and the subsequent supply reductions lead to non-negligible price pressures (Chart 3). While crop conditions thus far have failed to deteriorate in trend (Chart 4), greater frequency and intensity of weather events raise the probability of a decline in overall crop and could lower supply. Chart 4Crop Conditions Have Generally Held Up Expanding the analysis to other major crop-producing regions of the world, we find that once again, extreme-weather events are associated with a decline in yields and production in the corresponding crop year (Chart 5). This exercise also indicates that the impact of droughts is significantly more pronounced than the impact of floods.4 The net impact of rising temperatures over the coming decade is not a clear negative. While the weather-induced supply shocks described above are unpredictable, abrupt, and have an immediate impact on output and prices, the gradual warming of temperatures is a slow-moving process. Consequently, the impact will manifest in the form of gradual changes that are difficult to capture and quantify, especially given the mitigating effect of CO2 fertilization – i.e., higher yields resulting from higher CO2 in the atmosphere. Nonetheless, rising temperatures will become a serious risk in crop-planting regions both in the U.S. and globally (Chart 6). While rising temperatures are expected to bring about increasingly more wide-ranging supply disruptions (Chart 7), the net impact over the coming decade is not a clear negative. Chart 5Weather Events, Especially Droughts, Hurt Global Supplies Chart 6Rising Global Temperatures Will Pose A Serious Risk …   One study expects the positive impact of CO2 fertilization on yields to overwhelm the negative effect of rising temperatures over the coming decade (Table 1). Elsewhere, studies forecast different responses, with some predicting incremental yield gains over the coming decade before temperatures rise to levels that overwhelm the benefits of greater CO2. Similarly, according to the FAO’s assessment, the net negative impact of climate change on global crop yields will only become apparent with a high degree of certainty post-2030.5 Chart 7… Especially Above The 2 ℃ Mark Table 1Estimates For The Response Of Global Average Crop Yields To Warming And CO2 Changes Over The Next Decades Bottom Line: Given that rising crop yields have been the main vehicle through which global ag supply grew to meet expanding demand, the risks posed to yields due to climate change are non-trivial. The impact will manifest itself in the form of two simultaneous trends: the gradual rise in temperatures alongside more frequent and severe weather events. While the latter will threaten immediate supply, the former is a slower moving process, and its net negative impact is unlikely to manifest before 2030. The Winners … And Losers Rising temperatures are expected to result in a negligible impact on ag markets over the coming decade; yet this finding is not uniform across all regions. The FAO study cited above finds that by 2030, the projected impact on crop yields will be slightly net negative in developing countries. However, in developed countries, the effect will be net positive. In terms of global supply, the impact of climate change over the coming decade is expected to remain relatively contained, affecting certain regions at various times without causing major global disruptions. That said, as global warming and extreme weather persist, the ramifications will begin to extend beyond individual regions, and will cause supply shocks on a global scale. In part, this can be explained by a greater potential for net reductions in crop yields in warmer, low-latitude areas and semi-arid regions of the world.6 This non-uniform impact will create relative winners and losers. Producers located in temperate regions – where climate change does not yet pose as serious a threat – are set to profit from their increased role in global supply. Conversely, tropical regions are much more vulnerable to climate change. This is especially true for those whose economies are highly dependent on agriculture (Chart 8). Chart 8Agricultural Economies In Tropical Regions Are Most Vulnerable On net, the overall economies of DM countries – which generally are not economically dependent on agriculture and are located in northern regions – will be relatively more insulated from the impact of climate change on the agriculture sector. Aside from the impact on producers, the implications on consumers are also region-dependent. Clearly the direct impact of climate change on global agriculture will be higher food prices, which directly impacts the food component of inflation generally. As a result, consumers who spend a large share of their income to food – generally consumers in lower income countries – will be hardest hit (Chart 9). Chart 9Higher Food Prices Disproportionately Hurt Consumers In Lower Income Countries In theory, a food supply shock is transitory, and given that food is usually excluded from core inflation gauges targeted by central banks, monetary policy should not react to these price spikes. All the same, aside from this direct impact on inflation, food inflation can also pass-through into other components of the CPI basket, for example through wage pressures or inflation expectations. This would lead to a more persistent impact on core inflation, forcing policy makers to react to these transitory forces, complicating the monetary policy response function for these countries. Given that inflation expectations are less well-anchored in lower income economies and that food makes up a larger share of consumption expenditures in these economies, they are most vulnerable to weather-induced food shocks. Individuals who spend a large share of their income on food are set to suffer most. In countries where food prices are highly subsidized, the impact of higher global food prices will not immediately translate to higher domestic prices. This explains why there is no one-to-one relationship between global food prices and domestic food prices (Chart 10). Instead, the higher prices are absorbed by the governments, resulting in an expansion in government expenditures. This distorts the local food market, as it prevents demand from adjusting to the higher prices, and could potentially result in an undershoot in inventories that makes global markets even more vulnerable to further supply shocks Chart 10Subsidies Partially Insulate Against International Shocks Bottom Line: The implications of climate change on ag producers are non-uniform. While higher-latitude regions are set to benefit, at least in the short-run, low-latitude countries with economies that are highly dependent on the agriculture sector will suffer most. On the consumer side, individuals who spend a large share of their income on food are set to suffer most. While consumers in countries that subsidize the crops will be protected from the immediate inflation risk, they may feel a delayed impact due to an increase in budget expenditures needed to cover the larger import bill. Mitigation Efforts While the potential impact of climate change on the agriculture sector can be large, it will be at least partially managed through adoption of mitigation policies (Diagram 1). Diagram 1Adaptation Reduces Vulnerability A key question in determining the extent of this behavior is whether warming temperatures and the increased occurrence and intensity of extreme events will be sufficient to justify a major acceleration of investment in agriculture. These efforts would range from simple management changes on the part of farmers to technological advances that raise the productivity of farming or reduce the vulnerability of farmers to climate change. For example, farmers across the U.S. have been planting corn and soybeans earlier in the spring, resulting in an advancement in planting dates (Chart 11). The earlier planting has also been accompanied by a longer growing season with the average number of days in the season increasing. Farmers are also adapting by altering their decisions on which crops to plant. For example, since soybean and corn are planted in many of the same regions of the U.S., farmers often plant more soybeans than corn when experiencing weather shocks. Chart 11Farmers Are Planting Earlier In The Season The agriculture sector is also using more efficient machinery that can plant and harvest crops much faster as well as developing heartier seeds and more potent fertilizers. In turn, farmers will alter their decision making by selecting crop varieties or species that are more resistant to heat and drought. Or they will change fertilizer rates, amounts and timing of irrigation, along with other water-management techniques. Farmers also are making wider use of integrated pest and pathogen management techniques, in order to raise the effectiveness of pest, disease, and weed control. Given that the number of firms in the agriculture sector are fewer in developed markets than in the rest of the world, management decisions can be more easily implemented in the former. On the other hand, emerging market countries where ag output is driven by numerous individual farmers will have a more difficult time implementing policies. Individual farms may not have the means to support themselves, which raises the potential impact of climate change. What is more, climate-change mitigation efforts may require projects, programs, or funds set aside by the government to support these efforts. This is more likely to occur in wealthier developed countries. Bottom Line: Adaptation and mitigation measures on the part of farmers have the potential to reduce the impact of climate change. That said, farmers in richer countries with the funds and institutions in place to support the ag sector likely will fare better. Investment Implications Over the coming decade, the ramifications of climate change are likely to be contained to a regional level. Although global supply will be vulnerable to regional disruptions, the impact will, in part, be mitigated by inventories, which have been rising for years. These stocks will create a buffer against unpredictable supply shocks (Chart 12). Chart 12Higher Inventories Needed To Buffer Against Unpredictable Shocks However, given that the global soybean market resembles an oligopoly with Brazil, the U.S., and Argentina accounting for 81% of global supply, global soybean prices will be more vulnerable to supply events in these regions than other crops (Chart 13). At the other end of the spectrum, global wheat markets will be relatively more insulated from isolated weather events impacting any one major producer as each of these regions contributes a relatively small share to global wheat output. This analysis also finds that yields and supply generally recover in the crop year following an extreme climate event. This implies that while the extent of damage from these events can be severe, they are not persistent unless the increasing frequency of extreme events leads to a secular change. Aside from the price impact, the weather and temperature changes will manifest in the form of greater volatility in supply, translating to greater price volatility. Options-implied volatilities for corn, wheat and soybeans have been on a general downtrend since the two major global food scares in 2007/08 and 2010/11 (Chart 14). We expect the trend to reverse going forward as the frequency of weather events will create greater price uncertainty. Chart 13Soybeans Most Vulnerable To Shocks Affecting Major Producers   Chart 14Volatility Will Go Up   Roukaya Ibrahim, Editor/Strategist Commodity & Energy Strategy RoukayaI@bcaresearch.com Jeremie Peloso, Research Analyst U.S. Bond Strategy JeremieP@bcaresearch.com Hugo Bélanger, Senior Analyst Commodity & Energy Strategy HugoB@bcaresearch.com Amr Hanafy, Research Associate Global Asset Allocation AmrH@bcaresearch.com Isabelle Dimyadi, Research Associate Isabelled@bcaresearch.com     Appendix Table 2Extreme Weather Events In The U.S.   Footnotes 1      Please see Vogel et al, The effects of climate extremes on global agricultural yields, Environ. Res. Lett 14 054010, 2019. 2      As a consequence of greenhouse gas emissions precipitation is expected to increase in high altitude regions such as much of the U.S. and decrease in subtropical regions such as the southwest U.S., Central America, southern Africa, and the Mediterranean basin. 3           Plants can be broken down into either C3 or C4 based on the way they assimilate atmospheric CO2 into different physiological components. While rising CO2 causes C3 plants to raise the rate of photosynthesis and reduce the respiration rate, C4 plants do not experience a rise in photosynthesis since photosynthesis is already saturated. For example, studies show that soybean yields increased 12%-15% under 550 ppm vs. 370 ppm CO2 concentrations while corn experienced negligible yield increases. 4      Please see Lesk C., P. Rowhani, and N. Ramankutty, Influence of extreme weather disasters on global crop production, Nature, 529(7584), 84-87, 2016. 5      Please see The State Of Food And Agriculture: Climate Change, Agriculture, And Food Security, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2016. 6      Please see Stevanovic et al., The impact of high-end climate change on agricultural welfare, Sci-Adv 2(8), 2016.
Analysis on Turkey is available below. Highlights A dovish Fed or robust U.S. growth does not constitute sufficient conditions for a bull market in EM. China’s business and credit cycles are much more important factors for EM than those of the U.S. A recovery in the Chinese economy and global manufacturing is not imminent. The common signal reverberating from various financial markets is that the risks to the global business cycle are still skewed to the downside. Feature Current investor perceptions of emerging markets are mixed. Some expect EM to benefit greatly from low U.S. interest rates. These investors view even a partial trade deal between the U.S. and China as sufficient for EM to embark on a bull market. BCA’s Emerging Markets Strategy team disagrees with this narrative. We deliberated the significance of the U.S.-China confrontation to EM in our September 19 report; therefore, we will not go over this subject here. Rather, in this report we discuss some of the more common misconceptions surrounding EM currently, and infer what these mean for investment strategies. Perception 1: The share of resource sectors (materials and energy) in the EM equity benchmark has declined substantially. This along with the expanded role of consumers and consumer stocks (Alibaba, Tencent and Baidu) in EM economies and equity markets has made their share prices less exposed to the global trade cycle and commodities prices. Reality: It is true that in many EM bourses, the weight of consumer stocks has been growing. Nevertheless, their financial markets in general, and equity markets in particular, remain very sensitive to the global trade cycle and commodities prices. Chart I-1 illustrates that the aggregate EM equity index has historically been and continues to be strongly correlated with the global basic materials stock index. The latter includes mining, steel and chemical companies. Global materials stocks also exhibit a very strong correlation with Chinese banks’ share prices. Moreover, global materials stocks also exhibit a very strong correlation with Chinese banks’ share prices (Chart I-2). The rationale for the high correlation is that both mainland banks’ profits and global demand for basic materials are driven by a common factor: China’s business cycle. Chart I-1EM And Global Materials Stocks Move Together Chart I-2Chinese Bank And Global Materials Share Prices Are Highly Correlated For example, construction in China is contracting (Chart I-3), which entails both higher NPLs for Chinese banks and lower demand for basic materials. China accounts for about 50% of global consumption of industrial metals, cement and many other basic materials. Finally, EM ex-China bank stocks also correlate strongly with global basic materials share prices. The basis is as follows: Many emerging economies export raw materials, and commodities price fluctuations impact their business cycle, exports and exchange rates. Chart I-3China: Construction Activity Is Contracting Chart I-4High-Yielding EM: Currencies And Local Bond Yields Historically, in high-yielding EM markets, currency depreciation has led to higher interest rates and lower bank share prices, and vice versa (Chart I-4). Lately, EM bond yields have not risen in response to EM currency depreciation. However, we believe this correlation will soon be re-established if EM currencies continue drifting lower.  In short, China’s money/credit cycles drive not only the mainland’s business cycle, banking profits and NPLs, but also global trade and commodities prices. The latter two - via their impact on exchange rates and in turn interest rates - have historically explained credit and domestic demand cycles in high-yielding EM. Perception 2:  EM stocks are a high-beta play on the S&P 500, i.e., EM equities outperform when the S&P 500 rallies, and vice versa. Reality: Since 2012, the beta for EM equity versus the S&P 500 has often been below one (Chart I-5). Furthermore, since 2012, EM share prices often failed to outpace their DM peers during global equity rallies. Indeed, EM relative equity performance versus DM, as well as the EM ex-China currency total return index, have been closely tracking the relative performance of global cyclicals versus global defensive stocks (Chart I-6). Chart I-5EM Equities Beta To The S&P 500 Chart I-6Global Cyclicals-To-Defensives Equity Ratio And EM   In short, EM equities and currencies have been, and will remain, sensitive to the global business cycle rather than the S&P 500. Since 2012, the latter has - on several occasions - decoupled from the global manufacturing and trade cycles. Perception 3:  EM stocks, currencies and fixed-income markets are very sensitive to U.S. interest rates. Hence, a dovish Fed will lead to EM currency appreciation.  Reality: Chart I-7 reveals that EM currencies, total returns on EM local currency bonds in U.S. dollar terms and EM sovereign credit spreads do not exhibit a strong relationship with U.S. Treasury yields. U.S. interest rate expectations have a much smaller impact on EM financial markets than commonly perceived by the investment community.  Overall, U.S. interest rate expectations have a much smaller impact on EM financial markets than commonly perceived by the investment community.  Chart I-7EM And U.S. Bond Yields: No Stable Correlation Chart I-8China Cycle And EM Stocks Led U.S. Bond Yields On the contrary, the declines in U.S. bond yields in both 2015/16 and in 2018/19 were due to the growth slowdown that emanated from China/EM. The top panel of Chart I-8 illustrates that Chinese import growth rolled over in December 2017, yet U.S. bond yields rolled over in October 2018. What is more, EM share prices have been leading U.S. bond yields in recent years, not the other way around (Chart I-8, bottom panel). Perception 4:  If the U.S. avoids a recession, EM risk assets will recover. Chart I-9EM Profits Are Driven By Chinese Not U.S. Business Cycle Reality: EM per-share earnings contracted in 2012-2014 and in 2019, despite reasonably robust growth in U.S. final demand (Chart I-9, top panel). This suggests that even if the U.S. economy avoids a recession, that will not be a sufficient condition to be bullish on EM. EM corporate profits are highly driven by China’s business cycle. The bottom panel of Chart I-9 illustrates that mainland domestic industrial orders have been the key driver of EM corporate profit cycles since 2008. Perception 5:  EM equities, fixed-income markets and currencies are cheap. Reality: EM stocks are not cheap. They are fairly valued. Equity sectors with very poor fundamentals have very low multiples. Hence, they are “cheap” for a reason. These include Chinese banks, state-owned enterprises in various countries and resource companies. Equity segments with robust fundamentals are overpriced. Given that Chinese banks, state-owned enterprises in various countries, resource companies, and cyclical businesses have very large market caps, EM market-cap based equity valuation ratios are low – i.e., they appear cheap.  To remove the impact of these large market cap segments, we constructed and have been publishing the following valuation ratios: median, 20% trimmed mean and equal-sub-sector weighted (Chart I-10). Each of these is calculated based on the average of trailing and forward P/E ratios, price-to-book value, price-to-cash earnings and price-to-dividend ratios. EM equities relative to DM are not cheap either. Chart I-11 demonstrates the same ratios – median, 20% trimmed-mean and equal-sub-sector weighted values for EM versus DM. Chart I-10EM Equities Are Not Cheap Chart I-11Relative To DM EM Stocks Are Not Cheap Further, when valuations are not at extremes as in the case of EM equities at the moment, the profit cycle holds the key to share price performance over a 6 to 12-month horizon. EM earnings are presently contracting in absolute terms, and underperforming DM EPS. Two currencies that offer value are the Mexican peso and Russian ruble. Chart I-12EM Local Yields Are Low In Absolute Terms And Relative To U.S. In the fixed-income space, EM local bond yields are very low in absolute terms and relative to U.S. Treasury yields (Chart I-12). EM sovereign and corporate spreads are not wide either. As to exchange rates, the cheapest currencies are those with the worst fundamentals, such as the Argentine peso, Turkish lira and South African rand. The majority of other EM currencies are not very cheap. Two currencies that offer value are the Mexican peso and Russian ruble. Yet foreign investors are very long these currencies, and a combination of lower oil prices and portfolio outflows from broader EM will weigh on these exchange rates as well. Takeaways And Investment Strategy Chart I-13EM Currencies And Industrial Metals Prices EM risk assets and currencies exhibit the strongest correlation with global trade and commodities prices. Chart I-13 indicates that the EM ex-China currency total return index closely tracks commodities prices. This corroborates the messages from Chart I-1 on page 1 and Chart I-6 on page 4.  China’s business and credit cycles are much more important for EM than those of the U.S. A dovish Fed or strong U.S. growth are not sufficient reasons to bet on an EM bull market. A recovery in the Chinese economy and global manufacturing is not imminent. Individual EM countries’ domestic fundamentals such as return on capital, inflation, banking system health, competitiveness and politics drive individual EM performance. On these accounts, the outlook varies among EM. Readers can find analyses on specific EM economies in our Countries In-Depth page. Asset allocators should continue underweighting EM stocks, credit and currencies versus their DM counterparts.  Absolute-return investors should outright avoid EM, or trade them on the short side. Within the EM equity space, our overweights are Mexico, Russia, Central Europe, Korea ex-tech, Thailand and the UAE. Our underweights are South Africa, Indonesia, Philippines, Hong Kong, Turkey and Colombia. The path of least resistance for the U.S. dollar is up. Continue shorting the following basket of EM currencies versus the dollar: ZAR, CLP, COP, IDR, MYR, PHP and KRW. We are also short the CNY versus the greenback. As always, the list of our country allocations for local currency bonds and sovereign credit markets is available at the end of our reports – please refer to page 16. Take Cues From These Markets We suggest investors take cues from the following financial market signals. They are unequivocally sending a downbeat message for global growth and risk assets: The ratio between Sweden and Swiss non-financial stocks in common currency terms is heading south (Chart I-14). Swedish non-financials include many companies leveraged to the global industrial cycle, while Swiss non-financials are dominated by defensive stocks. Hence, the persistent decline in this ratio presages a continued deterioration in the global industrial sector. Where is the next defense line for this ratio? To reach its 2002 and 2008 nadirs, it will need to drop by another 10%. In the interim, investors should maintain a defensive posture. Chart I-14A Message From Swedish And Swiss Equities Chart I-15A Breakdown In The Making? U.S. FAANG stocks appear to be cracking below their 200-day moving average. The relative performance of global cyclical versus global defensive stocks is relapsing below the three-year moving average that served as a support last December (Chart I-15). U.S. FAANG stocks appear to be cracking below their 200-day moving average (Chart I-16). If this support gives, the next one will be about 17% below current levels. Finally, U.S. high-beta share prices are on the verge of a breakdown (Chart I-17). The next technical support is 10% below current levels. Chart I-16FAANG Are On The Support Line Chart I-17U.S. High-Beta Stocks Are On The Edge Bottom Line: The common message reverberating from these financial markets corroborates our fundamental analysis that a global business cycle recovery is not imminent, and that global risk assets in general, and EM financial markets in particular, are at risk of selling off further. Arthur Budaghyan Chief Emerging Markets Strategist arthurb@bcaresearch.com   Turkey: Is The Mean-Reversion Rally Over? Turkish financial markets have rebounded to their respective falling trend lines (Chart II-1). Are they set to break out or is a setback looming? Chart II-1Back To Falling Trend Chart II-2TRY Is Cheap Pros The economy has undergone a considerable real adjustment and many excesses have been purged: The current account balance has turned positive as imports have collapsed. Going forward, lower oil prices are likely to help the nation’s current account dynamics. The lira has become cheap (Chart II-2).  According to the real effective exchange rate based on unit labor costs, the currency is one standard deviation below its fair value. Core and headline inflation have fallen, allowing the central bank to cut interest rates aggressively. However, the exchange rate still holds the key: if the currency depreciates anew, local bonds yields will rise and the ability of the central bank to reduce borrowing costs further will diminish. Finally, private credit and broad money growth have decelerated substantially and are contracting in inflation-adjusted terms (Chart II-3). Chart II-3Money & Credit Have Bottomed Chart II-4Banks Have Been Aggressively Buying Government Bonds The recent gap between broad money and private credit growth has been due to commercial banks buying government bonds (Chart II-4). When a commercial bank purchases a security from non-banks, a new deposit/new unit of money supply is created. Banks’ purchases of government bonds en masse have capped domestic bond yields. However, if pursued aggressively, such monetary expansion could weigh on the currency’s value.   Cons Presently, potential sources of macro vulnerability in Turkey are: Foreign debt obligations (FDOs) – which are calculated as the sum of short-term claims, interest payments and amortization over the next 12 months – are at $168 billion, which is sizable. The annual current account surplus has reached only $4 billion and is sufficient to cover only 2.5% of FDOs, assuming the capital and financial account balance will be zero. Clearly, Turkey needs to both roll over most of its foreign debt coming due and attract foreign capital to finance a potential expansion in its imports if its domestic demand is to recover. Critically, $20 billion of net FX reserves, excluding gold, swap lines with foreign central banks and net of domestic banking and non-banking corporations’ foreign exchange deposits, are not adequate either to cover foreign debt obligations. Even though headline and core inflation measures have fallen, wage inflation remains rampant (Chart II-5). If wage inflation does not drop substantially very soon, rapidly rising unit labor costs will feed into inflation leading to negative ramifications for the exchange rate. This is especially crucial in Turkey given President Erdogan has undermined the central bank’s credibility and is resorting to populist measures to revive his popularity. Finally, Turkish banks remain under-provisioned. Currently, the banking regulator is requiring banks to boost their non-performing loans (NPL) ratio to 6.3% of total loans.This a far cry from the 2001 episode when the NPL ratio shot up to 25% (Chart II-6).   Even though interest rates rose much more in 2001 than last year, the private credit penetration in the economy was very low in the early 2000s. A higher credit penetration usually implies weaker borrowers have borrowed money and heralds a higher NPL ratio. Typically, following a credit boom and bust, it is natural for the NPL ratio to exceed 10%. We do not think Turkish banks stocks, having rallied a lot from their lows, are pricing in such a scenario. Chart II-5Surging Wages Are A Risk Chart II-6NPL Ratio Is Unrealistic Investment Recommendation We recommend both absolute-return investors and asset allocators not to chase Turkish financial markets higher. Renewed market volatility lies ahead. Given we expect foreign capital outflows from EM, Turkish companies and banks will encounter difficulties in rolling over their external debt and attracting foreign capital into domestic markets. This will produce a new downleg in the exchange rate. In turn, currency depreciation will weigh on performance of local bonds as well as sovereign and corporate credit. Stay underweight.   Andrija Vesic, Research Analyst andrijav@bcaresearch.com Footnotes Equities Recommendations Currencies, Credit And Fixed-Income Recommendations
ハイライト 市場予測 2019年第4四半期のストラテジー見通し:「見せて」相場 2019年第4四半期のストラテジー見通し:「見せて」相場 投資ストラテジー: 市場は「実績を見せて(show me)」の段階に入っています。株式が持続的に上昇するためには、より良好な経済指標と貿易交渉における実質的な進展が必要です。当社は両方の前提が実現すると考えています。それまでは、リスク資産が下押し圧力にさらされる可能性があります。 グローバル・アセット・アロケーション: 投資家は12か月の見通しでは株式を債券に対してオーバーウェイトすべきですが、短期的には下方リスクに対するヘッジとして通常より高めの現金ポジションを維持してください。 株式: グロースがボトムアウトした後は、新興市場(EM)および欧州株がアウトパフォームするでしょう。金融を含む景気循環性セクターは、成長サイクルが反転したときにディフェンシブをアウトパフォームし始めます。 債券: 中央銀行はハト派姿勢を維持するでしょうが、世界的な成長の強まりを背景にイールドはそれでも緩やかに上昇する見込みです。国債よりもハイイールドのコーポレート・クレジットを優先してください。 通貨: 逆景気循環的通貨である米ドルは今年後半にピークを迎えると見ています。 コモディティ: 原油および産業用金属の価格は上昇するでしょう。金価格は足踏み状態に入っていますが、インフレがついに顕在化する来年末または2021年に再び注目を集めるはずです。 特集 クライアントの皆様へ、 本レポートに代えて、私は10月7日月曜日の東部夏時間(EDT)午前10時にウェブキャストを開催し、年末以降に想定される主要な投資テーマと見解について説明しました。 敬具, ピーター・ベレジン、チーフ・グローバル・ストラテジスト   I. グローバル・マクロの見通し 世界経済の試練期 世界経済は重要な岐路に差し掛かっています。成長は2018年初めから減速しており、多くの者が「失速速度(stall speed)」とみなす水準に達しています。これは経済の弱さが自己強化的に作用し始め、景気後退を引き起こす可能性があるポイントです。 成長の減速はさらに悪化するのでしょうか。私たちの見立てではそうはならないと考えます。ここ4か月で世界の金融環境は大幅に緩和しており、その一因は多くの中央銀行によるハト派への転換です。金融環境の緩和は通常、世界成長にとって好材料です(図表1)。当社のグローバル先行指標は上向きになっており、主に新興市場のデータのわずかな改善によるものです(図表2)。 図表1金融環境の緩和は世界成長を押し上げる 金融環境の緩和は世界経済の成長を押し上げるだろう。 金融環境の緩和は世界経済の成長を押し上げるだろう。 図表2グローバル先行指標は底を抜けた グローバルLEIは安値から反発した グローバルLEIは安値から反発した     重要な問いは、製造業の弱さがより大きなサービス業セクターへ波及するかどうかです。これは起きつつあるという証拠があり、昨日の予想を下回るISM非製造業指数の発表が最新の例です。それでも、サービス業の活動の減速はこれまでのところ限定的です(図表3)。製造業比率の高いドイツでさえ、サービス業PMIは拡張域にあります。これは、製造業とサービス業の活動が足並みをそろえて崩落した2001/02年や2008/09年と大きく異なる点です。 図表3Aサービス業は製造業ほど軟化していない(I) サービス部門の軟化は製造業ほど顕著ではない(I) サービス部門の軟化は製造業ほど顕著ではない(I) 図表3Bサービス業は製造業ほど軟化していない(II) サービス業は製造業ほど弱まっていない(II) サービス業は製造業ほど弱まっていない(II) ドライブバイ的な減速 多くの投資家に製造業の減速の理由を尋ねれば、貿易戦争や中国のデレバレッジ政策を挙げるでしょう。これらは確かに妥当な理由ですが、あまり知られていないもう一つの犯人があります:自動車です。 WardsAutoによれば、世界の自動車販売は年央の上半期に5%超減少し、グレート・リセッション以来最大の落ち込みとなりました(図表4)。生産はさらに大きく落ち込みました。 図表4自動車セクターの弱さが製造業の下落を悪化させた 自動車セクターの弱さが製造業の低迷を一層悪化させた 自動車セクターの弱さが製造業の低迷を一層悪化させた 図表5米国の自動車需要は回復しつつある 米国の自動車需要は回復している 米国の自動車需要は回復している   世界の自動車セクターの弱さは複数の要因を反映しています。新たな厳格な排出基準、税制優遇の期限切れ、厳格化された自動車ローンの貸出基準の遅行効果、貿易緊張などが一因です。加えて、2015/16年のガソリン価格の下落は一部の自動車購入を前倒しさせた可能性があります。これにより、2015/16年の世界的な製造業の落ち込みが現在の落ち込みの種を蒔いた可能性があります。 自動車の生産が販売よりも速く落ちているという事実は、過剰在庫が解消されつつあることを意味するため、歓迎すべき点です。 米国の自動車ローン貸出基準は正常化し始めており、最新のシニアローンオフィサー調査では銀行が自動車ローンの需要増を報告しています(図表5)。 中国では、自動車販売は今年初めに最大14%の落ち込みを示した後に底を打ちました(図表6)。中国の自動車保有率は米国の5分の1、日本の4分の1、韓国の3分の1程度に過ぎません(図表7)。出発点が低いため、中国の自動車販売は中長期的な上昇トレンドを再開する可能性が高いです。 図表6中国の自動車セクターは底を探している 中国の自動車セクターが底を打ち始めている 中国の自動車セクターが底を打ち始めている 図表7中国:自動車の構造的見通しは明るい 中国:自動車の構造的見通しは明るい 中国:自動車の構造的見通しは明るい   貿易戦争:デタントに向かっているのか? 図表8比較的規則的な3年周期の製造業サイクル かなり規則的な3年周期の製造業サイクル かなり規則的な3年周期の製造業サイクル 製造業サイクルは一般に約3年続きます──成長の減速が18か月、その後成長の上昇が18か月です(図表8)。世界の製造業PMIが2018年上半期にピークをつけたとするなら、現在の下落局面は終盤に差し掛かっているはずです。 もちろん、多くは政策の進展次第です。執筆時点で米中のハイレベルの交渉は再開しています。 これらの協議の結果を予測することは不可能ですが、双方とも対立激化を回避するインセンティブを持っているように見えます。トランプ大統領は経済運営に関しては有権者から他の事柄よりもかなり高い評価を受けており、対中貿易交渉の扱いも含めてそれは当てはまります(図表9)。長期化する貿易戦争は米国の成長と株式市場に悪影響を与え、いずれもトランプ氏の再選可能性を損なうことになります。 図表9トランプは経済運営ではまずまず高評価だが、それ以外は評価が低い 2019年第4四半期のストラテジー見通し:『ショー・ミー』マーケット 2019年第4四半期のストラテジー見通し:『ショー・ミー』マーケット 図表10誰が2020年の民主党指名を勝ち取るか? 2019年第4四半期のストラテジー見通し:「ショー・ミー」マーケット 2019年第4四半期のストラテジー見通し:「ショー・ミー」マーケット 中国も成長を下支えしたいと考えています。中国指導部にとってトランプと対処するのは困難だったにせよ、彼が再選された後に貿易合意を取り付けるのはさらに難しくなるでしょう。特にトランプが中国が自身の再選を妨害しようとしたと考えればなおさらです。 たとえトランプが選挙に敗れたとしても、中国が貿易問題で交渉しやすい相手を得られるかは不透明です。賭け市場が現在ジョー・バイデンよりも民主党候補指名獲得の可能性が高いと見ているエリザベス・ウォーレン大統領と環境基準や人権について交渉したいでしょうか(図表10)? 民主党によるトランプ大統領の弾劾の動きは、貿易解決をやや実現しやすくするでしょう。第一に、それはジョー・バイデン(および彼の息子)のウクライナでの疑わしい取引に注目を集め、中国が支持する米大統領候補に打撃を与えます。第二に、トランプを国内問題に集中させるために中国との争いを早く片付けたいという意向を強めさせる可能性があります。 中国はさらに刺激策を行うか? 戦略的に見て、中国には経済を刺激して成長を支え、貿易交渉でより大きなレバレッジを得る強いインセンティブがあります。 中国のクレジット・インパルスは2018年後半に底打ちしました。このインパルスは中国の名目製造業生産やその他多くの活動指標に約9か月先行します(図表11)。 これまでのところ、中国の信用・財政緩和の規模は、2015/16年および2008/09年に経済へ投入された刺激策には及んでいません。これは部分的には当局が当時よりも今日の過度な債務水準をより懸念しているためですが、同時に経済の状況が当時より良好であることも理由です。 貿易戦争からのショックはグレート・リセッションほど深刻ではありません──中国の対米輸出は付加価値ベースでGDPのわずか2.7%に過ぎないことを思い出してください。2015/16年に中国が1兆ドル超の外貨準備を失ったのとは異なり、今回の資本流出は限定的にとどまっています(図表12)。 図表11中国の刺激策は世界成長を押し上げるはずだ 中国の景気刺激策は世界経済の成長を押し上げるはずだ 中国の景気刺激策は世界経済の成長を押し上げるはずだ 図表12中国:大きな資本流出はない 中国:大規模な資本流出は見られない 中国:大規模な資本流出は見られない 今週初めに発表された予想を上回る中国の購買担当者指数(PMI)データは一縷の望みを提供しています。それでも、8月の活動指標の失望的な数字を踏まえると、中国は今後数か月で刺激のペースを高める可能性が高いです。 当局はすでに預金準備率を引き下げています。今後数か月で政策金利をさらに引き下げると予想します。また、地方政府債の発行を前倒しすることでインフラ支出を押し上げるでしょう。ヨーロッパの成長は改善するはずだ 世界的な成長の回復は今年後半にヨーロッパを後押しするだろう。貿易依存度の高いドイツが最も恩恵を受けるだろう。 チャート13南欧全域でスプレッドは縮小した 南ヨーロッパ全域でスプレッドが縮小した 南ヨーロッパ全域でスプレッドが縮小した チャート14マネー成長の加速はユーロ圏の国内総生産成長に好材料となる マネー供給の加速はユーロ圏のGDP成長にとって好材料 マネー供給の加速はユーロ圏のGDP成長にとって好材料 ソブリン・スプレッドの低下も南欧を支えるはずだ(チャート13)。イタリアの対独国債の10年スプレッドは8月中旬以来ほぼ1ポイント縮小し、イタリアの10年利回りは0.83%まで低下した。ギリシャの10年債は現在米国債より利回りが低くなっている(ギリシャの製造業購買担当者景気指数は現在世界で最も強い)。 欧州中央銀行が再び市場で国債と社債を買い入れているため、借入金利は低い水準にとどまるはずだ。国内総生産の先行指標であるユーロ圏のマネー成長はすでに加速している(チャート14)。民間向け銀行貸出は引き続き加速するだろう。 適度な財政刺激も助けになるだろう。欧州委員会はユーロ圏の財政的な押し上げが2019年に国内総生産比0.5%増加すると見積もっている(チャート15)。保守的に公共支出乗数を1と仮定すると、これはユーロ圏の成長を0.5ポイント押し上げることになる。財政政策の変更と実体経済への影響の間にはタイムラグがあるため、国内総生産成長への恩恵の大部分は今年の残りと2020年に発生するだろう。 チャート15ユーロ圏の財政刺激策も成長を押し上げるだろう ユーロ圏の財政刺激策も成長を押し上げる ユーロ圏の財政刺激策も成長を押し上げる チャート17ブレグジットの不安:後悔の一例 ブレグジットの不安:ブレモースの事例 ブレグジットの不安:ブレモースの事例 チャート16英国:ブレグジットの不確実性が成長を圧迫している 英国:ブレグジットの不確実性が成長を押し下げている 英国:ブレグジットの不確実性が成長を押し下げている 英国では、ブレグジットの不確実性が引き続き成長を圧迫している。英国の企業投資は特に大きな打撃を受けている(チャート16)。ボリス・ジョンソン首相は10月末に合意の有無にかかわらず英国を欧州連合から離脱させると主張し続けている。我々は彼の虚勢をあまり重視しないつもりだ。最高裁判所はすでに議会を閉鎖しようとする彼の試みを否定している。国民はブレグジットの望ましさについて再考している(チャート17)。ブレグジットの筋書きの正確な展開について我々は確固たる見解を持っているわけではないが、合意なきブレグジットの確率は低いと考えている。これは英国の成長とポンドにとって好材料だ。 日本:オウンゴール 最近の日本のデータは芳しくない。8月の工作機械受注は前年同月比で37%減少した。輸出は8%超縮小し、輸入は12%の減少を記録した。9月の購買担当者景気指数の数値は製造業のさらに悪化を露呈させ、指数は8月の49.3から48.9に低下した。 加えて、鉱工業生産は8月に予想より大きく縮小し、前月比で1%減少、前年同月比では約5%の下落となった。米中貿易交渉をめぐる継続する不確実性や、日本自身と隣国韓国との緊張も日本経済に重荷となっている。 世界的な成長が回復すれば日本の産業活動は今年後半に改善するだろう。しかし、政府は10月1日の消費税引き上げによって成長見通しを助けてはいない。各種の相殺策が税率引き上げの完全な効果を鈍らせるとはいえ、それでも不要な財政引き締めに相当する。 名目国内総生産は1990年代初頭以来ほとんど増加していない。日本に必要なのは名目所得を押し上げる政策だ。そのようなリフレーション政策こそが、経済をデフレのスパイラルに戻すことなく債務対国内総生産比を安定させる唯一の方法かもしれない。1  米国:粘り強く対応 チャート18米国の製造業の割合は他のほとんどの先進国より小さい 2019年第4四半期のストラテジー見通し:「見せて」マーケット 2019年第4四半期のストラテジー見通し:「見せて」マーケット 米国経済は最近の世界的な景気減速の中でも比較的良好に推移してきたが、部分的には製造業が多くの他国よりも国内総生産に占める割合が小さいためだ(チャート18)。 アトランタ連銀のGDPNowモデルによれば、実質国内総生産は第3四半期にトレンドに近い1.8%のペースで増加する見込みだ(チャート19)。個人消費は第2四半期の4.6%の成長の後、2.5%増加する見込みだ。消費は賃金上昇に支えられて堅調であり、個人貯蓄率も高水準にとどまっているため、家計は何らかの不利なショックからの緩衝に備えられるはずだ(チャート20)。   チャート19米国の成長は鈍化したが、依然としてトレンドに近い 2019年第4四半期のストラテジー見通し:『実績を示せ』市場 2019年第4四半期のストラテジー見通し:『実績を示せ』市場 住宅投資はついに回復局面に入ったように見える。着工件数、建築許可、住宅販売はいずれも回復している。住宅ローン金利と住宅建設の密接な関係を考えれば、建設活動は今後数四半期で加速するはずだ(チャート21)。低い在庫と空室率、世帯形成の増加、そして手頃な価格はいずれも住宅市場にとって好材料だ(チャート22)。 チャート20資産との歴史的関係から判断すると貯蓄率は(大幅に)低下する余地がある 貯蓄率は、資産との歴史的関係から判断すると(かなり)低下する余地がある 貯蓄率は、資産との歴史的関係から判断すると(かなり)低下する余地がある チャート21米国の住宅は回復するだろう 米国の住宅市場は回復する 米国の住宅市場は回復する チャート22米国住宅:堅実な基盤の上にある 米国住宅:堅固な基盤の上にある 米国住宅:堅固な基盤の上にある チャート23米国の設備投資計画は高値から後退したが、景気後退水準にははるかに届いていない 米国の設備投資計画は高値圏から後退したが、景気後退水準にはほど遠い 米国の設備投資計画は高値圏から後退したが、景気後退水準にはほど遠い 住宅投資とは対照的に、企業の設備投資は製造業の不況、強いドル、貿易政策の不確実性に押され続けている。コア耐久財受注は8月に減少した。設備投資意向調査も弱含んでいるが、景気後退水準をはるかに上回っている(チャート23)。 ISM製造業指数は9月に2009年7月以来の低水準に達した。報告の内訳はヘッドラインほど悪くはなかった。ISMを2か月先行する受注対在庫の構成要素は再びプラス圏に戻った。弱いISMの数値は、4月以来最高値に上昇したより楽観的なマーキットの米国製造業購買担当者景気指数と対照をなしている。統計的には、マーキットのPMIはISMよりも米国の製造業生産、工場受注、雇用の公式指標をよりよく追跡する。 総合すれば、世界の製造業リセッションが終息し、強い消費支出と改善する住宅市場が国内需要を支えるにつれて、米国経済は今年後半にやや強い成長を示す可能性が高い。 II. 金融市場 グローバル・アセット・アロケーション 市場は「成果を見せてくれ」段階に入っている。株式が持続的に上昇するためには、より良い経済指標と貿易交渉の実質的な進展が必要だ。そのため、投資家は当面下方リスクに備えるために通常より大きめの現金ポジションを維持すべきだ。 チャート24成長が回復すれば株式は債券をアウトパフォームするだろう 成長が回復すれば株式は債券を上回る 成長が回復すれば株式は債券を上回る 幸いなことに、リスク資産価格の下落は一時的である可能性が高い。貿易緊張が和らぎ、我々が予想するように今年後半に世界成長が回復すれば、株式とスプレッド商品は12か月の期間で国債を大きくアウトパフォームするだろう(チャート24)。 確かに、この楽観的な12か月の推奨を覆す要因は数多くある:世界成長がさらに悪化する可能性;貿易戦争が激化する可能性;供給側のショックで石油価格が再び急騰する可能性;英国が「ハード・ブレグジット」でEUを離脱する可能性;そして最後に、エリザベス・ウォーレンあるいはその他の極左候補が次期米国大統領になる可能性などだ。 今日における投資家の主要な問いは、これらのリスクが金融市場に十分に織り込まれているかどうかだ。我々は織り込まれていると考えている。チャート25は、利益利回りと実質債券利回りの差として計算した我々の世界株式リスクプレミア(ERP)の推定値を示す。我々の計算は、株式は依然として債券に比べてかなり割安に見えることを示唆している。 チャート25A株式リスクプレミアは依然かなり高い(I) 株式リスクプレミアムは依然としてかなり高い(I) 株式リスクプレミアムは依然としてかなり高い(I) チャート25B株式リスクプレミアは依然かなり高い(II) エクイティ・リスクプレミアは依然としてかなり高い(II) エクイティ・リスクプレミアは依然としてかなり高い(II) ERPが高いのは今日の超低水準の債券利回りが非常に低い成長見通しを反映しているからに過ぎないと異議を唱える者もいる。その主張には一理あるが、人々が考えるほどではない。過去10年間で米国のトレンド国内総生産成長率は低下したが、債券利回りはさらに大きく低下した。議会予算局が推計する米国の潜在的な名目国内総生産成長率と10年物米国債利回りの差はほぼ2%で、1979年以来の最大となっている(チャート26)。 チャート26債券利回りはトレンドの名目国内総生産成長率よりも大きく低下した 債券利回りは名目GDPのトレンド成長率よりも大きく下落した 債券利回りは名目GDPのトレンド成長率よりも大きく下落した 世界レベルでは、トレンドの国内総生産成長率は1980年以降ほとんど変わっていない。これは主に、成長の速い新興市場が現在世界経済に占める割合を拡大しているためだ(チャート27)。大手多国籍企業にとっては、国内成長よりもグローバル成長の方が経済の勢いを測る上でより重要な指標である。将来の株式リターンの見通し 高いERPは単に株式が債券に対して相対的に魅力的であることを示しているに過ぎません。株式の今後のリターンを絶対的に評価するには、評価水準の絶対レベルを見るべきです。 チャート27世界の成長トレンドは成長の速い新興国(EM)によって安定を保っている チャート27 世界の成長トレンドは、成長の速い新興国(EM)のおかげで堅調に推移している。 世界の成長トレンドは、成長の速い新興国(EM)のおかげで堅調に推移している。 チャート28S&P 500:マージンの上昇はすべてITセクターで発生している S&P 500:マージンの増加はすべてITセクターで生じている S&P 500:マージンの増加はすべてITセクターで生じている 我々が最近のレポート「TINAに救いを求めるか?」で主張したように、2 アーンニングス・イールドは株式の期待実質トータル・リターンの代用指標として用いることができます。経験的には、このことは裏付けられているようです:1950年以降、米国株式のアーンニングス・イールドは平均で6.7%であり、実質トータル・リターンは7.2%でした。 現在、米国株のトレーリングおよびフォワードのPERはそれぞれ21.1と17.4にあります。将来のリターンの指標として両者の単純平均を用いると、米国株は長期的に実質トータル・リターンで5.2%をもたらすはずです。これは歴史的な平均を下回りますが、それでもかなりまずまずのリターンです。 この計算は、米国のアーンニングス・イールドが異常に高い利益率によって一時的に嵩上げされているため、見込み株式リターンを過大評価していると異議を唱える者もいるでしょう。しかしこの議論の問題点は、S&P 500のマージン上昇のほとんどがたった一つのセクター、すなわちテクノロジーで発生していることです。テックセクターを除けば、S&P 500のマージンは歴史的平均から大きくは離れていません(チャート28)。もし高いITマージンが、強力なネットワーク効果や独占的な価格設定力に恩恵を受ける「勝者総取り」型の企業の台頭のような、グローバル経済における構造的変化を反映しているならば、それらは当面の間高止まりする可能性があります。   地域別およびセクター別の株式配分 アーンニングス・イールドは米国外では概ね2ポイント高く、長期的には非米国株が米国株を上回ることが示唆されています。先進国市場では、ドイツ、スペイン、英国が特に割安に見えます。新興国(EM)では中国、韓国、ロシアが非常に魅力的な水準にあります(チャート29)。セクター水準では、景気循環株がディフェンシブ株よりも魅力的に見えます(チャート30)。 チャート29米国株は同業他国と比べて割高に見える 2019年第4四半期のストラテジー見通し:『実証を求める』マーケット 2019年第4四半期のストラテジー見通し:『実証を求める』マーケット チャート31経済成長は12か月の期間で株式を動かす 経済成長は12か月の見通しでエクイティを牽引する 経済成長は12か月の見通しでエクイティを牽引する チャート30景気循環株はディフェンシブ株よりも魅力的である 景気循環株はディフェンシブ株より魅力的 景気循環株はディフェンシブ株より魅力的 チャート32世界成長が改善すると新興国(EM)およびユーロ圏株式はたいていアウトパフォームする 世界経済の成長が改善すると、新興国株式(EM)およびユーロ圏株式は通常アウトパフォームする 世界経済の成長が改善すると、新興国株式(EM)およびユーロ圏株式は通常アウトパフォームする バリュエーションは主に長期リターンの指標として有用です。例えば12か月の期間では、景気、金利、為替に何が起こるかといった景気循環要因がより重要になります(チャート31)。 幸いなことに、我々の景気循環に関する見方は概ねバリュエーションの評価と合致しています。より強い世界成長、より弱いドル、そしてコモディティ価格の上昇は、ディフェンシブよりも景気循環株に恩恵をもたらすはずです。新興国(EM)および欧州の株式市場が米国株に比べてより景気循環色の強いセクター構成である程度において、前者は最終的にアウトパフォームすることになるでしょう(チャート32)。 我々は、世界成長が再加速し始めれば年末までに金融セクターをアップグレードするセクターリストに加えたいと考えています。債券利回りの低下は銀行利益を圧迫してきました(チャート33)。利ざや(ネット金利マージン)への逆風は利回りが上昇し始めると緩和されるはずです。現在フォワード予想利益の7.6倍、簿価の0.6倍で取引され、配当利回りが6.3%と高い欧州の銀行は特に好成績を収める可能性があります(チャート34)。 チャート33A金利上昇とイールドカーブの上方化は金融株に有利に働く(I) 債券利回りの上昇とイールドカーブのスティープ化は金融株に恩恵をもたらす(I) 債券利回りの上昇とイールドカーブのスティープ化は金融株に恩恵をもたらす(I) チャート33B金利上昇とイールドカーブの上方化は金融株に有利に働く(II) 債券利回りの上昇と利回り曲線のスティープ化は金融株に有利(II) 債券利回りの上昇と利回り曲線のスティープ化は金融株に有利(II) チャート35が示すように、金融株への投資はバリュー株への投資と似ています。過去12年間でグロースはバリューを圧倒しましたが、今後12~18か月ではバリューにとってひと息つける局面が訪れるでしょう。 チャート34欧州の銀行は魅力的である 欧州の銀行は魅力的だ 欧州の銀行は魅力的だ チャート35バリューは反転の兆しを見せているか? バリューは転換点にあるか? バリューは転換点にあるか?   フィクスト・インカム チャート36A成長加速で利回りは上昇するはずである(I) 成長が強まれば利回りは上昇するはず(I) 成長が強まれば利回りは上昇するはず(I) ハト派的な中央銀行と、当面は依然として抑制されたインフレが、今後12か月にわたり政府債利回りを抑制するのに寄与するでしょう。それでも、利回りはより強い世界成長を背景に現在の低水準から上昇するはずです(チャート36)。     チャート36B成長加速で利回りは上昇するはずである(II) 成長が強まれば利回りは上昇する (II) 成長が強まれば利回りは上昇する (II) 債券利回りは、中央銀行が予想より多くあるいは少なく政策金利を調整するかどうかによって上昇したり低下したりする傾向があります(チャート37)。投資家は現在、FRBが今後12か月でさらに80ベーシスポイントの利下げを行うと見込んでいます。我々はFRBが10月30日に25ベーシスポイントの利下げを行うと考えていますが、その後の追加利下げは見込んでいません。この緩和局面での累積75ベーシスポイントの利下げは、1990年代のミッドサイクルの景気減速期(1995/96年および1998年)で行われた緩和に相当します。総じて、米国の10年物金利は2020年中頃までに再び2%台前半に入る可能性が高いです。 チャート37Aより強い経済成長は政府債利回りに上方圧力をかける(I) より強い経済成長は国債利回りに上方圧力をかける(I) より強い経済成長は国債利回りに上方圧力をかける(I) チャート36Bより強い経済成長は政府債利回りに上方圧力をかける(II) より強い経済成長は国債利回りに上方圧力をかける(II) より強い経済成長は国債利回りに上方圧力をかける(II) チャート38米国の政府債利回りは海外の利回りよりも景気循環的である 米国国債の利回りは海外の国債利回りより景気と同方向に動きやすい 米国国債の利回りは海外の国債利回りより景気と同方向に動きやすい 米国株が海外の株に比べて低ベータである傾向があるのとは対照的に、米国債は高ベータを持っています。これは、世界の債券利回りが総じて上昇するときに米国の国債利回りが海外よりも大きく上昇し、世界の債券利回りが総じて低下するときに米国の国債利回りが海外よりも大きく低下することを意味します(チャート38)。  さらに、為替ヘッジコストを考慮に入れると、米国債は現在ほかの債券市場よりも利回りが低くなっています(表1)。今後12~18か月で米国利回りが海外よりも大きく上昇するようなことがあれば、米国債のリターンはさらに損なわれるでしょう。その結果、投資家はグローバルな政府債ポートフォリオの中で米国債のウエイトを低めにすべきです。 世界的な成長の強さはコーポレート・クレジット・スプレッドを抑えるはずです。米国の商業・企業向け貸出の貸し出し基準は緩和方向に戻っており、これは通常コーポレート・クレジットにとって強気材料です(チャート39)。我々の米国債券ストラテジストによれば、ハイイールド社債のスプレッド、そして程度は小さいもののBaa格付けの投資適格スプレッドは、経済ファンダメンタルズから見てまだ広めに残っているとされています(チャート40)。3 一方で、より高格付けの投資適格債は相対的な割安度が小さいです。 表1先進国における債券市場の比較 2019年第4四半期 ストラテジー見通し:証拠を求める市場 2019年第4四半期 ストラテジー見通し:証拠を求める市場 チャート39貸し出し基準の緩和はコーポレート・クレジットに良い影響を与える 貸出基準の緩和はコーポレート・クレジットにとって好材料だ 貸出基準の緩和はコーポレート・クレジットにとって好材料だ チャート40米国コーポレート:Baaとハイイールド債に注目 米国コーポレート債:Baaおよびハイイールド・クレジットに注目 米国コーポレート債:Baaおよびハイイールド・クレジットに注目     今後18か月を超えて見ると、インフレが実質的に上昇し始める確率は高いと考えられます。G7全体の失業率は数十年ぶりの低水準に低下しています(チャート41)。完全雇用に達した先進国の割合は新たなサイクル高水準に達しています(チャート42)。フィリップス曲線は死んだといわれることが多いにもかかわらず、賃金の伸びは労働市場の余裕度となお密接に相関しています(チャート43)。 チャート41失業率は低下トレンドを保っている 失業率は低下傾向が続く 失業率は低下傾向が続く チャート42先進国:完全雇用が新たなサイクル高に達している 先進国市場:完全雇用がサイクルの新高値に達している 先進国市場:完全雇用がサイクルの新高値に達している チャート43フィリップス曲線は健在である フィリップス曲線は健在だ フィリップス曲線は健在だ 賃金が上昇し続けると、物価も上昇し始め、賃金・物価のスパイラルを引き起こす可能性があります。その時点でFRBをはじめとする中央銀行は利上げを始めざるを得なくなります。一度金利が制約的な水準に入ると、株式は下落し、クレジット・スプレッドは拡大するでしょう。2022年には世界的な景気後退が生じる可能性があります。 通貨とコモディティ チャート 44ドルは逆循環通貨である ドルは景気循環に逆行する通貨だ ドルは景気循環に逆行する通貨だ 米ドルは逆循環通貨であり、世界的な景気循環とは逆の方向に動く傾向がある(チャート 44)。現時点では米ドルの方向性について強い短期見解は持っていないが、世界成長が反発し始めるにつれて年末までに米ドルは弱含み始めると予想している。 EUR/USDは2020年中頃までに約1.13に上昇する見込みだ。GBP/USDは1.29に上昇するだろう。USD/CNYは7に戻る。USD/JPYは横ばいとなる公算が大きく、これは円の防衛的性格と消費税引き上げによる日本の成長への下押しを反映している。 貿易加重ドルは2021年後半まで下落し続け、その後はより積極的な連邦準備制度(Fed)と世界成長の減速により米ドルは再び上昇するだろう。 ドルが弱含む期間中、コモディティ価格は上昇する(チャート 45)。 チャート 45ドル安はコモディティに恩恵をもたらす ドル安はコモディティの追い風 ドル安はコモディティの追い風 BCAのコモディティ・ストラテジストは、12カ月の視野で特に原油に強気である(チャート 46)。彼らは、世界成長の強化と生産抑制により石油在庫水準が低下すると予想しており、ブレント原油価格は年末までに1バレル当たり70ドルに上昇し、2020年は平均で1バレル当たり74ドルになると見ている。OPECの余剰生産能力(カルテルが生産可能な量と実際に生産している量の差)は現在歴史的平均を下回っている(チャート 47)。原油備蓄はOECD内でも低下傾向にある。サウジアラビアの備蓄も2015年のピーク以降40%超減少している(チャート 48)。 チャート 46供給不足は継続する 供給不足は続く 供給不足は続く チャート 47停止を相殺するための余剰能力の利用可能性は限定的 2019年第4四半期のストラテジー見通し:「見せてみろ」市場 2019年第4四半期のストラテジー見通し:「見せてみろ」市場 チャート 48主要戦略石油備蓄 主要な戦略石油備蓄 主要な戦略石油備蓄 原油価格の上昇は、カナダドル、ノルウェー・クローネ、ロシアルーブル、コロンビア・ペソといった通貨に有利に働くはずだ。 最後に金について少し触れる。我々は8月29日に金のロングトレードを決済し、20週間で20.5%の利益を確定した。依然として、金はより高いインフレに対する優れた長期ヘッジと見ている。ただし短期的には、債券利回りの上昇が金の勢いをそぐ可能性があり、仮にドル安が金を部分的に支援するとしてもその効果は限定的である。インフレが上振れし始めた時点で、来年末か2021年に金のロングポジションを再度組む予定だ。   ピーター・ベレジン、 チーフ・グローバル・ストラテジスト グローバル・インベストメント・ストラテジー peterb@bcaresearch.com 脚注 1詳細はグローバル・インベストメント・ストラテジー ウィークリー・レポート、「高水準の債務はデフレ的か、それともインフレ的か?」2019年2月15日付をご覧ください。 2詳細はグローバル・インベストメント・ストラテジー スペシャル・レポート、「TINAは救いの手となるか?」2019年8月23日付をご覧ください。 3詳細は米国ボンド・ストラテジー ウィークリー・レポート、「社債投資家は連邦準備制度(Fed)に逆らうべきではない」2019年9月17日付をご覧ください。 ストラテジー & マーケット・トレンド MacroQuantモデルと現在の主観的スコア 2019年第4四半期のストラテジー見通し:『見せてみろ』マーケット 2019年第4四半期のストラテジー見通し:『見せてみろ』マーケット タクティカル・トレード ストラテジック・レコメンデーション クローズド・トレード
Spot gold prices have increased 17% year-to-date, on the back of global growth weakness, dovish central banks, and rising political tensions. Should investors now pare back their gold exposure? Common sense would suggest they should. However, these are not…
カナダのヘビー・サワー原油が北米のベンチマークであるWTIに対して取引される際の価格差は、輸送制約がアルバータからの限界バレルの流出を遅らせ続けるため、2020年第1四半期にかけて -$20/bbl にまで押し下げられる見込みです。 来年施行されるIMO 2020 規制に伴う世界的な海運燃料基準の厳格化により、低硫黄の蒸留燃料需要が増加し、これがカナダ産原油価格の弱含みにも寄与するでしょう。 今後3~5年で、カナダの石油産業が成長に必要な投資を呼び込めるかどうかは国内政治が左右します。それはパイプライン拡張をめぐる不確実性の解消次第です。北へ送る原油の輸送容量を拡大し、より多くの原油を南へ輸送できるようになれば、カナダの生産者の株式評価が大きく回復する可能性があります。損益分岐コストは現在、クッシング(オクラホマ)引渡しの重質油で概ね50ドル/バレル前後にあります。米国シェールでライトスウィート生産が増加するにつれ、相対的に希少な重質原油への需要が高まり、カナダ生産者にとって追い風となるでしょう。 ハイライト エネルギー: オーバーウェイト。サウジアラムコのアブカイク原油処理設備とフレウィス(Khurais)油田の操業は、経営陣の見通しどおり9月末までにほぼ回復しました。王国の能力は11.3mm b/d、操業は9.9mm b/dで推移しています。アブカイクとフレウィスはドローンと巡航ミサイルで攻撃され、米国とサウジはイランが組織した作戦であると見ています。日曜にクラウンプリンスのモハメド・ビン・サルマンはCBSニュースの60 Minutesで発言し、米国務長官マイク・ポンペオの「イランによる戦争行為」という評価に同意し、「世界がイランを抑止するために強く断固とした行動を取らなければ、世界の利害が脅かされるさらなるエスカレーションを目にするだろう。石油供給が途絶え、石油価格は私たちの生涯で見たことのない途方もない高値に跳ね上がるだろう」と警告しました。ノーラ・オドネルとのインタビューでは、王国はイランとの問題を「政治的かつ平和的な解決」で解決することを望むと述べ、トランプ大統領と王国は平和を求めているが「イラン側はテーブルに着きたがらない」と付け加えました。1 ベースメタル: ニュートラル。世界鉄鋼協会(WSA)によれば、中国の8月の鋼材生産は前年比9.3%増の87.3k MTでした。これはWSAデータに基づく世界生産の56%に相当します。中国の生産は5月に過去最高の89.1k MTに達しました。 貴金属: ニュートラル。今週初めに広範な貿易加重ドルが急上昇した影響で貴金属価格は急落しました。プラチナは金曜終値比で火曜までに5.5%下落、金と銀はそれぞれ1.3%、2%下落しました。 農産物/ソフト商品: アンダーウェイト。週間序盤に米農務省の強気な在庫報告を受けてトウモロコシと大豆価格が急騰しました。12月限のトウモロコシは5.7%高、大豆は4.1%高となりました。 特集 カナダの重質原油需要はアジアで強く推移しており、5月から9月中旬にかけての米国湾岸経由の輸出急増でそれが確認できます。クリッパーデータの推計では、この期間に1,600万バレルのカナダ産原油が出荷され、2018年にアジアへ出荷された総量を上回る倍増となりました。2 カナダの需要は、ベネズエラの石油産業の崩壊によって後押しされています。これは2016年以降、およそ150万b/dの重質原油を市場から刈り取ってきました。カナダからアジア市場への輸出は急増していますが、北→南のパイプライン容量が拡大すれば、さらに大きな機会があることを示唆しています。 米国エネルギー情報局(EIA)によれば、年初来での対米輸出は前年比約2.5%増の平均350万b/dとなっています。この成長は輸出能力の緩やかな拡大によって制約されています。3 カナダ原油のテイクアウェイ制約 2010年から2017年にかけて、西カナダの石油生産は年平均6.5%の著しい伸びを示し、パイプラインと貯蔵インフラは最大限の稼働に達しました(今週のチャート)。支援インフラの整備は必要なテイクアウェイ能力を生み出せず、ビチューメン生産はウエスタン・カナダ堆積盆地(WCSB)内に閉じ込められてしまいました。 その結果、アルバータの原油在庫は通常水準を上回り、Western Canadian Select(WCS)のクッシングWTIに対するディスカウントは拡大し、2018年第3四半期には -$50/bbl に達しました。これは鉄道輸送(CBR)による出荷を促しましたが、アルバータの生産者が受け取る価格は20ドル/バレルを下回る水準まで下落し、投資を維持するのに必要な損益分岐点を大きく下回りました。 今週のチャート 重質原油生産が急増 … 重質原油の生産量が急増... 重質原油の生産量が急増... パイプライン開発の遅延が続く中、当時の首相レイチェル・ノートリーは12月に州政府が2019年1月から約325k b/dの義務的生産制限を課すと発表しました。さらに、彼女の政府はカナダナショナル(CN)およびカナダ太平洋(CP)と契約を結び、WCSBから原油を輸送するために4,400両の貨車(2020年中頃までに約120k b/d相当)をリースする契約を確保しました。 アルバータ政府の介入は市場の価格メカニズムを急速に歪めました。 当初、政府が義務付けた生産削減は期待どおりの効果をもたらしました。WCS-WTIのディスカウントに占める輸送要因は縮小し、アルバータの原油在庫は減少に転じました(チャート2)。 チャート2 …しかしインフラが追いつかない …しかしインフラは出遅れている …しかしインフラは出遅れている しかし、アルバータ政府の介入は市場の価格メカニズムを急速に歪めました。鉄道による輸送を収益化するには、品質ディスカウントに加えてWCS-WTIの輸送コンポーネントがおおむね -$12/bbl 〜 -$22/bbl の間である必要があり、列車と乗務員への追加投資が必要な場合はさらに高くなる可能性があります(チャート3)。2019年1月、輸送ディスカウントは均衡を超えて縮小し、品質要因を下回る -$2.90/bbl となり、これが鉄道輸送量を弱め、在庫の積み上がりを招きました。 チャート3 州政府の政策が重質油の価格形成ダイナミクスを歪める カナダ原油のディファレンシャルは拡大する可能性が高い カナダ原油のディファレンシャルは拡大する可能性が高い バランスの妙 これらの不均衡に対処するため、州政府は段階的に生産制限を緩和し始めました(チャート4)。しかしこれは継続的な作業です。最終的な目標は生産水準とWCS-WTIスプレッドのバランス、すなわち市場がさらに鉄道で原油を輸送するために必要な価格インセンティブの見極めにあります。 以下のプロジェクトは依然として開発者によって進められています。しかし、2H20 以前に大幅な追加パイプラインのテイクアウェイ能力が期待されることはありません(チャート5): チャート4 政策は継続中の作業である カナダ産原油の価格差は拡大する見込み カナダ産原油の価格差は拡大する見込み チャート5 市場はテイクアウェイ不足の是正を試みている カナダ産原油のディファレンシャルは拡大する見込み カナダ産原油のディファレンシャルは拡大する見込み エンブリッジのライン3代替プロジェクト。 このパイプラインはエンブリッジ・メインライン・システムの一部です。本プロジェクトは既存のライン3の元の能力を390k b/dから760k b/dへ回復するものです。代替ルートはアルバータ州ハーディスティ(Hardisty)から米国ウィスコンシン州スーペリア(Superior)まで伸びます。2014年の初発表以来、本プロジェクトは複数の逆風に直面しており、直近ではミネソタ州からの許認可の遅延(スーペリア湖近傍での油流出の影響に関する懸念)がありました。会社は本プロジェクトが2020年下期に完了するとの見通しを維持しています。カナダ側とウィスコンシン州側の区間は既に完成しています。 TC EnergyのキーストーンXL。 これは提案されているプロジェクトの中で最大規模です。カナダから米国への輸出能力を830k b/d増加させます。プロジェクトは2008年に初めて提案され、ハーディスティ(Hardisty, AB)からスティールシティ(Steele City, NE)まで伸びます。最近、ネブラスカ州最高裁がキーストーンXLの代替ルートを承認し、建設を巡る最後の残る重要な法的課題の一つが排除されました。これはカナダの原油生産者にとって前向きな展開です。それでもなお、本プロジェクトは環境団体によって提起されたモンタナ州での連邦訴訟に直面しており、大統領が発行した新たな許可を阻む可能性があります。10月9日に審理が予定されており、これはTC Energyにとって重要な勝利となる可能性があります。4 年内に最終投資判断(FID)に達すれば、2022年末までの完成が可能です。 連邦所有のトランスマウンテン拡張。 最初の申請は2013年に提出され、アルバータ州エドモントンからブリティッシュコロンビア州バーナビーまで590k b/dの能力を追加する見込みです。このパイプラインは昨年、連邦政府により45億ドルで買収されました。今月初め、連邦控訴裁判所の判事が拡張に対する12件の法的挑戦のうち6件を却下し、環境問題を巡る主張を退けました。建設は継続し、政府は拡張が2022年中頃までに稼働することを期待しています。 既存パイプラインの能力拡張。 我々は既存のパイプラインでの限界的な能力増強が2019年3Qから2020年3Qの間に発生すると予想しています。エンブリッジは新しいパイプラインを建設せずとも最大450k b/dを2022年までに追加できると伝えています。現時点では、来年末までに約150k b/dが段階的に追加されると我々は見ています。さらに、エンブリッジはエクスプレスラインの能力を2020年末までに約60k b/d増強できると述べています。最後に、プレインズ・ミッドストリーム・カナダはレンジランドラインの北行き・南行き両方向で追加能力を発表しました。5 これはカナダの生産者が2H20のライン3代替を待つのに役立つでしょう。 新たなテイクアウェイ能力の稼働遅延により、2019年4月に発足したジェイソン・ケニー率いる新たな保守党州政府は、カーティルメント(生産制限)プログラムの期間を2020年12月まで延長せざるを得ませんでした。我々はこのバランス取りが今後12か月間続くと予想しています。6 短期・中期の見通し 我々は、市場を均衡させるにはCBRが450k b/dを上回る必要があると見ています 2019年3月7日付レポートでは、増分の鉄道輸送量を支えるためにWCS-WTIスプレッドの輸送コンポーネントが約$10/bbl上昇する必要があると論じました。3月から7月にかけて、輸送ディスカウントはわずか$4.80/bbl上昇して約$12/bbl(我々の推定鉄道価格レンジの下限)となり、その後急落しました。これは市場の過剰を解消するのに十分な鉄道輸送量を誘発するには至りませんでした。CNとCPのデータに基づくCBRの暫定推計では、8月と9月はほぼ横ばいでした(チャート6)。 チャート6 鉄道輸送(CBR)の出荷が停滞 鉄道輸送による原油出荷が停滞 鉄道輸送による原油出荷が停滞 政府が生産制限の緩和を続け、10月に100k b/dに達したことから、我々は輸送ディスカウントが現在の水準からさらに上昇する必要があると引き続き考えています。今月以降のディスカウントの動きは平均で$10.3/bblとなっており、我々の見方を支持しています。これが約$15/bblに達するまで継続すると予想します。 ライン3の代替が完了する2020年下期までの間、市場を均衡させるにはCBRが450k b/dを上回る必要があると我々は見ています(チャート7)。 また、IMO 2020 の接近に伴いWCSの品質ディスカウントは上昇し始めると見ています。年初来、品質ディスカウントは重質・サワー原油供給の世界的不足により比較的狭いままでした(チャート8)。7 2020年1月以降、海運燃料規制への適応により重質原油の需要は一部調整され、限定的な供給の影響を相殺するでしょう。我々はこれがWCS-WTIスプレッドに$5/bblの上乗せ要因になると予測しています。 チャート7 追加の鉄道輸送(CBR)能力が必要 追加のCBR容量が必要です 追加のCBR容量が必要です チャート8 重質原油市場は依然として逼迫 重質原油市場は依然として逼迫している 重質原油市場は依然として逼迫している 品質ディスカウントと輸送ディスカウントを合わせると、我々はWCS-WTIスプレッドが今後6か月で -$20/bbl 付近へ向かうと見ており、これはカナダ生産者のキャッシュフローに打撃を与えるでしょう。 2019年のWCSB供給は前年比横ばいで推移すると見ています。来年は生産が4%増、2021年はさらに前年比1.2%増と予想しています。 長期生産見通し カナダの石油セクターへの投資は2014年の世界的な原油価格崩壊から真に回復しておらず、原油価格の持ち直しにもかかわらず(チャート9)回復は限定的です。カナダの総設備投資(石油・ガス除く)は2016年以降増加しており、石油・ガス抽出からの設備投資の割合は2014年の27%から14%へ低下しました(チャート10)。 これは我々の中長期生産予測にも反映されています:我々は2022年のWCSB生産が平均510万b/dになると予想しており、カナダ石油生産者協会(CAPP)が予測する530万b/dを下回る見通しです。カナダの石油・ガスセクターに割り当てられる有限の資金は米国シェール開発と競合しています。好ましい規制・税制環境、短い投資サイクル、迅速な初期リターンにより、石油・ガス開発に割り当てられる資金の多くはカナダよりも米国に流れています(チャート11)。8 最近では、投資フローの乖離の中心は市場アクセスにあります チャート9 カナダの石油投資は遅れを取る カナダ産原油のディファレンシャルは拡大する見込み カナダ産原油のディファレンシャルは拡大する見込み チャート10 カナダの石油・ガス部門の比重が低下 カナダ原油のディファレンシャルは拡大する見込み カナダ原油のディファレンシャルは拡大する見込み チャート11 米国は有利な投資代替と見なされている カナダ産原油のディファレンシャルは拡大する見込み カナダ産原油のディファレンシャルは拡大する見込み 外国企業はカナダの石油地帯から撤退しており、2017年以降300億ドル以上を売却しています。9 生産抑制のための政府介入により、企業はアルバータでの新プロジェクトを延期しました。カナダのリグ数は低迷しており回復の兆しは見えません(チャート12)。10 それでも、このセクターは今後数年で投資家にとっての機会を提供するはずです。パイプライン完成を巡る不確実性が解消されれば、カナダの生産者の株価は大きく回復する可能性があると我々は考えています(チャート13)。技術革新によりオイルサンドの損益分岐コストはクッシング引渡しで概ね$45/bbl〜$55/bblの間まで低下しています。11 さらに、オイルサンド供給の減少率は低く、シェール生産に比べてより安定的で予測可能な供給源となります。 チャート12 設備投資削減がリグ数を減少させる 設備投資の削減がリグ数を減らす 設備投資の削減がリグ数を減らす チャート13 エネルギー株は反発する可能性がある エネルギー株は反発する可能性がある エネルギー株は反発する可能性がある 新たなパイプライン容量によりより多くのカナダ産重質原油が複雑な米国湾岸の精製所へ供給されるようになれば、カナダのオイルサンドプロジェクトに対するセンチメントは回復するでしょう。 カナダは米国湾岸精製所での容量を確保するために重質原油を生産する国々との市場シェア争いで明確な勝者となる立場にあります。カナダ産原油は既にPADD 2の輸入を席巻しており、PADD 3への輸入シェアも拡大しています(チャート14)。上述の重質原油の不足は、カナダがPADD 3の精製所で更なるスペースを獲得する絶好の機会を提供します。 ベネズエラの崩壊とサウジアラビア王国の重要な石油インフラに対する最近の攻撃は、米国の精製業者にとってカナダの重質原油の魅力を浮き彫りにしています。 チャート14 米国のカナダ産原油に対する強い需要 カナダ産原油のディファレンシャルは拡大する可能性が高い カナダ産原油のディファレンシャルは拡大する可能性が高い 今後のカナダ連邦選挙の影響 カナダは10月21日に連邦選挙を迎えます。コンセンサスはジャスティン・トルドー首相の自由党が少数政権を維持する、あるいは左派の新民主党(NDP)やグリーン党との連立になるという見方です。我々の地政学ストラテジストは、トルドーが単独過半数を維持する可能性はコンセンサス(約25%)よりもかなり高いと考えています。背景には比較的堅調な経済、米国との再交渉された貿易協定、安定した社会政治環境があります(チャート15)。 チャート15 カナダの政治リスクは抑制されており、当面そのままだろう カナダの政治リスクは限定的で、今後もそのままであるべきだ カナダの政治リスクは限定的で、今後もそのままであるべきだ トルドーの人気は低下しているものの、彼の支持率はカナダの首相としては高いレンジにあり、カリスマ的な対抗馬もいません。彼は政治的勢力の伝統的拠点であるオンタリオとケベックの両方に確固たる基盤を持ち、議席予測では両州で自由党がリードしています。小政党は支持率が振るわず、NDPはケベックで苦戦しており、多くの自由党票を奪う可能性は低いです。まだサプライズがあるかもしれませんが、スキャンダルや直前の論争があっても自由党が先行している点は示唆に富んでいます。 カナダの選挙はエネルギー分野の見通しを変更しない現状維持の結果を生むはずです。 エネルギー部門にとって最もポジティブな結果は保守党による過半数です。それ以外では、自由党の再選が現状維持であり、したがって最もネガティブ度が低い結果となります。トルドーは保守党やアルバータでカナダのエネルギー利害を妥協していると批判されていますが、トランスマウンテン・パイプラインへの支持は彼を左派政党と対立させています。最悪のシナリオは、トルドーが議会でこれら左派政党に依存せざるを得ない状況になることですが、これは現実的な可能性ではあるものの我々の基本ケースではありません。 結論: カナダの選挙はエネルギー分野の見通しを変えない現状維持の結果を生むはずですが、自由党が市場にネガティブな立場を取る左派政党との連立を余儀なくされるという非自明なリスクがあります。この結果が回避されれば、市場は短期的に祝うでしょうが、トルドーの2期目はエネルギー面では長期的にポジティブとは言えません。   Hugo Bélanger, シニア・アナリスト コモディティ&エネルギー戦略 HugoB@bcaresearch.com     脚注 1      詳細はモハメド・ビン・サルマンはカショギ殺害を命じたことを否定するが、責任を取ると述べる(CBSニュース、2019年9月29日放送)をご参照ください。関連事案として先週、サウジアラビアはイラン支援のフーシ派とイエメンで限定的な停戦に合意したと発表しました(2015年から同地域で戦闘が続いています)。詳細はSaudi Arabia agrees to limited ceasefire in Yemen(Arabian Business、2019年9月28日)をご覧ください。 2      2019年9月27日付Reuters掲載のCanada's heavy oil exports to Asia from U.S. surge: data, tradersをご参照ください。 3      エンブリッジ社の100k b/dのパイプライン拡張は12月稼働予定で、対米出荷をわずかに増やす見込みです。エンブリッジは西カナダの主要な石油パイプライン事業者です。同社は現行の月次契約ではなく長期契約を締結させるべくパイプライン空き容量のオークションを進めています。規制当局は「エンブリッジのオープンシーズンプロセスの公平性とエンブリッジの市場支配力の濫用に対する認識」に懸念を示しています。詳細は2019年9月27日付ReutersのCanada regulator orders Enbridge to halt pipeline overhaul plan due to 'perception of abuse'をご覧ください。 4      2019年8月23日付Reuters掲載のCourt affirms alternative Keystone XL oil pipeline route through Nebraskaをご参照ください。 5      「Canadian Oil Sands Supply Costs and Developments Projects (2019-2039)」、Canadian Energy Research Institute(CERI)、2019年7月をご参照ください。 6      新政府は以前の政策に対して小さな変更を加えました。例えば、制限変更の際に生産者に対して2か月の通知を行うこと、基準限度を10k b/dから20k b/dに引き上げること、M&A後の生産制限を設定する際にエネルギー大臣に裁量を与えることなどです。詳細は州政府のウェブサイトのoil production limit セクションをご覧ください。 7           当社の2019年3月レポートで議論したとおり、我々はOPEC 2.0諸国(主に重質サワー原油を輸出する国々)による生産削減の高い順守、ベネズエラにおける予想以上の重質原油生産の減少、イランの石油輸出に対する制裁が重質原油の供給を制限するとの見方を示しました。 8              2019年6月、カナダ政府は「国家エネルギー委員会とカナダ環境影響評価庁の近代化」を名目とするC-69法案を可決しました。この法律は連邦の環境アセスメントプロセスを変更します。批評家はこれがエネルギー投資家を遠ざけ、パイプラインプロジェクトの承認を制限すると主張しました。加えて、カナダ上院はC-48法案を可決しました。これはブリティッシュコロンビア州北部沿岸の大規模タンカーを禁止することを目的としており、アルバータが北部BC経由で石油を出荷することを難しくします。企業は現在、新法に抵触しないよう半固形のビチューメンの出荷を試験しています。詳細はEdmonton Journal、2019年9月26日掲載のOilsands crude sails from B.C., sidestepping federal banをご覧ください。 9           2019年8月22日付Financial Post掲載のThe $30-billion exodus: Foreign oil firms keep bailing on Canada's energy sectorをご参照ください。 10             リグ数はカナダの石油生産を完全には表しません。採掘によるビチューメン生産は総生産の約30%を占めます。しかしながら、我々はリグ数はセクターの設備投資の良好な代用指標であると考えています。 11             「Canadian Oil Sands Supply Costs and Developments Projects (2019-2039)」、Canadian Energy Research Institute(CERI)、2019年7月をご参照ください。 投資見解とテーマ 推奨事項 ストラテジーに関する推奨 タクティカルトレード 2019年第3四半期のトレード推奨実績 カナダ産原油のディファレンシャルは拡大する見込み カナダ産原油のディファレンシャルは拡大する見込み コモディティ価格とプレイ参照表 2019年に決済された取引 決済済み取引の概要 カナダ産原油のディファレンシャルは拡大する見込み カナダ産原油のディファレンシャルは拡大する見込み