金融
Our research has demonstrated that corporate bond excess returns versus Treasuries tend to be highest early in the recovery when the yield curve is steep. On the flipside, we’ve also shown that an inverted yield curve is often a good signal to scale back…
C&I lending standards and loan terms are both in “net easing” territory and, crucially, inflation expectations are extremely depressed. Low inflation expectations mean that the Fed must ensure that monetary policy stays accommodative until inflation…
ハイライト
金融政策: FRBは金融状況を緩和的に維持したいと考えており、市場が期待するなら今年中にもう一度利下げを行うでしょう。これはスプレッド・プロダクトにとって支援的な環境を作ります。最終的には、世界経済が強まれば今後12か月で金利見通しは上方修正されるでしょう。ポートフォリオのデュレーションは低く保ってください。
マネー・マーケットとFRBのバランスシート: 投資家は先週のマネー・マーケットでの混乱を過度に心配する必要はなく、一般的にFRBのバランスシート政策にあまり注意を払うべきではありません。確かに、FRBは今後数か月でバランスシートを再び拡大し始めるでしょうが、それはフェデラルファンド金利で何を決定するかほど重要ではありません。
世界経済: 先行指標は世界の製造業の落ち込みが底に近いことを示唆していますが、同時点のPMIデータはまだ底を打っていません。グローバル製造業PMIが反転しない限り、米国債利回りは大きく上昇しないでしょう。
特集
チャート 1
FRBのドットと市場の期待の比較
Fedのドット・プロットと市場の期待の比較
Fedのドット・プロットと市場の期待の比較
FRB議長ジェローム・パウエルは先週のFOMC記者会見で難しい役割を果たしました。まず、フェデラルファンド金利を25ベーシスポイント引き下げるという委員会の決定に対して3名の投票メンバーが異議を唱えた会合の後、FRBのリアクション・ファンクションについて一貫したメッセージを作らなければなりませんでした。1名の異議者、セントルイス地区連銀総裁ジェームズ・ブラードは50bpの削減を望みました。残る2名、ボストン連銀総裁エリック・ローズグレンとカンザスシティ連銀総裁エスター・ジョージは金利を据え置くことを好みました。それだけでなく、パウエルは最近のマネー・マーケットでの混乱についての質問にも対応しなければなりませんでした。翌日物レポ金利が急騰し、実効フェデラルファンド金利が一時的にFRBの目標帯を逸脱した混乱です(下の「レポの混乱」節参照)。
チャート 2
金融状況の追跡
金融状況のモニタリング
金融状況のモニタリング
彼のパフォーマンスはどうだったか?私たちはあらゆる点で議長に高い評価を与えます。彼は短期的な政策行動を約束しないリアクション・ファンクションを明確に表現することに成功し、最も重要なのは金融状況の急激な引き締まりを防ぐ形でそれを行ったことです。
過去のレポートで述べたように、パウエル議長の最も重要な仕事は、長期にわたって金融状況を緩和的に保ち、長期のインフレ期待をターゲットまで回復させるのに十分な期間、景気回復が続くようにすることです。1 チャート 2は、厄介なFRB会合の後でさえ金融状況が今月初めよりかなり緩和的であり続けていることを示しています:
クレジットスプレッドが縮小している(チャート 2、パネル2)
イールドカーブの逆イールドが解消された(チャート 2、パネル3)
TIPSのブレークイーブン・インフレ率が拡大した(チャート 2、パネル4)
貿易加重ドルが弱含んだ(チャート 2、下段パネル)
それも、FOMC参加者17名のうち7名だけが年末前にもう一度25bpの利下げが適切だと市場が評価していることに同意している状況でのことです(チャート 1参照)。総じて、パウエルは必要なことを正確に行いました。
投資への示唆
表 1
2019年残りに織り込まれていることは?
米国のマネー・マーケットで何が起きている?
米国のマネー・マーケットで何が起きている?
前述の通り、市場は年末前におよそもう一度25bpの利下げが織り込まれている見込みです。より具体的には、フェデラルファンド先物市場はその利下げが10月か12月のFOMCで起こるかについて50/50に割れています(表 1)。市場は現在、両会合で利下げが行われる確率をわずか4%と見ており、利下げが全く行われない確率はゼロと見ています。
私たちは、次の2回のFOMC会合に対する市場の見方は概ね正しいと考えていますが、世界経済のデータが十分に改善して追加の利下げが回避される可能性も否定しません(下の「底を探し続ける」節参照)。理想的には、FRBは経済データが金利見通しを上方に導くことを望んでおり、そうすれば市場を驚かせずに利下げを回避して金融状況の引き締まりを避けることができます。逆に、もし市場が今後数週間で10月の利下げを完全に織り込むようになれば、FRBは利下げを実施する可能性が高いでしょう。この種のリアクション・ファンクションはクレジットスプレッドに非常に追い風であり、我々は米国債に対してスプレッド・プロダクトをオーバーウェイトで保つことを推奨します。
チャート 3
米国債リターンは金利予想を反映する
国債リターンは金利見通しに連動
国債リターンは金利見通しに連動
ポートフォリオのデュレーションについては、私たちは引き続きゴールデンルール・フレームワークに従います。2 市場が今後12か月で期待している57bpの緩和未満にFRBがとどまるなら、ブルームバーグ・バークレイズ・トレジャリー指数は現金ポジションに対してアンダーパフォームする可能性が高い(チャート 3)。我々はその期間にゼロか一回の利下げとなる確率の方が高いと見ており、したがってベンチマークより短めのデュレーション姿勢を推奨します。
要点: FRBは金融状況を緩和的に維持したいと考えており、市場が期待するなら今年中にもう一度利下げを行うでしょう。これはスプレッド・プロダクトにとって支援的な環境を作ります。最終的には、世界経済が強まれば今後12か月で金利見通しは上方修正されるでしょう。ポートフォリオのデュレーションは低く保ってください。
レポの混乱
何が起きたのか?
チャート 4
ここで何が起きたか?
ここで何が起こったのか?
ここで何が起こったのか?
前述の通り、先週、米国の翌日物金利が劇的に急騰し、見出しを飾り、多くの人が金融市場の安定性を疑問視しました。混乱は先週火曜日にピークに達し、翌日物の一般担保レポ金利がほぼ7%で取引を終え、実効フェデラルファンド金利がFRBの目標帯の上限を上回って取引を終えました(チャート 4)。
なぜこうなったのか?
チャート 5
原因を探す
犯人を探す
犯人を探す
この混乱の直接的な原因は、ディーラー銀行が現金不足に陥ったことです。彼らはマネー・マーケットで資金を急いで調達したため、翌日物金利は上昇しました。ディーラー銀行が現金不足になった理由はいくつかあります。多くの企業が税金支払いのために資金を引き出し、9月には異常に多額の米国債発行があり、償還が少なかったのです(チャート 5)。ディーラー銀行はオークションで米国債を購入しなければならず、そのためには手元資金が必要です。
しかし直接的な原因を脇に置くと、より重要な問いは次のとおりです:なぜディーラー銀行は時折必ず発生するこうした期間を乗り切るのに十分な現金を持っていないのか?この答えは銀行システムに供給される準備預金の量に関係しており、それは最終的にはFRBのバランスシート政策の結果です。
FRBのバランスシートと銀行準備金の供給
表 2
簡略化したFRBバランスシート
米国マネー・マーケットで何が起きている?
米国マネー・マーケットで何が起きている?
表 2は、先週水曜日、9月18日時点のFRBバランスシートの要約版を示しています。FRBの証券保有は資産側に表示される一方、負債には(i)流通通貨、(ii)財務省の現金口座、(iii)銀行準備金が含まれている点に注意してください。準備金はFRBのバランスシート上の負債ですが、米国銀行システムの連結バランスシート上では資産として現れます。言い換えれば、銀行システムの流動性準備金の供給量は常にFRBの資産から流通通貨とその他の「非準備金負債」を差し引いた額と等しいのです。つまり簡単に言えば、ディーラー銀行に現金が不足しているなら、それはFRBが十分な証券を保有していないからです。
チャート 6
FRBのバランスシートの推移
FRBのバランスシートの推移
FRBのバランスシートの推移
実際、FRBは2014年以降着実に銀行準備金の供給を減らしてきました(チャート 6)。当初は証券保有高を一定に保ち、流通通貨やその他の「非準備金負債」の増加分だけ準備金が低下するのを受動的に許容することで実現していました。次に、2017年10月から今年7月にかけては実際にポートフォリオを縮小し、準備金がシステムからさらに速く流出する原因になりました。8月には、FRBは証券保有高を一定に保つ政策に戻り、銀行準備金の減少率を鈍化させました。
銀行準備金の減少率は、財務省の現金保有が急増したことによって最近さらに悪化した点も言及に値します(チャート 6、下段パネル)。財務省は最後の債務上限期限の前に現金を取り崩していたため、その後現金残高を再構築する必要がありました。流通通貨と同様に、財務省の現金保有はFRBのバランスシート上の負債です。その他すべて同じなら、財務省の現金保有の増加は銀行準備金の供給の減少につながります。
今後の対応
チャート 7
FRBのフロア方式
FRBのフロア制度
FRBのフロア制度
今年、FRBは資産保有を減らしつつも、金融政策が有効に機能するのに十分な銀行準備金を供給することを目指す「バランスシート正常化」の過程を進めてきました。FRBはすでに金融政策を“フロア方式”で運営することを決定しており、これは金融危機前に用いていた“コリドー方式”とは対照的です。
コリドー方式では、FRBは銀行準備金の供給を乏しく保ち、翌日物金利が目標レンジの上限を突破しないように日々のレポ取引で必要な分だけ準備金を供給します。これに対してフロア方式を運用するには、FRBは銀行システムが要求する量を上回る準備金を供給しなければなりません。過剰な準備金供給は翌日物金利をFRBが設定したオーバーナイト・リバース・レポ(ON RRP)施設のレートに近いフロアに引き下げます。基本的に、FRBはON RRPレートを目標レンジの下限近くに設定し、余剰現金を持つ銀行にそのレートを支払うことを約束するのです(チャート 7)。
先週、金利がFRBの目標帯の上限を上回ってしまったという事実は、FRBがフロア方式を有効に運用するための十分な準備金を供給していないことを示唆しています。これは、私たちがFRBの「バランスシート正常化」プロセスは完了したと考えるべきことを意味します。
今後数週間以内に、FRBは証券ポートフォリオの成長を再開する計画を発表するでしょう。これは、満期構成がおおむね未償還債務の構成に見合うような形で米国債を購入することで行われます。米国債購入のペースは、非準備金負債の推定成長率に等しく設定されるかもしれません。これは銀行準備金の供給を横ばいに保つペースであり、FRBはこれを「オーガニック成長」と呼びます。あるいは、FRBは準備金の供給を一時的に増やす必要があると判断し、数か月間やや速いペースで米国債を購入した後、「オーガニック成長」体制に落ち着く可能性もあります。FRBはおそらく数か月のうちに常設レポ・ファシリティを導入し、そのレートを目標帯の上限近くに設定するでしょう。これは現在のON RRPの鏡像となり、所定のレートで翌日物現金を融通することに合意することで金利の上振れを実質的に抑えます。
金利を有効にコントロールするためにFRBが必要とする銀行準備金の供給量は、危機前よりもはるかに多いのです
FRBが新しいバランスシート戦略と常設レポ・ファシリティを発表するまでには少なくとも数週間かかります。その間、ニューヨーク連銀はレポ市場で日次取引を行い、十分な準備金が供給されるようにします。この措置は一時的にコリドー方式へ戻すことを意味します。FRBが再び米国債の保有を増やし始めれば、フロア方式を再開でき、日々のレポ取引は必要なくなります。
すでにお気づきの方もいるでしょうが、金利を有効にコントロールするためにFRBが必要とする銀行準備金の供給量は危機前の時代よりもはるかに多くなっています(チャート 6参照)。これは純粋に危機後の新しい規制環境の結果です(ボックス参照)。
ボックス - 新しい規制は銀行により多くの準備金を要求する
特に2つの新規制が、銀行が保有したい準備金の量を増加させました。1つ目は流動性カバレッジ比率(LCR)です。LCRは、銀行がストレス状況で30日分の資金流出をカバーするのに十分な高品質流動資産(HQLA)を保有することを義務付けます。銀行準備金はHQLAとして、米国債もそうです。他の一部の証券もヘアカットを適用した後にHQLAとして認められることがあります。 銀行は準備金の代わりに米国債を保有してLCRを満たすことも可能です。セントルイス連銀の3月の報告は、大手米国銀行が純流出の20%〜65%を準備金でカバーしていることを示しました。3 2つ目の関連規制は、解決計画、いわゆるリビング・ウィルです。大手銀行は現在、規制当局にこれを提出することを義務付けられています。ここでの基準はより不透明ですが、銀行は重大な財務的苦境が発生した場合に相手方やその他の利害関係者からの要求を満たすのに十分な短期流動性を有していることを規制当局に示さなければなりません。規制当局はこうしたストレステストの際に米国債よりも準備金をより重視する可能性が高いです。なぜなら、金融混乱期には銀行が米国債をレポ市場でどれだけ速く現金化できるか疑問が生じるかもしれないからです。
これはQEの復活か?
答えは定義次第です。もしFRBの証券保有の増加をすべてQEと呼ぶなら、FRBはまもなくQEを再開するでしょう。もしQEを銀行準備金の供給拡大と定義するなら、FRBは数か月にわたって一時的にQEを実施し、その後準備金供給を安定させる「オーガニック成長」政策に戻るかもしれません。
いずれにせよ、あなたがマネー・マーケットで活動していない限り、投資家はFRBのバランスシート政策にあまり注意を払わないことを勧めます。バランスシート政策の目的は金利が目標帯内にとどまることを確保することであり、FRBはバランスシートの動きに関係なくその目標帯を動かすでしょう。金融市場にとって重要なのはFRBの目標金利の変化です。
底を探し続ける
過去のレポートで示した理由、特に緩和的な金融状況と堅調なサービス業の成長により、我々は現在の世界の製造業の減速が底に近いと引き続き確信しています。4 しかし、10年物米国債利回りはグローバル製造業PMIの大きな変動に連動する傾向があり、PMIの大幅な反発がない限り10年債利回りの大きな上昇は見込みにくいのです(チャート 8)。
チャート 8
PMIはまだ反発していない...
PMIの反発はまだ見られない...
PMIの反発はまだ見られない...
チャート 9
しかし先行指標は持ち直しつつある
…しかし、先行指標が連動し始めている
…しかし、先行指標が連動し始めている
ちなみに、昨日発表された9月の米国とユーロ圏のフラッシュPMIは良し悪しまちまちでした。ユーロ圏の製造業PMIは8月の47.0から9月に45.6へ低下しました(チャート 8、下段パネル)、一方米国は50.3から51.0へわずかに上昇しました(チャート 8、パネル3)。一般に、CRB原材料インデックス—広範なコモディティ・ベンチマーク—がまだ急落していることを考えると、グローバルPMIデータが底を打ったとは早計です(チャート 8、パネル2)。
グローバル先行経済指標はPMIよりやや明るい見方を示しています。実際、我々のグローバルLEIは底を打ったように見え、過去の相関が維持されるなら最終的にグローバルPMIを上昇に導くはずです(チャート 9)。また、米国の経済データが再び予想を上回っていることも観察されており、これは通常利回り上昇と一致します(チャート 9、下段パネル)。
一般に、グローバルPMIデータが底を打ったと言うにはまだ早い。
要点: 先行指標は世界の製造業の落ち込みが底に近いことを示唆していますが、同時点のPMIデータはまだ底を打っていません。グローバル製造業PMIが反転するまで、米国債利回りが大きく上昇することはないでしょう。
ライアン・スウィフト, 米国債ストラテジスト rswift@bcaresearch.com
脚注
1 詳細はU.S. ボンド・ストラテジー ウィークリー・レポート、「必要に応じて行動する」、2019年8月27日付、usbs.bcaresearch.comで入手可能
2 詳細はU.S. ボンド・ストラテジー スペシャル・レポート、「債券投資のゴールデンルール」、2018年7月24日付、usbs.bcaresearch.comで入手可能
3 https://www.stlouisfed.org/on-the-economy/2019/march/banks-demand-reserves-face-liquidity-regulations
4 詳細はU.S. ボンド・ストラテジー / グローバル・フィクスト・インカム・ストラテジー ウィークリー・レポート、「債券市場におけるポジティブ・キャリーはどこにあるのか?」、2019年8月20日付、usbs.bcaresearch.comで入手可能
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Dear Client, Owing to BCA’s 40th Annual Investment Conference in New York City next week, we will not be publishing a report on Friday, September 27. We will return to our regular publishing schedule on Friday, October 4, when we will be sending out our quarterly Strategy Outlook. Best regards, Peter Berezin, Chief Global Strategist Highlights The spike in oil prices underscores the vulnerability of key Saudi oil facilities. The fact that OPEC spare capacity is on the low side is an added source of concern. Fortunately, if oil prices do rise again, the impact on the global economy will be mitigated by the following: 1) the amount of oil necessary to produce one unit of real GDP is much lower than in the past; 2) oil prices are currently nowhere near restrictive levels; 3) higher oil prices will boost investment in the energy sector; and 4) unlike in the past, central banks will not need to hike rates to quell oil-induced inflationary pressures. The Federal Reserve is likely to cut rates once more in October and then keep rates on hold through 2020. The Fed will also begin expanding the size of its balance sheet to alleviate tensions in funding markets. Investors should remain overweight equities relative to bonds and start tilting exposure towards EM assets and cyclical stocks later this year. Feature All Aboard The Crude Oil Roller Coaster Chart 1A Price For The Books After gapping up by nearly 20% to $72/barrel on Monday morning – the biggest one-day spike in history – Brent oil prices have retreated to the $64-$65 range, representing a markup of around 7% over last Friday’s close (Chart 1). The near-term direction of oil prices will be governed by how quickly the Saudis are able to restore lost output. Brent fell by over $3/barrel on Tuesday following news reports quoting key Saudi sources saying that state-run Saudi Aramco would be able to bring production back to normal in the next two-to-three weeks. Bob Ryan, BCA’s chief commodity strategist, is skeptical of this reassurance. He notes that the drone attacks destroyed highly sophisticated “one-of-a-kind” equipment that had been specially built for the Abqaiq facility. Beyond the near-term impact, the longer-term question is whether Sunday’s pre-dawn strike is the start of a new violent trend. The fact that much of Saudi Arabia’s oil infrastructure is densely concentrated in the eastern part of the country makes it vulnerable to further attacks. The proliferation of drone technologies is also a source of concern since such devices can be used to wreak significant havoc at minimal cost. Chart 2Limited Availability Of Spare Capacity To Offset Outages Chart 3Key Strategic Petroleum Reserves Iran’s apparent involvement in the attack further complicates matters. As Matt Gertken, BCA’s chief geopolitical strategist, has argued, the drone strike may have been orchestrated by hardliners in Iran who regard President Rouhani’s efforts to restart negotiations with the United States as evidence of appeasement (some of these hardliners are also profiting from the sanctions by smuggling crude out of the country). President Trump’s decision to sack John Bolton over Bolton’s opposition to making any deal with the Iranians may have created a sense of urgency among the hardliners. In this respect, attacking Iran would probably give the hardliners what they want. All this has occurred at a time when OPEC spare capacity – the difference between what the cartel is capable of producing and what it is actually producing – is below its historic average (Chart 2). Crude oil reserves have also been trending lower within the OECD. Saudi Arabia’s own reserves have fallen by over 40% since peaking in 2015 (Chart 3). Oil And The Economy: How Big A Risk? While a major spike in oil prices is not our base case, it cannot be ruled out completely. If the price of crude were to increase significantly, how much damage would this do to the global economy? History is certainly not encouraging: Every single U.S. recession since 1970 has been preceded by a large jump in oil prices (Chart 4). Chart 4Oil Spikes And Recessions Chart 5The Global Economy Is Less Oil Intensive The fact that we are dealing with a potential supply disruption only makes things worse. It is one thing if oil prices are rising in response to stronger global growth; it is quite another if prices rise at a time, such as the present, when global growth is under pressure. Despite these concerns, there are four reasons to be optimistic that higher oil prices will not precipitate a major global economic downturn. First, the global economy is less reliant on oil than in the past. Chart 5 shows that the amount of oil necessary to produce one unit of real GDP has fallen by half since 1990. Second, oil prices are still quite low by historic standards. Even after this week’s jump, Brent is still 24% below where it was last October (Chart 6). In real terms, both Brent and WTI are more than 60% below their 2008 highs. Chart 6Oil Prices Are Well Off Their 2008 Peak Third, if oil prices do stay elevated, this will encourage investment in the oil patch, which will eventually bring prices back down. It is worth remembering that rising oil prices reduce aggregate demand in part by shifting wealth from oil consumers, who tend to spend most of their disposable income, to oil producers, who are often inclined to save the windfall from higher oil prices in such entities as sovereign wealth funds. However, if higher oil prices cause producers to expand production, the positive “investment effect” could offset much of the negative “consumption effect” on aggregate demand. Ironically, this means that a transfer of production from easily accessible oil deposits, such as those in Saudi Arabia, to less accessible shale or deep-sea deposits has the effect of increasing overall energy-sector capital spending, even if it does entail a loss of average efficiency. Fourth, higher oil prices today are unlikely to dislodge long-term inflation expectations. This represents a critical difference between the 1970s, 80s, and early 90s when central banks often felt the need to hike rates in the face of rising oil prices (Chart 7). These days, central banks are more likely to see oil price increases – especially those due to supply-side disruptions – as negative income shocks. Such shocks warrant looser, rather than tighter, monetary policy. Chart 7Core Inflation No Longer Driven By Oil Prices FOMC Cuts Rates As Expected This brings us to this week’s Fed meeting. As widely expected, the Fed cut rates by 25 basis points. It also lowered the projected policy rate path. Compared to the Summary of Economic Projections released in June – which suggested no rate change in 2019, one rate cut in 2020, and one rate hike in 2021 – the median dots in the September Summary of Economic Projections released this week show two cuts in 2019, no rate change in 2020, one rate hike in 2021, and one rate hike in 2022. Seven out of 17 participants penciled in a projected third cut for 2019. Judging from the tone of his post-meeting press conference, Jay Powell, dressed in his trademark bipartisan purple tie, was likely among those advocating for further easing. While it is far from a done deal, an additional rate cut in October appears more likely than not. In total, we expect 75 basis points in cuts, equivalent to the amount of easing orchestrated during both the 1995/96 and 1998 mid-cycle slowdowns (Chart 8). The Fed appears to be using these two episodes as a template for its current thinking. Chart 8Will The Fed Follow The 1990s Template Of 75 Bps Of Mid-Cycle Easing? The Fed is also likely to start expanding the size of its balance sheet starting in November. The spike in funding rates this week, while not at all related to the sort of counterparty risk that prevailed during the financial crisis, still underscored the fact that bank reserves are becoming increasingly scarce. To the extent that the Fed creates bank reserves when it purchases assets, this would help alleviate funding pressures. We are assuming that rate cuts beyond 75 basis points in total are possible. However, this would require a significant deceleration in U.S. growth, which looks unlikely. Real personal consumption spending is on track to increase by 3.1% in Q3, according to the Atlanta Fed’s GDPNow (Chart 9). While business capex spending continues to be weighed down by the manufacturing recession, rays of light are emerging. Industrial production rose by 0.6% in August, well above the consensus forecast of 0.2%. Despite an ongoing drag from the auto sector, manufacturing output rose by a solid 0.5%. Chart 9Inventories And Net Exports Have Subtracted From Growth Chart 10Easier Financial Conditions Will Boost Global Growth Globally, the growth picture remains shaky. Looking out, the sharp easing in financial conditions should boost activity (Chart 10). The nascent de-escalation in trade tensions, if sustained, should also help. As such, we continue to expect global growth to stabilize in the coming months and accelerate into year-end. Investment Conclusions Oil prices are likely to rise over the next 12 months. Geopolitical tensions could contribute to any upward pressure on the price of crude, but most of the increase in prices will probably be driven by stronger global growth. If global growth does pick up, the dollar will probably weaken (Chart 11). A weaker dollar will further boost oil prices, along with other commodity prices (Chart 12). Chart 11The Dollar Is A Countercyclical Currency Chart 12A Weaker Dollar Bodes Well For Commodities Stronger global growth, rising commodity prices, and a weaker dollar will hurt safe-haven government bonds but boost stocks. EM and cyclical equity sectors should gain disproportionately. Peter Berezin, Chief Global Strategist Global Investment Strategy peterb@bcaresearch.com Strategy & Market Trends MacroQuant Model And Current Subjective Scores Strategic Recommendations Closed Trades
The cut in the ECB’s deposit facility rate from -0.4% to -0.5% was in line with market consensus, as was the resumption of quantitative easing. Investors did not foresee that the ECB would embark on open-ended bond purchases however, with the plan quickly…
Dear Client, Owing to BCA’s 40th Annual Investment Conference at the Grand Hyatt in New York City next week, there will be no report on Wednesday, September 25. We will return to our regular publication schedule on Wednesday, October 2. I look forward to meeting China Investment Strategy clients in person at our conference. Please do not hesitate to say hello. Best regards, Jing Sima China Strategist Highlights China’s economy should bottom as a result of the pickup in credit that occurred earlier this year, but the circumstances surrounding the ongoing slowdown are unprecedented in nature. This raises the risk that policymakers will have to do more in order to stabilize growth. Optimism surrounding recent Chinese policy announcements is misguided. For now, Chinese policymakers are not upping the pace of stimulus, which underscores the risk to our forecast that growth will soon stabilize. A more meaningful shot of reflation will occur in the coming few months if the economy slows further, but policymakers will be reactive rather than proactive. Barring a successful (even if temporary) trade deal, we expect more weakness in the RMB as a passive source of reflation to aid the economy. But currency devaluation is a double-edged sword, and cannot be counted on to single-handedly stabilize China’s economy. Over a 6-12 month time horizon, investors should continue to overweight Chinese stocks versus the global benchmark in currency hedged terms, but the risk of further underperformance over the near-term is high. Feature Chinese economic growth continues to weaken. The Caixin manufacturing PMI for August, along with the New Export Orders component of the manufacturing PMI released by China’s National Bureau of Statistics, registered small gains in August from July. However, any hopes pinned on this being an emerging sign of turnaround in the Chinese economy soon faded. A slew of August data showed continued sluggishness in exports, an even worse domestic-demand picture, and further deflation in ex-factory producer prices. Most importantly, we continue to witness “half-measured” stimulus. In explaining past and existing economic weakness, many investors point to the trade war with the U.S. However, Charts 1 and 2 serve as an important reminder that domestic weakness predates U.S. protectionism. The trade war tensions and tariffs are magnifying this weakness, but China’s slowdown is, at its core, policy driven. Chart 1Weakness In Chinese Economy Predates The Trade War... Chart 2…And Has Been A Byproduct Of Financial De-Risking Campaign Given this, investors should be more focused on identifying signs of a major reversal in policy. So far Chinese policymakers have been firmly holding their line in keeping credit growth somewhat in check. Policy-Induced Economic Stabilization: A Tough Forecast To Make Our baseline view is that the current scale of stimulus should be sufficient to stop economic growth from decelerating further. Two factors support our baseline view: The direct impact from tariffs on the Chinese economy is limited. Growth in China’s exports to the U.S. in 2019 is likely to be somewhere close to a 9% contraction, down from the 10.8% increase registered in 2018. Based on a simple calculation with all else being equal, this is likely to shave 1.6 percentage points off China’s total export growth and 0.3 percentage points off nominal GDP growth in 2019. This is not trivial, but arguably not devastating to China’s aggregate economy either. There is anecdotal evidence suggesting some Chinese exports have been re-routed to peripheral countries such as Vietnam and Taiwan in order to avoid the U.S. import tariffs on Chinese goods (Chart 3). This suggests that real growth in Chinese exports to the U.S. could be stronger than the current data suggests. Chart 3Exports Finding Alternative Routes? Chart 4Bottoming in the economy In Sight? Credit growth has picked up since the beginning of this year. Based on the historical relationship between China’s credit impulse (measured by the 12-month change in BCA’s adjusted total social financing as a percentage of nominal GDP) and domestic demand, the economy should bottom out at some point before the end of the year (Chart 4). Although, import growth, a key measure of China’s domestic demand, remains in deep contraction, some of its components that usually lead industrial activities are showing signs of improvement (Chart 5). Chart 5Early Signs of Improved Domestic Demand Chart 6Manufacturing Investment Growth In Contraction However, our level of confidence that the existing stimulus will be sufficient to stabilize economic growth is lower than it otherwise would be. This is due to the fact that the challenges facing the Chinese economy are unprecedented in nature. For one, the indirect impact of the trade war on China’s economy through business sentiment and manufacturing investment has yet to be fully revealed in the data. As Chart 6 shows, manufacturing investment is already deteriorating, particularly in export-intensive sectors. The ultimate impact on investment from the trade war is still uncertain, and can pose significant downside risks to the Chinese economy in the coming year. More importantly, as Chart 7 suggests, a weak credit impulse will at best lead to a very subdued economic recovery even if growth does indeed bottom. In terms of the link between policy and the economy, Chart 8 points out a key difference between the current slowdown and previous down cycles: Monetary conditions have been ultra-loose for more than a year, but current economic conditions remain on a downward trend – much more so than in the previous cycles. This huge gap and lag in economic response to monetary stance can only be explained by an impaired policy transmission mechanism. An expansionary monetary stance has not proportionally translated into credit expansion or economic recovery. This challenges the effectiveness and timeliness of future monetary loosening in terms of its ability to revive the Chinese economy. Chart 7Current Pace Of Credit Growth Will Lead To A Fragile Recovery, At Best Chart 8An Impaired Monetary Policy Transmission The scale and timing of the current stimulus measures have been “behind the curve.” Therefore, the historical relationship between China’s credit impulse and the turning points in the economy may not apply to the current cycle. Bottom Line: China’s economy should bottom as a result of the pickup in credit that occurred earlier this year, but the circumstances surrounding the ongoing slowdown are unprecedented in nature. This raises the risk that policymakers will have to do more in order to stabilize growth. An Unusually Prudent Policy Bias For some, the recent slew of announcements on upcoming stimulus qualified as a major shift in policy bias. Our analysis suggests otherwise. The bank reserve requirement ratio (RRR) cuts announced late in August have been among the most cited policy announcements, with the PBoC stating that the new cuts will release RMB 900 billion of fresh liquidity.1 In our view, this measure is more about maintaining liquidity in China’s large commercial banks than adding to it (on a net basis). Chart 9RRR Cuts May Not Be That Stimulative Chart 9 shows that, in previous episodes of meaningful RMB depreciation against the U.S. dollar, in order to prevent the RMB from falling at an undesirable pace, PBoC has had to intervene in the spot market by selling U.S. dollars. The selling of U.S. dollars in this round of RMB depreciation has been much more muted than in 2015-2016, but we suspect some intervention has taken place following each bout of escalation in the trade war. This has had a liquidity tightening effect on banks, as selling central bank foreign-exchange reserves reduces liquidity in the banking system. It is very likely that following the PBoC’s defense of the RMB in the last two months, the RRR cuts were a measure aimed at preventing a liquidity crunch ahead of the September tax season. If true, this hardly qualifies as net new stimulus for the economy. There were also two important announcements that came out of the September 5th State Council meeting: The entire 2019 quota for local government special project bonds must be issued by the end of September, and all money raised from the bonds must be disbursed to projects by the end of October. This too is not exactly “stimulative,” as over 90% of the 2019 local government special-project bond quota has already been issued. This leaves less than 10% of the quota outstanding, an 80% decline from what was issued last September. On a quarterly basis, special-bond issuance in the third quarter of 2019 will end up being 30% lower than the same period last year. It was also announced that, in order to meet the local needs for construction of key projects, part of 2020’s special bonds quota will be allocated in advance to ensure that the funds are available for use at the beginning of next year.2 While the announcement did not indicate how much in the way of special-purpose bonds local governments are allowed to frontload through the remainder of this year, we maintain our view that this is not a policy shift towards materially larger stimulus than we have seen so far this year: Without an additional quota, local government special-purpose bond issuance would essentially fall to zero in the fourth quarter as the 2019 target would be hit by the end of September. Thus, the frontloading of next year’s bond issuance will only “fill the gap” between now and year-end. As special-purpose bond issuance only accounts for 15% of total funding for local governments’ infrastructure spending, the new measure alone is unlikely to meaningfully accelerate investment growth.3 We have noted in previous reports that in order for local governments to accelerate spending within the current fiscal budget framework, one of three things must occur: more direct funding from the central government, an acceptance by policymakers of more shadow bank lending, or a larger quota for bond issuance. So far we have not seen any of the above-mentioned shifts in policy. Chart 10Local Governments Tightening Belt This Year The only positive sign for local government spending has been a pickup in land sales in Q2, which makes up more than 70% of local government revenues. But, it is far from making up the shortfalls in local governments’ budgets (Chart 10). Local governments are facing considerable fiscal pressure as annual tax revenue growth has fallen to near zero. Critically, the government’s regulatory stance on local government budgets has continued to tighten: Local governments have been ordered by the Ministry of Finance to liquidate state-owned assets to fund their budget deficits this year.4 This austerity measure is also being met with explicit reiteration from the Ministry of Finance on the central government not bailing out local governments, and that local government officials are held responsible for their own borrowing and spending.5 Bottom Line: Optimism surrounding recent Chinese policy announcements is misguided. For now, Chinese policymakers are not upping the pace of stimulus, which underscores the risk to our forecast that growth will soon stabilize. A more meaningful shot of reflation will occur in early 2020 if the economy slows further in Q4, but policymakers will most likely continue their reactive approach rather than proactive. RMB Depreciation: A Plus Or Peril? The RMB’s renewed depreciation since August initially raised fears among global investors that an uncontrolled decline might occur, but these fears have subsided over the past several weeks. Even though the USD-CNY exchange rate has broken the psychological 7 threshold, it is not forming a linear downward trend. Unlike after the August 2015 devaluation, it appears that the PBoC can successfully enact countercyclical measures to guide the RMB’s value higher following each large depreciation (Chart 11). Chart 11PBoC Not Panicking Over RMB Depreciation Fears of uncontrolled capital outflows following the depreciation are also abating. We presented a dashboard for monitoring short-term capital outflows from China in our March 20 Special Report,6 and an update of these indicators suggests that China’s heightened capital controls are holding – i.e., outflows have not escalated as they did in 2015 (Chart 12). Chart 12No Major Capital Outflow Chart 13RMB Depreciation Partially Offsets Tariffs Thus, the conclusion is that Chinese policymakers appear to be in control of the currency. The reduced risk of an uncontrolled decline has allowed policymakers to (passively) provide meaningful stimulus to the domestic economy via depreciation. Indeed, the RMB has not only depreciated against the USD, but also against many Asian currencies including direct trade competitors such as Vietnam and Taiwan (Chart 13). This is helping offset the negative impact of U.S. tariffs on Chinese exporters. But currency devaluation can come with a price tag – in particular for corporations that have borrowed heavily in U.S. dollar-denominated debt. We estimate that $440 billion of U.S. dollar debt will be maturing over the coming two years, for Chinese companies and banks in the aggregate.7 A 12% depreciation in the RMB since April 2018 means that debt servicing costs will be 12% higher for unhedged debtors. This is particularly painful for real estate and financial services companies, two of the largest holders of U.S. dollar-denominated loans, and the weakest sectors in the current economic downturn. Most importantly, while currency devaluation ease the slowdown, it cannot be counted on to stabilize Chinese economic activity on its own. For example, while our earnings recession model suggests that the decline in the RMB since May has reduced the odds of a major decline in economic activity by roughly 20%, the model also shows that such an event is still highly probable (current odds are roughly at 70%). Bottom Line: Barring a successful (even if temporary) trade deal, we expect more weakness in the RMB as a passive source of reflation to aid the economy. But currency devaluation is a double-edged sword, and cannot be counted on to single-handedly stabilize China’s economy if a further slowdown occurs. An Update On Corporate Earnings Against a backdrop of what may turn out to be insufficient policy support, the earnings picture is providing one modest positive for equity investors. While the growth rate in investable earnings per share has slowed significantly over the past year (Chart 14), it has merely fallen to zero and not deeply into negative territory, as what seemingly occurred in 2015-2016. In our view, the risk of a similar collapse in earnings per share (EPS) has been an important factor weighing on Chinese investable equities’ relative performance since June 2018. In reality, a closer examination of MSCI China Index earnings reveals that a huge decline in EPS this year was never really a threat, because the apparent collapse in 2015-2016 did not actually transpire. Changes to the composition in the MSCI China Index that took effect in November 2015 and June 2016 had the effect of depressing index EPS, due to the sizeable inclusion of a set of richly valued stocks. Chart 15 presents BCA’s calculation of “break-adjusted” EPS for Chinese investable stocks, which shows that EPS growth bottomed out at -10% in late-2016, as opposed to the -28% implied by the unadjusted series. Chart 14Investable EPS Has Yet To Contract Meaningfully Chart 15The Potential Downside For Earnings Is Less Than Many Fear Chart 16A Cyclical Recovery In Earnings Has Not Yet Begun The existence of less downside potential for earnings is certainly positive for investable stocks at the margin, but it does not alter the outlook for equity fundamentals over the coming year. We have shown in several previous reports that there is a strong and reliable link between investable EPS growth and China’s coincident economic activity,8 and the continued slowing in the latter does not suggest that a bottom in earnings is imminent. In addition, Chart 16 highlights that while net earnings revisions have recovered from their early-year lows, they remain in negative territory and have stopped rising over the past few weeks. Twelve-month forward EPS momentum, also presented on a break-adjusted basis, is modestly negative, and has recently weakened (panel 2). Bottom Line: The downside risk to earnings for Chinese investable equities is less than many investors fear. But absent stronger credit growth, it remains too early to confidently project a cyclical earnings recovery. Investment Conclusions The historical relationship between credit growth and economic activity suggests that the latter should soon stabilize, which is our base case view for the coming few months. Still, the risk of a further, meaningful deceleration in growth is elevated, given the unprecedented circumstances surrounding the ongoing slowdown. For equity investors, less potential downside risks to earnings than previously feared is a positive at the margin, but the fundamental outlook still hinges on a durable pickup in economic activity. Over a 6-12 month time horizon, this implies that one of two scenarios will unfold: The economy will stabilize in response to the easing that has already occurred (i.e. our base case view). The economy slows further in the near-term, prompting a more significant policy response that leads to an even sharper pickup in activity. Chart 17Investable Stocks: An Overshoot To The Downside? In the first scenario, investable stocks have probably overshot to the downside versus the global benchmark and thus will very likely outperform from current levels. Near-term performance is likely to be flat-to-down, as investors await hard evidence of a sequential improvement in growth (Chart 17). In the second scenario, investable stocks are at potentially acute near-term risk, but will likely eventually outperform global stocks once activity begins to pick up sharply. In this scenario, the outperformance of Chinese equities will commence later, but would likely still occur by the tail end of our cyclical investment horizon (6-12 months). As a final point, we are not ruling out the possibility of a temporary trade deal between the U.S. and China, as both sides have the incentive to avoid a further escalation and are now showing goodwill towards constructive negotiations. This may change our tactical view on Chinese stocks, but our cyclical view remains focused on China’s domestic policy and economic fundamentals. Jing Sima China Strategist JingS@bcaresearch.com Footnotes 1 PBC Official: The RRR Cut Aims at Bolstering Real Economy, September 6, 2019 2 China to accelerate the issuance and use of special local government bonds to catalyze effective investment, China State Council, September 4, 2019 3 Please see Emerging Markets Strategy Special Report, “Chinese Infrastructure Investment: A Ramp-Up Ahead?”, dated August 1, 2019, available at ems.bcaresearch.com 4 China’s Local Governments Sell Assets to Make Up for Revenue Loss, Caixin, September 3, 2019 5 http://www.mof.gov.cn/zhengwuxinxi/caizhengxinwen/201909/t20190906_3382239.htm?mc_cid=eb2b199651&mc_eid=9da16a4859 6 Please see China Investment Strategy Special Report, “Monitoring Chinese Capital Outflows”, dated March 20, 2019, available at cis.bcaresearch.com 7 Please see Emerging Markets Strategy Special Report, “China’s Foreign Debt, And A Secret Weapon”, dated September 12, 2019, available at ems.bcaresearch.com 8 Please see China Investment Strategy Weekly Report, “Threading A Stimulus Needle (Part 2):Will Proactive Fiscal Policy Lose Steam?”, dated July 24, 2019, available at cis.bcaresearch.com Cyclical Investment Stance Equity Sector Recommendations
Short-term interest rates were cut, but only through a modest -10bp reduction in the overnight deposit rate. The Asset Purchase Program (APP) was restarted, but only at a pace of €20bn per month. These new initiatives fell short of the consensus forecast of a…
The reason for the spike is that dealer banks are coping with a scarcity of cash on their balance sheets, a vulnerability that was exposed during the past few days when a large amount of newly issued Treasury debt came to market. The unwind of the Fed’s QE…

