石油・ガス探査および生産
Our reinstated long XOP / short GDX pair trade hit its rolling 10% stop intraday yesterday, forcing us to crystalize 32% gains in just over a month. While our original thesis for this pair trade that was outlined in the April 27th Weekly Report has not changed, we adhere to the risk management tool we put in place and act on our profit-taking stop. We will be looking to reopen this trade later in the summer at a better entry point, especially if as we highlighted on Monday’s Weekly Report the rise in (geo)political risks serve as a catalyst for a much need broad equity market breather. Bottom Line: Crystallize 32% gains in the long XOP / short GDX pair trade, but stay tuned.
Our reinstated long S&P oil & gas exploration & production (E&P)/short global gold miners pair trade is up again near the 20% mark. This parabolic rise compels us to re-institute a 10% rolling stop in order to protect gains. Importantly, neither the macro backdrop nor relative profit fundamentals have changed. A rising number of states and countries are setting the groundwork to reopen their economies. This should absorb some of the excess oil supply and help to further steepen the yield curve. Taken together, this will cement the handoff from liquidity to growth and thus further propel the pair trade (see chart). In addition, the Fed’s determination to quash volatility was another reason underpinning this intra-commodity pair trade. The lower the VIX falls, the higher the share price ratio goes. Bottom Line: Institute a 10% rolling stop in the reinstated long S&P oil & E&P/short global gold miners pair trade, today. For a full discussion on the rationale behind the trade, please refer to the following Weekly Report.
Yesterday our 10% rolling stop got triggered on the long S&P oil & gas exploration & production (E&P)/short global gold miners pair trade. We are compelled to reinstate this intra-commodity pair trade, despite the explosive one week return, as neither the macro backdrop nor relative profit fundamentals changed. Importantly, the Fed’s determination to quash volatility is a powerful source of further gains in the relative share price ratio as the oil/gold ratio should regain its footing (volatility shown inverted, bottom panel). In addition, more and more states and a rising number of countries are setting the groundwork to reopen their economies. This should absorb some of the excess oil supply and also push real yields higher, both of which are a boon for relative share prices. Bottom Line: While we locked in gains of 10% in a mere week on the long S&P E&P/short global gold miners pair trade, we are compelled to reinstate this intra-commodity pair trade. When it hits the 20% return mark anew, it will trigger a 10% rolling stop as a way to protect profits for our portfolio. For additional details please refer to the April 27th Weekly Report.
Highlights WTI futures contracts delivering into Cushing, Oklahoma, in June could trade or go off the board below $0.00/bbl next month, just as the May contracts did this month, when they changed hands at a low of -$40.32/bbl last week. Oil storage at this critical hub is approaching its practical limit of 80% full, raising the odds of sub-zero pricing (Chart of the Week). Pricing pressures will accelerate the rate of oil-supply destruction in the US, particularly in the prolific shale-oil basins. We are revising our estimate of US production losses upward to 1.6mm b/d this year, and to 2.3mm b/d from January 2020 to December 2021. Retail speculation – in the US via ETFs and long-only index exposure, and in China via bank wealth-management products – is compounding WTI price volatility. The CME Group, which operates the NYMEX WTI futures and options markets, will be forced to address storage constraints in Cushing, and will have to better manage retail-spec positioning: These factors increase the probability of negative pricing and exacerbate price volatility as contracts go off the board. Feature The stunning -$40.32/bbl print for May 2020 WTI futures last week marks the first time this global oil benchmark has traded below $0.00/bbl. Negative prices are nothing new to non-storable commodities. In electricity markets, for example, wholesale prices go negative to force generation offline to balance supply and demand so that markets clear.1 Negative pricing also is seen in natural gas markets. It is occurring in the Permian basin with greater frequency, due to insufficient pipeline take-away capacity for all of the associated gas being produced there as oil output in the basin soars. This leaves no alternative to producers but to either shut in oil production or flare the associated gas. Indeed, forward natgas prices at the Waha Hub in Pecos County, Texas, recently have traded below zero for prolonged periods, owing to the surge in Permian oil production (Chart 2).2 Chart of the WeekCushing Approaches Crude Storage Limit Chart 2Lack Of Storage Pushes Natgas Prices Below Zero Markets once again were reminded WTI futures are far more than electronic blips on computer screens: They are binding legal contracts to physically deliver light-sweet West Texas Intermediate (WTI) crude oil into the Cushing, Oklahoma, pipeline and storage hub. The stunning -$40.32/bbl print for May 2020 WTI futures last week marks the first time this global oil benchmark has traded below $0.00/bbl since the 1983 introduction of the NYMEX crude oil futures (Chart 3). Markets once again were reminded WTI futures are far more than electronic blips on computer screens: They are binding legal contracts to physically deliver light-sweet West Texas Intermediate (WTI) crude oil into the Cushing, Oklahoma, pipeline and storage hub. Going off the board long requires contract holders to take delivery into a pipeline or storage facility; going off short requires contract holders to make delivery. Chart 3WTI June Futures Could Go Below $0.00/bbl Owing to structural flaws in the delivery mechanism for WTI futures, and what appears to be a lapse in monitoring positions in the spot-month contract as May 2020 WTI was going off the board last week, the likelihood June 2020 WTI contracts pricing below $0.00/bbl is high. These flaws must be addressed by the CME Group’s NYMEX division and federal regulators, given the WTI futures contract’s importance to the global physical market and the capital at risk. Implications Of Negative WTI Prices Storage at Cushing is, for all intents and purposes, full. Cushing accounts for ~ 15% of the total 653mm barrels of US crude oil storage, which was only at 60% of capacity in mid-April, based on the US EIA’s reckoning. However, Cushing is the delivery point of the physically settled WTI futures contracts traded on the NYMEX. With close to 80% of capacity filled – ~ 58mm barrels of the total capacity of ~ 76mm barrels – the operational limit of storage has been reached at Cushing. This is amply seen in the June-vs-July intermonth spread between futures, which, earlier this week, settled at more than $5/bbl – i.e., more than 10x the then-elevated 50 cents/bbl/month being charged to store oil in Cushing in March (Chart 4). Intermonth spreads are used as proxies for the cost of storage for physically delivered contract that actually can be stored, like oil. If physical surpluses cannot be moved out of regions where storage is full – and pipelines also are full – prices are forced lower and lower until enough production is shut in to allow storage to drain and inventories to return to normal levels. This is happening now in Oklahoma and the prolific Texas shale basins, and other shale basins in the US where horizontal rigs are being laid down and drilling crews are being laid off (Chart 5). Chart 4Intermonth-Spread Blow Out Indicates Full Cushing Storage Chart 5Texas Horizontal Rig Counts Collapse We are revising our estimate of US production losses upward for this year, and to 2.3mm b/d from January 2020 to December 2021. In our most recent modeling of US shale-oil production, we expect these pricing pressures to accelerate the rate of oil-supply destruction, particularly in the prolific shale-oil basins. In fact, we are revising our estimate of US production losses upward for this year, and to 2.3mm b/d from January 2020 to December 2021 (Chart 6). Depending on how long WTI prices stay depressed in the key producing basins, this supply destruction could be even more pronounced. The same is true of global storage: Kpler, the oil-storage tracker, last week estimated global onshore inventories were 85% full.3 Until sufficient supply destruction occurs to offset the COVID-19-induced demand destruction, inventories cannot draw. Floating storage also is surging, as the crude and product forward curves fall deeper into contango, and incentivize holding stocks on the water (Chart 7). Chart 6Lower Prices Will Push US Oil Output Lower Chart 7Floating Storage Volumes Surge Price will go low enough – negative if needs be – to clear surplus supply to rebalance markets. Storage acts as a shock absorber for physical commodities like crude oil – when there is more supply than demand, the physical surplus is moved to storage until it is needed, and vice versa when there is a physical deficit. When inventories fill in Cushing – arguably the most important crude-oil delivery hub in the world, given WTI is the most liquid crude oil futures contract in the world – it is as if there is no storage at all there. At this point, market for WTI behaves a lot like electricity, which cannot be stored (at least at utility scale), or natgas at Waha, where storage and pipeline takeaway capacity are in very short supply. In such circumstances, price will go low enough – negative if needs be – to clear surplus supply to rebalance markets. This appears to be what spooked markets last week when WTI futures for May delivery traded as low as -$40.32/bbl. Retail Specs Push WTI Volatility Higher Speculators perform a vital and necessary function in futures markets – they willingly accept risk hedgers want to shed. Natural longs – i.e., producers – do not want to sell when prices are low, which is when natural shorts want to buy. Likewise, natural shorts – i.e., consumers – don’t want to buy when prices are high, which is when natural longs want to sell. Speculators provide the liquidity that allows producers and consumers to hedge. When prices are relatively high, they can provide a bid to oil producers looking to hedge production – they may be short-term traders or have a view prices are going higher, or they may be getting out of short positions they put on earlier. When prices are low, speculators provide offers – selling futures because they are short-term traders, or have a view prices are going lower, or they are getting out of long positions. Speculators trade on information and typically never stand for delivery of futures like WTI, which means they typically are out of prompt-month contracts before they are getting ready to go off the board. At that point, only physical-market participants – producers, consumers and physical traders – are left in the market balancing their physical books. When speculators find themselves trading WTI futures as they are getting ready to go to delivery, something in their risk-management systems has gone terribly wrong. Not only do they not trade the physical oil, but they don’t know who to call to take them out of their risk. Something also has gone terribly wrong at the regulatory level: At the CME, which, as the operator of the NYMEX oil trading markets, and at the US Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) in Washington, D.C. The CME is the self-regulatory organization responsible for ensuring its rules are followed and markets trade in an orderly fashion, and, at the federal level, the CFTC exercises oversight and enforces laws and regulations. It appears Bank of China (BOC), the fourth largest bank in China and the world, has found itself holding long positions in WTI futures delivering in May on the last two days of trading last week. These contracts supported wealth-management products – known as “bao” or treasure – the state-owned bank offered its retail clients.4 Other banks in China also offer such products, but it appears BOC was the only one that did not roll out of its delivery exposure in a timely manner.5 The exposure BOC was trying to trade out of was not huge by normal standards, but after settling its open May futures at -$37.63/bbl, BOC clients apparently lost close to $1.3 billion.6 How the CME or the CFTC allowed a commercial bank with no capability to take delivery of WTI in Cushing against a long NYMEX WTI futures contract as it was going off the board is a mystery. Markets will have to wait for a detailed post-mortem to determine what exactly happened, and how. Retail Piles Into WTI Exposure The experience of BOC – and, most likely, the shock of such deeply negative WTI prices realized upon settlement of these contracts – and a change in US regulations on spot-month position limits for futures used by commodity-pool operators prompted a wholesale exodus from spot-month WTI futures – the June 2020-delivery WTI futures that deliver in Cushing – this week. As a result, the commodity-pool operator running the United States Oil Fund (USO) ETF and S&P Dow Jones, which designs and markets long-only commodity index products for investors – e.g., the S&P GSCI index – rolled their June WTI futures into July and later months in an effort to avoid holding length in the June contract out of fear these futures could trade negative.7 USO is geared to retail investors, and inflows are negatively correlated with front-month WTI futures prices – when prices tank retail investors pile into the ETF (Chart 8). This can dramatically increase the number of futures the fund has to buy to provide its product to retail investors. Chart 8Retail Piles Into WTI Futures Exposure Markets were exceptionally volatile early in the week as these fire sales were being executed. The $3.6 billion USO ETF, in particular, apparently was ordered to spread its spot-month exposure (June WTI) across the forward curve by the CME over the first three days of this week. This action was taken to keep the USO ETF from exceeding new position-limit levels in the spot-month contract, which go into effect May 1, and state no entity can have more than 25% of total open interest in the WTI spot contract.8 Markets were exceptionally volatile early in the week as these fire sales were being executed. This rolling out of June WTI exposures should reduce – but not eliminate – the selling pressure on front-month WTI futures contracts by providers of retail and institutional commodity exposure as June goes off the board next month. However, if storage at Cushing remains at tank tops, the rolling by these ETFs that source futures liquidity to hedge their exposures could again push spot prices below $0.00/bbl as the June WTI futures go off the board May 19.9 That said, it is difficult to ascertain exactly what exposure retail investors are getting now when they buy the USO ETF – its WTI futures now span contracts into next year, based on news reports. This could prompt investors to jettison positions, setting up another round of fire sales in WTI futures. Markets also will expect a post-mortem explaining how the CME and CFTC allowed this retail-focused fund could exceed position limits in spot-month WTI futures contracts so significantly at any point in time, let alone when Cushing infrastructure is so extraordinarily taxed. WTI Futures Contract Flaws Contribute To Volatility The CME has failed to find a way to ensure those holding futures that are going off the board are bona fide hedgers capable of making and taking delivery, as the BOC experience showed. The CME Group has not acquitted itself well in the termination of May 2020 futures trading. And, as researchers at the Oxford Institute for Energy Studies note, the past couple of weeks have exposed deep flaws in the WTI futures contracts’ physical-delivery mechanisms, which have been persistent.10 The lack of sufficient storage at Cushing to accommodate the volume of trading in WTI futures is not a new problem. In 2009, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia changed its pricing benchmark for US sales to the Argus Sour Crude Index for its crudes sold into the US Gulf, because the WTI contract detached from fundamentals then owing to infrastructure constraints at Cushing. The CME has failed to find a way to ensure those holding futures that are going off the board are bona fide hedgers capable of making and taking delivery, as the BOC experience showed. In addition, the CME has shown it has no institutionalized automatic delivery procedures that kick in when Cushing storage is full – e.g., making and taking delivery, say, in the US Gulf using a WTI contract loaded for export, as the OIES researchers observe. Lastly, as of April 22, the CME is using an options-pricing model based on the original theory on random walks developed by the great Louis Bachelier in 1900, which assumes prices are normally distributed and can go below zero, vs. its previous methodology using Fischer Black’s commodity option pricing model, which assumes prices are log-normally distributed and have a lower boundary of zero.11 We’ll be exploring this in further research. Robert P. Ryan Chief Commodity & Energy Strategist rryan@bcaresearch.com Commodities Round-Up Energy: Overweight Exports from OPEC countries increased by more than 2mm b/d in April – led by Saudi Arabia and UAE – according to Petro-Logistics – a seaborne oil trade analytics company. This is flooding global markets while global demand is expected to drop to its lowest level since 2Q03 this month. Separately, we are revising up our Canadian oil sands shut-in estimates to ~ 800k b/d in 2Q20 from ~ 500k b/d, as US demand for Canadian oil will be hit more severely than we previously anticipated and local storage is filling rapidly. Rystad Energy now expects Canadian capex to fall 41% y/y in 2020. This will have a lasting impact on the industry’s production capacity. Base Metals: Neutral The LMEX rose 3% since the start of April – led by nickel and copper prices moving up by ~ 6%. Base metals – chiefly aluminum and copper – are poised to rebound in 2Q20 if China’s economy continues to improve and is not hit by a second wave of COVID-19 infections. According to BCA’s China Investment Strategy, the country’s fiscal response is now expected to reach 10% of its GDP this year. This will support further upside in base metals prices (Chart 9). Precious Metals: Neutral Despite the record fiscal and monetary stimulus deployed globally, consumer and market-based inflation expectations remain low, as markets focus on the deflationary effects of the COVID-19 shock and the uncertainty about the speed of the recovery (Chart 10). The low realized inflation post-GFC stimulus could influence investors’ expectations down. We see inflation risks as materially higher which will warrant larger protection in a diversified portfolio over the coming year. Inflation expectations will normalize later this year and next, boosting inflation hedges. Nominal bonds’ protection will remain expensive as rates in major DM countries are expected to stay low for a prolonged period. Chart 9 Chart 10 Footnotes 1 Please see Bajwa, Maheen and Joseph Cavicchi, “Growing Evidence of Increased Frequency of Negative Electricity Prices in U.S. Wholesale Electricity Markets.” IAEE Energy Forum, 4th Quarter 2017. 2 Please see U.S. Gas Prices Turn Negative at Texas Waha Hub published by the Pipeline & Gas Journal March 3, 2020. The article notes, “The first swing to negative spot prices in almost seven months occurred due to pipeline constraints and as mild weather cut heating demand. Prices in the forward market have been trading below zero for weeks on expectations there will not be enough pipelines to transport record amounts of gas from the region’s shale oil fields. That gas that comes from oil wells, called associated gas in the industry, helped propel U.S. gas output to record highs, driving prices to their lowest in years as production outpaces demand for the fuel. Analysts expect gas prices in 2020 to fall to their lowest since 1999.” 3 Please see Oil prices sink as world runs low on storage capacity amid frail demand published by reuters.com April 28, 2020. The IEA estimates total onshore storage globally at close to 7 billion barrels, according to the Center for Strategic & International Studies in Washington, D.C. Please see The Oil Inventory Challenge published by the CSIS April 20, 2020, which notes the US has ~ 1.3 billion barrels of storage, while China has an estimated 1.5 billion barrels. Of that ~ 7 billion barrels of nameplate capacity, ~ 80%, or ~ 5.6 billion barrels, represents the operational limit. 4 Please see The world's 100 largest banks published by S&P Global Market Intelligence April 5, 2019. 5 Please see China's ICBC closes commodity-linked products to new investment published by reuters.com April 27, 2020. 6 Please see Bank of China says main investors to settle crude oil product at -$37 published by reuters.com on April 22, 2020. 7 Please see Futures contract moves endangering WTI prices again published by worldoil.com April 28, 2020. 8 Please see USO ETF pushes oil futures exposure out to June 2021 published by etfstrategy.com April 27, 2020. Earlier this month, the USO ETF has accounted for close to 30% of June WTI futures. Please see Biggest Oil ETF Shakes Up Structure published by etf.com April 17, 2020. 9 The USO ETF is not the only fund sourcing futures liquidity to provide retail exposure to WTI, but it is by far the largest. Please see Oil ETF roils already volatile crude markets published April 27, 2020, by investmentnews.com. 10 Please see Oil Benchmarks Under Stress published by OIES April 28, 2020. 11 Please see Davis, Mark, and Alison Etheridge. Louis Bachelier's Theory of Speculation: The Origins of Modern Finance. Princeton University Press, 2006; and Black, Fischer, “The Pricing of Commodity Contracts,” Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 3, (1976), pp. 167-79, reprinted with permission in Interrelations Among Futures, Option, and Futures Option Markets (1992), the Board of Trade of the City of Chicago publisher. Investment Views and Themes Recommendations Strategic Recommendations Tactical Trades Trade Recommendation Performance In 2020 Q1 Commodity Prices and Plays Reference Table Trades Closed In 2020 Summary of Closed Trades
Highlights Portfolio Strategy We remain comfortable with a 3,000 SPX fair value estimate backed up by our DDM, forward ERP and sensitivity analyses. The path of least resistance remains higher for the SPX on a 9-12 month cyclical time horizon. The oil price collapse is eliciting a massive supply response that should help rebalance the oil markets, and coupled with glimmers of hope on reopening the economy, it should put a floor under oil prices. CB are injecting unprecedented amounts of liquidity in the markets and at some point this will lead to a growth revival which is negative for gold prices. Taken together, and given all-time lows in relative valuations and technicals, we are compelled to go long US oil & gas exploration & production stocks at the expense of global gold miners. We are putting the S&P managed health care index on downgrade alert to reflect the risk that rising unemployment poses to health care enrollment. Falling interest rates also weigh on industry profitability at a time when relative valuations are perky and technicals are overbought. Recent Changes Initiate a long S&P oil & gas exploration & production/short global gold miners pair trade, today. Table 1 Feature Equities marked time last week, despite the passage of a fresh mini fiscal 2.0 package and efforts to restart the economy in parts of the globe. In contrast, news that President Trump may delay reopening the economy along with negative crude oil prices weighed heavily on the S&P 500. Nevertheless, energy equities fared very well, defying the oil market carnage and impressively relative energy share prices have led the SPX trough (Chart 1). We remain constructive on the broad equity market on a cyclical 9-12 month time horizon. Following up from last week’s SPX dividend discount model (DDM) update, we complement our research with two additional ways of approximating the SPX fair value: EPS and multiple sensitivity analysis and a forward equity risk premium (ERP) analysis. While at the nadir the stock market priced in a collapse in EPS close to $104 for the current year (please refer to our analysis here1), in 2021 EPS can return to their long-term trend line near $162. At first sight this spike in EPS seems unrealistic. However, here are two salient points: Chart 1Energy As A Leading Indicator First, hard-hit COVID-19 subsectors are a small fraction of SPX profits and market capitalization. In other words, the S&P 500 is a market cap weighted index and has already filtered out hotels, cruises, restaurants, homebuilders, autos, auto parts, airlines, and even energy as they comprise a small part of the SPX. Second, historical precedents show an explosive year-over-year growth increase in EPS from recessionary troughs. In fact, the steeper the collapse the more violent the rebound. Hence, our recovery EPS estimate is more or less in line with empirical evidence (Chart 2). Chart 2Violently Oscillating EPS For comparison purposes, the Street is still penciling in EPS near $135 and $170 for 2020 and 2021, respectively. Table 2 shows our sensitivity analysis and an SPX ending value of just above 2,900 using $162 EPS and an 18x forward multiple as our base case. This multiple is slightly below the historical time trend using IBES data dating back to 1979, and represents our fair value PE estimate (please see page 17 of our April 6, 2020 webcast2 available here). Table 2SPX EPS & Multiple Sensitivity With regard to the forward ERP analysis, our starting point is an equilibrium ERP of 440 basis points (bps). The way we derived this number was using the last decade’s average observed forward ERP (middle panel, Chart 3). We used to think equilibrium ERP was closer to 200bps. However, if the Fed’s extraordinary – and unorthodox – measures since the onset of the GFC did not manage to bring down the ERP (middle panel, Chart 3), then in the current recession with uncertainty on the rise, it only makes sense to model a higher than previously thought equilibrium ERP (middle panel, Chart 4). Chart 3The Forward Equity Risk Premium… Chart 4…Will Recede And, just to put the forward ERP in perspective, keep in mind that it jumped from 350bps to just below 600bps year-to-date (Chart 4)! A doubling in the 10-year US treasury yield to 120bps is another assumption we are making along with using our trend EPS estimate of $162 for calendar 2021. Backing out price results in a roughly 2,900 SPX fair value estimate (Table 3). Table 3Forward Equity Risk Premium Analysis We remain comfortable with a 3,000 SPX fair value estimate backed up by our DDM, forward ERP and sensitivity analyses. Despite the much needed current consolidation phase, the path of least resistance is higher for the SPX on a 9-12 month cyclical time horizon. This week we are putting a health care subgroup on downgrade alert and initiating a high-octane intra-commodity market-neutral pair trade to benefit from the looming handoff of liquidity to growth. Time To Buy “Black Gold” At The Expense Of Gold Bullion We have been long and wrong on the S&P energy sector and its subcomponents, as neither we nor our Commodity & Energy Strategists anticipated -$40/bbl WTI crude oil futures prices. Nevertheless, as the energy sector is drifting into oblivion within the SPX – it is now the second smallest GICS1 sector with a 2.77% market cap weight slightly higher than materials – we think that WTI May contract reaching -$40/bbl marked the recessionary trough. Similar to the early-2018 “volmageddon” incident when a volatility exchanged trade product blew up and got dismantled and marked that cyclical peak in the VIX, the recent near collapse of USO and shuttering of another oil related levered exchange traded product serve as the anecdotes that likely mark the low in oil prices. True, negative WTI futures prices are no longer taboo and the CME prepared for them by reprograming its systems to handle negative futures prices, thus they can happen again. With regard to the significance of anecdotes in market tops and bottoms, another interesting one that comes to mind is from our early days at BCA in May of 2008 where we worked for the Global Investment Strategy team as a senior analyst. Back then, we vividly remember a Goldman Sachs analyst slapping a $150/bbl target on crude oil,3 and only days later in unprecedented hubris Gazprom’s CEO upped the ante with an apocalyptic $250/bbl prediction.4 This prompted us to create our first mania chart at BCA with crude oil prices on June 20, 2008 (please see chart 16 from that report available here5), which proved timely as oil prices peaked less than a month later at $147/bbl. Today, we are compelled to perform the opposite exercise and run a regression of previous equity sector market crashes on the S&P oil & gas exploration & production index (E&P, that most closely resembles WTI crude oil prices) in order to gauge a recovery profile. Chart 5 suggests that if the anecdotes are accurate in calling the trough in oil prices, then E&P stocks should enjoy a steep price appreciation trajectory in the coming two years. Beyond the overweights we continue to hold in the S&P energy sector and all the subgroups we cover, we believe that there is an exploitable trading opportunity to go long S&P E&P/short global gold miners (Chart 6). Chart 5Heed The US Equity Strategy’s Crash Index Message This high-octane trade is extremely volatile, but the recent carnage in the oil markets offers a great entry point for investors that can stomach heightened volatility, with an enticing risk/reward tradeoff. The gold/oil ratio (GOR) is trading at 112 as we went to press and we think that it will have to settle down. The Fed is doing its utmost to dampen volatility, and historically, suppressed volatility has been synonymous with a falling GOR (Chart 7). As a result, our pair trade will have to at least climb back to its recent breakdown point, representing a near 34% return (top panel, Chart 6). Chart 6Buy E&P Stocks At The Expense Of Gold Miners From a macro perspective the time to buy oil equities at the expense of gold miners is when there is a handoff from liquidity to growth (bottom panel, Chart 6). While we are still in the liquidity injection phase we deem the Fed and other Central Banks (CB) are committed to do “whatever it takes” to sustain the proper functioning of the markets. Therefore, at some point likely in the back half of the year when the economy slowly reopens, all these CB programs will bear fruit and growth will recover violently (middle panel, Chart 6), especially given our long-held view that the US will avoid a Great Depression. Chart 7VIX Says Sell The GOR With regard to balancing the oil market, nothing like price to change behavior. In more detail, the recent collapse in oil prices will work like magic to bring some semblance of normality back to the crude oil market, as it will naturally cause a shut in of production; there is no doubt about it. Not only has the supply response commenced, but it is also accelerating to the downside as the plunging rig count depicts (Chart 8). This will lead to some longer-term bullish oil price ramifications. As a reminder, while demand drives prices in the short-term, supply dictates the oil price direction in the long-term. Chart 8Oil Price Collapse Induced Supply Response Turning over to gold and gold miners, all this liquidity is forcing investors to chase bullion and related equities higher. Tack on that every CB the world over is trying to debase their currency, and factors are falling into place for sustainable flows into gold and gold mining equities. However, there are high odds that all this money sloshing around will eventually generate growth especially in the western hemisphere that is slowly contemplating of restarting its economic engines. As a result, real yields will rise which in turn is negative for gold and gold miners (Chart 9). Finally, relative valuations and technicals could not be more depressed, which is contrarily positive (Chart 10). Chart 9Liquidity To Growth Handoff Beneficiary Netting it all out, the oil price collapse is eliciting a massive supply response that should help rebalance the oil markets, and coupled with glimmers of hope on reopening the economy, it should put a floor under oil prices. CB are injecting unprecedented amounts of liquidity in the markets and at some point this will lead to a growth revival which is negative for gold prices. Taken together, and given all-time lows in relative valuations and technicals, we are compelled to go long US oil & gas exploration & production equities at the expense of global gold miners. Chart 10As Bad As It Gets Bottom Line: Initiate a long US oil & gas exploration & production/short global gold miners pair trade today. The ticker symbols for the stocks in these indexes are: BLBG: BLBG: S5OILP – COP, EOG, HES, COG, MRO, NBL, CXO, APA, PXD, DVN, FANG, (or XOP:US exchange traded fund) and GDX:US exchange traded fund, respectively. Put HMOs On Downgrade Alert We upgraded the S&P managed health care index last April, the Monday after Bernie Sanders re-introduced his “Medicare For All” bill.6 Our thesis was that the drubbing in this sector was a massive overreaction and we, along with our Geopolitical Strategists, thought that he would have low chances of clinching the Democratic Presidential candidacy and threatening to render HMOs obsolete. A year later, this thesis has panned out and the S&P managed care index is up 30% versus the S&P 500. Nevertheless we do not want to overstay our welcome and are putting it on our downgrade watch list and instituting a 5% rolling stop in order to protect gains in our portfolio (top panel, Chart 11). Relative share prices have broken out to fresh all-time highs, not only courtesy of a more moderate Democratic Presidential candidate, but also because a significant boost to margins and profits is looming. The delayed effect of fewer elective procedures (i.e. hip and knee replacements and even non-life threatening bypass surgeries) owing to the coronavirus pandemic will result in a sizable, yet temporary, margin expansion phase (second panel, Chart 11). Tack on, still roughly 20% health care insurance CPI and the outlook for HMO margins and profits further improves (bottom panel, Chart 11). Nevertheless, there are some negative offsets. Over the past 5 weeks unemployment insurance claims have soared to 26.5mn, erasing all the employment gains of the past decade, thus private insurance enrollment will take a sizable hit (top panel, Chart 12). Chart 11The Good… Chart 12…And The Bad Moreover on the income side, the premia that HMOs take in are typically invested in the risk free asset and given the two month fall from 1.5% to around 0.6% in the 10-year Treasury yield, managed health care earnings will also, at the margin, suffer a setback (bottom panel, Chart 12). True, the HMOs earnings juggernaut has been one of a kind over the past decade underpinning relative share prices (top panel, Chart 13). However, we reckon a lot of the good news and very little if any of the bad news is priced in extremely optimistic relative profit expectation going out five years (middle panel, Chart 13). Keep in mind that the bulk of the M&A activity is behind this industry as the dust has now settled from the previous two year frenzied pace of inter and intra industry combinations (top panel, Chart 14). Chart 13Lots Of Good News Is Already Priced In Chart 14Preparing Not To Overstay Our Welcome Finally, relative technicals are in overbought territory close to one standard deviation above the historical mean and relative valuations are also becoming a tad too lofty for our liking (middle & bottom panel, Chart 14). Adding it all up, we are putting the S&P managed health care index on downgrade alert to reflect the risk that rising unemployment poses to health care enrollment. Falling interest rates also weigh on industry profitability at a time when relative valuations are perky and technicals are overbought. Bottom Line: Stay overweight the S&P managed health care index, but it is now on our downgrade watch list. We are also instituting a rolling 5% stop as a portfolio management tool in order to protect profits. Stay tuned. The ticker symbols for the stocks in this index are: BLBG: S5MANH-UNH, ANTM, HUM, CNC. Anastasios Avgeriou US Equity Strategist anastasios@bcaresearch.com Footnotes 1 Please see BCA US Equity Strategy Weekly Report, “What Is Priced In?” dated March 30, 2020, available at uses.bcaresearch.com. 2 https://www.icastpro.ca/events/bca/2020/04/06/us-equity-market-what-the-future-holds/play/16925 3 https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/21/business/21oil.html 4 https://www.reuters.com/article/gazprom-ceo/russias-gazprom-sees-higher-gas-prices-ceo-idUSL1148506420080611 5 Please see BCA Global Investment Strategy Weekly Report, “Strategy Outlook - PART 1 - Third Quarter 2008” dated June 20, 2008, available at gis.bcaresearch.com. 6 Please see BCA US Equity Strategy Weekly Report, “Show Me The Profits” dated April 15, 2019, available at uses.bcaresearch.com. Current Recommendations Current Trades Strategic (10-Year) Trade Recommendations Size And Style Views June 3, 2019 Stay neutral cyclicals over defensives (downgrade alert) January 22, 2018 Favor value over growth May 10, 2018 Favor large over small caps (Stop 10%) June 11, 2018 Long the BCA Millennial basket The ticker symbols are: (AAPL, AMZN, UBER, HD, LEN, MSFT, NFLX, SPOT, TSLA, V).
カナダのヘビー・サワー原油が北米のベンチマークであるWTIに対して取引される際の価格差は、輸送制約がアルバータからの限界バレルの流出を遅らせ続けるため、2020年第1四半期にかけて -$20/bbl にまで押し下げられる見込みです。
来年施行されるIMO 2020 規制に伴う世界的な海運燃料基準の厳格化により、低硫黄の蒸留燃料需要が増加し、これがカナダ産原油価格の弱含みにも寄与するでしょう。
今後3~5年で、カナダの石油産業が成長に必要な投資を呼び込めるかどうかは国内政治が左右します。それはパイプライン拡張をめぐる不確実性の解消次第です。北へ送る原油の輸送容量を拡大し、より多くの原油を南へ輸送できるようになれば、カナダの生産者の株式評価が大きく回復する可能性があります。損益分岐コストは現在、クッシング(オクラホマ)引渡しの重質油で概ね50ドル/バレル前後にあります。米国シェールでライトスウィート生産が増加するにつれ、相対的に希少な重質原油への需要が高まり、カナダ生産者にとって追い風となるでしょう。
ハイライト
エネルギー: オーバーウェイト。サウジアラムコのアブカイク原油処理設備とフレウィス(Khurais)油田の操業は、経営陣の見通しどおり9月末までにほぼ回復しました。王国の能力は11.3mm b/d、操業は9.9mm b/dで推移しています。アブカイクとフレウィスはドローンと巡航ミサイルで攻撃され、米国とサウジはイランが組織した作戦であると見ています。日曜にクラウンプリンスのモハメド・ビン・サルマンはCBSニュースの60 Minutesで発言し、米国務長官マイク・ポンペオの「イランによる戦争行為」という評価に同意し、「世界がイランを抑止するために強く断固とした行動を取らなければ、世界の利害が脅かされるさらなるエスカレーションを目にするだろう。石油供給が途絶え、石油価格は私たちの生涯で見たことのない途方もない高値に跳ね上がるだろう」と警告しました。ノーラ・オドネルとのインタビューでは、王国はイランとの問題を「政治的かつ平和的な解決」で解決することを望むと述べ、トランプ大統領と王国は平和を求めているが「イラン側はテーブルに着きたがらない」と付け加えました。1
ベースメタル: ニュートラル。世界鉄鋼協会(WSA)によれば、中国の8月の鋼材生産は前年比9.3%増の87.3k MTでした。これはWSAデータに基づく世界生産の56%に相当します。中国の生産は5月に過去最高の89.1k MTに達しました。
貴金属: ニュートラル。今週初めに広範な貿易加重ドルが急上昇した影響で貴金属価格は急落しました。プラチナは金曜終値比で火曜までに5.5%下落、金と銀はそれぞれ1.3%、2%下落しました。
農産物/ソフト商品: アンダーウェイト。週間序盤に米農務省の強気な在庫報告を受けてトウモロコシと大豆価格が急騰しました。12月限のトウモロコシは5.7%高、大豆は4.1%高となりました。
特集
カナダの重質原油需要はアジアで強く推移しており、5月から9月中旬にかけての米国湾岸経由の輸出急増でそれが確認できます。クリッパーデータの推計では、この期間に1,600万バレルのカナダ産原油が出荷され、2018年にアジアへ出荷された総量を上回る倍増となりました。2
カナダの需要は、ベネズエラの石油産業の崩壊によって後押しされています。これは2016年以降、およそ150万b/dの重質原油を市場から刈り取ってきました。カナダからアジア市場への輸出は急増していますが、北→南のパイプライン容量が拡大すれば、さらに大きな機会があることを示唆しています。
米国エネルギー情報局(EIA)によれば、年初来での対米輸出は前年比約2.5%増の平均350万b/dとなっています。この成長は輸出能力の緩やかな拡大によって制約されています。3
カナダ原油のテイクアウェイ制約
2010年から2017年にかけて、西カナダの石油生産は年平均6.5%の著しい伸びを示し、パイプラインと貯蔵インフラは最大限の稼働に達しました(今週のチャート)。支援インフラの整備は必要なテイクアウェイ能力を生み出せず、ビチューメン生産はウエスタン・カナダ堆積盆地(WCSB)内に閉じ込められてしまいました。
その結果、アルバータの原油在庫は通常水準を上回り、Western Canadian Select(WCS)のクッシングWTIに対するディスカウントは拡大し、2018年第3四半期には -$50/bbl に達しました。これは鉄道輸送(CBR)による出荷を促しましたが、アルバータの生産者が受け取る価格は20ドル/バレルを下回る水準まで下落し、投資を維持するのに必要な損益分岐点を大きく下回りました。
今週のチャート
重質原油生産が急増 …
重質原油の生産量が急増...
重質原油の生産量が急増...
パイプライン開発の遅延が続く中、当時の首相レイチェル・ノートリーは12月に州政府が2019年1月から約325k b/dの義務的生産制限を課すと発表しました。さらに、彼女の政府はカナダナショナル(CN)およびカナダ太平洋(CP)と契約を結び、WCSBから原油を輸送するために4,400両の貨車(2020年中頃までに約120k b/d相当)をリースする契約を確保しました。
アルバータ政府の介入は市場の価格メカニズムを急速に歪めました。
当初、政府が義務付けた生産削減は期待どおりの効果をもたらしました。WCS-WTIのディスカウントに占める輸送要因は縮小し、アルバータの原油在庫は減少に転じました(チャート2)。
チャート2
…しかしインフラが追いつかない
…しかしインフラは出遅れている
…しかしインフラは出遅れている
しかし、アルバータ政府の介入は市場の価格メカニズムを急速に歪めました。鉄道による輸送を収益化するには、品質ディスカウントに加えてWCS-WTIの輸送コンポーネントがおおむね -$12/bbl 〜 -$22/bbl の間である必要があり、列車と乗務員への追加投資が必要な場合はさらに高くなる可能性があります(チャート3)。2019年1月、輸送ディスカウントは均衡を超えて縮小し、品質要因を下回る -$2.90/bbl となり、これが鉄道輸送量を弱め、在庫の積み上がりを招きました。
チャート3
州政府の政策が重質油の価格形成ダイナミクスを歪める
カナダ原油のディファレンシャルは拡大する可能性が高い
カナダ原油のディファレンシャルは拡大する可能性が高い
バランスの妙
これらの不均衡に対処するため、州政府は段階的に生産制限を緩和し始めました(チャート4)。しかしこれは継続的な作業です。最終的な目標は生産水準とWCS-WTIスプレッドのバランス、すなわち市場がさらに鉄道で原油を輸送するために必要な価格インセンティブの見極めにあります。
以下のプロジェクトは依然として開発者によって進められています。しかし、2H20 以前に大幅な追加パイプラインのテイクアウェイ能力が期待されることはありません(チャート5):
チャート4
政策は継続中の作業である
カナダ産原油の価格差は拡大する見込み
カナダ産原油の価格差は拡大する見込み
チャート5
市場はテイクアウェイ不足の是正を試みている
カナダ産原油のディファレンシャルは拡大する見込み
カナダ産原油のディファレンシャルは拡大する見込み
エンブリッジのライン3代替プロジェクト。 このパイプラインはエンブリッジ・メインライン・システムの一部です。本プロジェクトは既存のライン3の元の能力を390k b/dから760k b/dへ回復するものです。代替ルートはアルバータ州ハーディスティ(Hardisty)から米国ウィスコンシン州スーペリア(Superior)まで伸びます。2014年の初発表以来、本プロジェクトは複数の逆風に直面しており、直近ではミネソタ州からの許認可の遅延(スーペリア湖近傍での油流出の影響に関する懸念)がありました。会社は本プロジェクトが2020年下期に完了するとの見通しを維持しています。カナダ側とウィスコンシン州側の区間は既に完成しています。
TC EnergyのキーストーンXL。 これは提案されているプロジェクトの中で最大規模です。カナダから米国への輸出能力を830k b/d増加させます。プロジェクトは2008年に初めて提案され、ハーディスティ(Hardisty, AB)からスティールシティ(Steele City, NE)まで伸びます。最近、ネブラスカ州最高裁がキーストーンXLの代替ルートを承認し、建設を巡る最後の残る重要な法的課題の一つが排除されました。これはカナダの原油生産者にとって前向きな展開です。それでもなお、本プロジェクトは環境団体によって提起されたモンタナ州での連邦訴訟に直面しており、大統領が発行した新たな許可を阻む可能性があります。10月9日に審理が予定されており、これはTC Energyにとって重要な勝利となる可能性があります。4 年内に最終投資判断(FID)に達すれば、2022年末までの完成が可能です。
連邦所有のトランスマウンテン拡張。 最初の申請は2013年に提出され、アルバータ州エドモントンからブリティッシュコロンビア州バーナビーまで590k b/dの能力を追加する見込みです。このパイプラインは昨年、連邦政府により45億ドルで買収されました。今月初め、連邦控訴裁判所の判事が拡張に対する12件の法的挑戦のうち6件を却下し、環境問題を巡る主張を退けました。建設は継続し、政府は拡張が2022年中頃までに稼働することを期待しています。
既存パイプラインの能力拡張。 我々は既存のパイプラインでの限界的な能力増強が2019年3Qから2020年3Qの間に発生すると予想しています。エンブリッジは新しいパイプラインを建設せずとも最大450k b/dを2022年までに追加できると伝えています。現時点では、来年末までに約150k b/dが段階的に追加されると我々は見ています。さらに、エンブリッジはエクスプレスラインの能力を2020年末までに約60k b/d増強できると述べています。最後に、プレインズ・ミッドストリーム・カナダはレンジランドラインの北行き・南行き両方向で追加能力を発表しました。5 これはカナダの生産者が2H20のライン3代替を待つのに役立つでしょう。
新たなテイクアウェイ能力の稼働遅延により、2019年4月に発足したジェイソン・ケニー率いる新たな保守党州政府は、カーティルメント(生産制限)プログラムの期間を2020年12月まで延長せざるを得ませんでした。我々はこのバランス取りが今後12か月間続くと予想しています。6
短期・中期の見通し
我々は、市場を均衡させるにはCBRが450k b/dを上回る必要があると見ています
2019年3月7日付レポートでは、増分の鉄道輸送量を支えるためにWCS-WTIスプレッドの輸送コンポーネントが約$10/bbl上昇する必要があると論じました。3月から7月にかけて、輸送ディスカウントはわずか$4.80/bbl上昇して約$12/bbl(我々の推定鉄道価格レンジの下限)となり、その後急落しました。これは市場の過剰を解消するのに十分な鉄道輸送量を誘発するには至りませんでした。CNとCPのデータに基づくCBRの暫定推計では、8月と9月はほぼ横ばいでした(チャート6)。
チャート6
鉄道輸送(CBR)の出荷が停滞
鉄道輸送による原油出荷が停滞
鉄道輸送による原油出荷が停滞
政府が生産制限の緩和を続け、10月に100k b/dに達したことから、我々は輸送ディスカウントが現在の水準からさらに上昇する必要があると引き続き考えています。今月以降のディスカウントの動きは平均で$10.3/bblとなっており、我々の見方を支持しています。これが約$15/bblに達するまで継続すると予想します。
ライン3の代替が完了する2020年下期までの間、市場を均衡させるにはCBRが450k b/dを上回る必要があると我々は見ています(チャート7)。
また、IMO 2020 の接近に伴いWCSの品質ディスカウントは上昇し始めると見ています。年初来、品質ディスカウントは重質・サワー原油供給の世界的不足により比較的狭いままでした(チャート8)。7 2020年1月以降、海運燃料規制への適応により重質原油の需要は一部調整され、限定的な供給の影響を相殺するでしょう。我々はこれがWCS-WTIスプレッドに$5/bblの上乗せ要因になると予測しています。
チャート7
追加の鉄道輸送(CBR)能力が必要
追加のCBR容量が必要です
追加のCBR容量が必要です
チャート8
重質原油市場は依然として逼迫
重質原油市場は依然として逼迫している
重質原油市場は依然として逼迫している
品質ディスカウントと輸送ディスカウントを合わせると、我々はWCS-WTIスプレッドが今後6か月で -$20/bbl 付近へ向かうと見ており、これはカナダ生産者のキャッシュフローに打撃を与えるでしょう。
2019年のWCSB供給は前年比横ばいで推移すると見ています。来年は生産が4%増、2021年はさらに前年比1.2%増と予想しています。
長期生産見通し
カナダの石油セクターへの投資は2014年の世界的な原油価格崩壊から真に回復しておらず、原油価格の持ち直しにもかかわらず(チャート9)回復は限定的です。カナダの総設備投資(石油・ガス除く)は2016年以降増加しており、石油・ガス抽出からの設備投資の割合は2014年の27%から14%へ低下しました(チャート10)。
これは我々の中長期生産予測にも反映されています:我々は2022年のWCSB生産が平均510万b/dになると予想しており、カナダ石油生産者協会(CAPP)が予測する530万b/dを下回る見通しです。カナダの石油・ガスセクターに割り当てられる有限の資金は米国シェール開発と競合しています。好ましい規制・税制環境、短い投資サイクル、迅速な初期リターンにより、石油・ガス開発に割り当てられる資金の多くはカナダよりも米国に流れています(チャート11)。8 最近では、投資フローの乖離の中心は市場アクセスにあります
チャート9
カナダの石油投資は遅れを取る
カナダ産原油のディファレンシャルは拡大する見込み
カナダ産原油のディファレンシャルは拡大する見込み
チャート10
カナダの石油・ガス部門の比重が低下
カナダ原油のディファレンシャルは拡大する見込み
カナダ原油のディファレンシャルは拡大する見込み
チャート11
米国は有利な投資代替と見なされている
カナダ産原油のディファレンシャルは拡大する見込み
カナダ産原油のディファレンシャルは拡大する見込み
外国企業はカナダの石油地帯から撤退しており、2017年以降300億ドル以上を売却しています。9 生産抑制のための政府介入により、企業はアルバータでの新プロジェクトを延期しました。カナダのリグ数は低迷しており回復の兆しは見えません(チャート12)。10
それでも、このセクターは今後数年で投資家にとっての機会を提供するはずです。パイプライン完成を巡る不確実性が解消されれば、カナダの生産者の株価は大きく回復する可能性があると我々は考えています(チャート13)。技術革新によりオイルサンドの損益分岐コストはクッシング引渡しで概ね$45/bbl〜$55/bblの間まで低下しています。11 さらに、オイルサンド供給の減少率は低く、シェール生産に比べてより安定的で予測可能な供給源となります。
チャート12
設備投資削減がリグ数を減少させる
設備投資の削減がリグ数を減らす
設備投資の削減がリグ数を減らす
チャート13
エネルギー株は反発する可能性がある
エネルギー株は反発する可能性がある
エネルギー株は反発する可能性がある
新たなパイプライン容量によりより多くのカナダ産重質原油が複雑な米国湾岸の精製所へ供給されるようになれば、カナダのオイルサンドプロジェクトに対するセンチメントは回復するでしょう。
カナダは米国湾岸精製所での容量を確保するために重質原油を生産する国々との市場シェア争いで明確な勝者となる立場にあります。カナダ産原油は既にPADD 2の輸入を席巻しており、PADD 3への輸入シェアも拡大しています(チャート14)。上述の重質原油の不足は、カナダがPADD 3の精製所で更なるスペースを獲得する絶好の機会を提供します。
ベネズエラの崩壊とサウジアラビア王国の重要な石油インフラに対する最近の攻撃は、米国の精製業者にとってカナダの重質原油の魅力を浮き彫りにしています。
チャート14
米国のカナダ産原油に対する強い需要
カナダ産原油のディファレンシャルは拡大する可能性が高い
カナダ産原油のディファレンシャルは拡大する可能性が高い
今後のカナダ連邦選挙の影響
カナダは10月21日に連邦選挙を迎えます。コンセンサスはジャスティン・トルドー首相の自由党が少数政権を維持する、あるいは左派の新民主党(NDP)やグリーン党との連立になるという見方です。我々の地政学ストラテジストは、トルドーが単独過半数を維持する可能性はコンセンサス(約25%)よりもかなり高いと考えています。背景には比較的堅調な経済、米国との再交渉された貿易協定、安定した社会政治環境があります(チャート15)。
チャート15
カナダの政治リスクは抑制されており、当面そのままだろう
カナダの政治リスクは限定的で、今後もそのままであるべきだ
カナダの政治リスクは限定的で、今後もそのままであるべきだ
トルドーの人気は低下しているものの、彼の支持率はカナダの首相としては高いレンジにあり、カリスマ的な対抗馬もいません。彼は政治的勢力の伝統的拠点であるオンタリオとケベックの両方に確固たる基盤を持ち、議席予測では両州で自由党がリードしています。小政党は支持率が振るわず、NDPはケベックで苦戦しており、多くの自由党票を奪う可能性は低いです。まだサプライズがあるかもしれませんが、スキャンダルや直前の論争があっても自由党が先行している点は示唆に富んでいます。
カナダの選挙はエネルギー分野の見通しを変更しない現状維持の結果を生むはずです。
エネルギー部門にとって最もポジティブな結果は保守党による過半数です。それ以外では、自由党の再選が現状維持であり、したがって最もネガティブ度が低い結果となります。トルドーは保守党やアルバータでカナダのエネルギー利害を妥協していると批判されていますが、トランスマウンテン・パイプラインへの支持は彼を左派政党と対立させています。最悪のシナリオは、トルドーが議会でこれら左派政党に依存せざるを得ない状況になることですが、これは現実的な可能性ではあるものの我々の基本ケースではありません。
結論: カナダの選挙はエネルギー分野の見通しを変えない現状維持の結果を生むはずですが、自由党が市場にネガティブな立場を取る左派政党との連立を余儀なくされるという非自明なリスクがあります。この結果が回避されれば、市場は短期的に祝うでしょうが、トルドーの2期目はエネルギー面では長期的にポジティブとは言えません。
Hugo Bélanger, シニア・アナリスト コモディティ&エネルギー戦略 HugoB@bcaresearch.com
脚注
1 詳細はモハメド・ビン・サルマンはカショギ殺害を命じたことを否定するが、責任を取ると述べる(CBSニュース、2019年9月29日放送)をご参照ください。関連事案として先週、サウジアラビアはイラン支援のフーシ派とイエメンで限定的な停戦に合意したと発表しました(2015年から同地域で戦闘が続いています)。詳細はSaudi Arabia agrees to limited ceasefire in Yemen(Arabian Business、2019年9月28日)をご覧ください。
2 2019年9月27日付Reuters掲載のCanada's heavy oil exports to Asia from U.S. surge: data, tradersをご参照ください。
3 エンブリッジ社の100k b/dのパイプライン拡張は12月稼働予定で、対米出荷をわずかに増やす見込みです。エンブリッジは西カナダの主要な石油パイプライン事業者です。同社は現行の月次契約ではなく長期契約を締結させるべくパイプライン空き容量のオークションを進めています。規制当局は「エンブリッジのオープンシーズンプロセスの公平性とエンブリッジの市場支配力の濫用に対する認識」に懸念を示しています。詳細は2019年9月27日付ReutersのCanada regulator orders Enbridge to halt pipeline overhaul plan due to 'perception of abuse'をご覧ください。
4 2019年8月23日付Reuters掲載のCourt affirms alternative Keystone XL oil pipeline route through Nebraskaをご参照ください。
5 「Canadian Oil Sands Supply Costs and Developments Projects (2019-2039)」、Canadian Energy Research Institute(CERI)、2019年7月をご参照ください。
6 新政府は以前の政策に対して小さな変更を加えました。例えば、制限変更の際に生産者に対して2か月の通知を行うこと、基準限度を10k b/dから20k b/dに引き上げること、M&A後の生産制限を設定する際にエネルギー大臣に裁量を与えることなどです。詳細は州政府のウェブサイトのoil production limit セクションをご覧ください。
7 当社の2019年3月レポートで議論したとおり、我々はOPEC 2.0諸国(主に重質サワー原油を輸出する国々)による生産削減の高い順守、ベネズエラにおける予想以上の重質原油生産の減少、イランの石油輸出に対する制裁が重質原油の供給を制限するとの見方を示しました。
8 2019年6月、カナダ政府は「国家エネルギー委員会とカナダ環境影響評価庁の近代化」を名目とするC-69法案を可決しました。この法律は連邦の環境アセスメントプロセスを変更します。批評家はこれがエネルギー投資家を遠ざけ、パイプラインプロジェクトの承認を制限すると主張しました。加えて、カナダ上院はC-48法案を可決しました。これはブリティッシュコロンビア州北部沿岸の大規模タンカーを禁止することを目的としており、アルバータが北部BC経由で石油を出荷することを難しくします。企業は現在、新法に抵触しないよう半固形のビチューメンの出荷を試験しています。詳細はEdmonton Journal、2019年9月26日掲載のOilsands crude sails from B.C., sidestepping federal banをご覧ください。
9 2019年8月22日付Financial Post掲載のThe $30-billion exodus: Foreign oil firms keep bailing on Canada's energy sectorをご参照ください。
10 リグ数はカナダの石油生産を完全には表しません。採掘によるビチューメン生産は総生産の約30%を占めます。しかしながら、我々はリグ数はセクターの設備投資の良好な代用指標であると考えています。
11 「Canadian Oil Sands Supply Costs and Developments Projects (2019-2039)」、Canadian Energy Research Institute(CERI)、2019年7月をご参照ください。
投資見解とテーマ
推奨事項
ストラテジーに関する推奨
タクティカルトレード
2019年第3四半期のトレード推奨実績
カナダ産原油のディファレンシャルは拡大する見込み
カナダ産原油のディファレンシャルは拡大する見込み
コモディティ価格とプレイ参照表
2019年に決済された取引
決済済み取引の概要
カナダ産原油のディファレンシャルは拡大する見込み
カナダ産原油のディファレンシャルは拡大する見込み
オーバーウェイト
原油とE&Pは切っても切れない関係にある
原油とE&Pは切っても切れない関係にある
S&Pの石油・ガス探査・生産(E&P)株は原油価格に密接に連動してきましたが、最近は大きな乖離が生じており、前者(上段)のキャッチアップ局面を通じてその乖離は縮小すると考えています。
天然ガス価格も冬眠から目覚めたかのように最近買いが入り上昇しており、同様に相対的な株価が基礎となるコモディティから急激に乖離していることで異常に低迷していることを示唆しています(中段)。
E&P分野には悲観が深く根付いており、EPSのネット修正が「これ以上悪くならない」という水準にまで沈んでいるため、原油価格がわずかに上昇するだけでも、この不人気な深周期セクターの一角の注目度を高める触媒となり得ることを示唆しています(下段)。
結論:S&Pの石油・ガス探査・生産(E&P)指数は引き続きオーバーウェイトします。詳細は以下のウィークリーレポートをご参照ください。この指数に含まれる銘柄のティッカーは次の通りです: S5OILP – COP, PXD, DVN, HES, APA, MRO, XEC, COG, CXO, EOG, FANG, NBL.
ハイライト
ポートフォリオ・ストラテジー
相対利益見通しの改善、原油価格急騰の可能性の高まりと地政学的リスクプレミアムの上昇、著しく割安なバリュエーション、および極端に売られ過ぎのテクニカル指標はいずれも、S&P エネルギー・セクターに対してオーバーウェイトの姿勢が適切であることを示唆しています。
原油価格および天然ガス価格のインフレ、業界のハイイールドスプレッドの低下、資本支出のより厳格な管理、魅力的な相対的バリューはいずれも、S&P E&Pインデックスをオーバーウェイトすることが有利であることを示唆しています。
最近の変更点
今週のポートフォリオに変更はありません。
Table 1
原油ファクター
原油ファクター
特集
先週の株式市場はレンジ内推移となり、サウジアラビアの石油施設に対するドローン攻撃とそれに伴う急騰した原油価格、そしてFRBの限定的でややタカ寄りの利下げを消化しました(Chart 1)。米中貿易戦争のニュースヘッドラインはやや後退しましたが、近年で最大級の石油生産の混乱が表面化したことは不安材料です。
原油価格は急騰し、原油のボラティリティは急上昇しました。市場参加者が原油価格に地政学的リスクプレミアムを織り込んでいなかったためです(Chart 1)。これは市場参加者への警鐘であり、当社が予想するように、以前は休眠していた地政学的リスクプレミアムが原油市場に強烈に戻ってくれば、長期的な影響が生じます。
Chart 2は、歴史的に原油価格ショックが米国の景気後退と同時に発生していることを示しています。BCAのコモディティ&エネルギー戦略(CES)サービスが今後数か月でさらなる原油価格急騰を排除していないことを考えると、原油インフレがほぼ倍増することは、最後の一押しとなり景気後退の要件を満たす可能性が高いでしょう。
Chart 1
Mind The Oil Vol Spike
原油ボラティリティの急騰に注意
原油ボラティリティの急騰に注意
Chart 2
Doubling In Oil Prices Are A Bad Omen For Stocks
原油価格が倍増することは株式にとって悪い前兆だ
原油価格が倍増することは株式にとって悪い前兆だ
正確に言えば、1970年代半ば以降、期末の月次データを用いると、年率で91%の原油価格上昇は景気後退と同義であり、偽陽性はありませんでした。これを満たすためには、WTI原油は12月までに概ね$86/バレルまで急騰する必要があります(上段、Chart 2)。これは高いハードルに思えるかもしれませんが、当社のコモディティ&エネルギー戦略(CES)サービスは、今後数か月で大幅な原油価格上昇の確率を上昇させ始めています。
株式に関しては、過去5回の原油価格ショックのいずれにおいてもS&P 500は著しい下落を被っており、少なくとも歴史が類似するならば、SPXは再び急落するでしょう(中段、Chart 2)。
米国経済は現時点で景気後退には陥っていませんが、外生的な原油価格ショックで景気後退に傾くほど脆弱です。念のために言えば、米国は「良いデフレ」、すなわち原油価格の下落からは恩恵を受け、原油価格の急騰からは被害を受けます。Chart 3はこの逆相関を示しています。
重要なのは、James D. Hamiltonの「Historical Oil Shocks」NBER論文を再読したことが示唆に富んでいた点です.1 この論文でハミルトンは「戦後の11回の景気後退のうち1回を除くすべては原油価格の上昇を伴っており、例外は1960年の景気後退である」と記録しています。ハミルトンは続けて「原油ショックと経済的景気後退の相関は単なる偶然とは言い切れないほど強いように見える…これは原油価格の上昇自体がほとんどの戦後景気後退の単独の原因であったと主張するものではない。 むしろ示される結論は、原油ショックが少なくともいくつかの戦後景気後退に寄与した要因であったということである(強調は当方)」。
Chart 3
GDP And Oil Are Inversely Correlated
GDPと原油は逆相関にある
GDPと原油は逆相関にある
今週は、景気循環性の深いセクターとその主要サブコンポーネントの一つを更新します。
Table 2
Real GDP Growth (Annual Rate) And Contribution Of Autos To The Overall GDP Growth Rate In Five Historical Episodes
原油ファクター
原油ファクター
原油価格ショックの恩恵を受けるのはエネルギー・セクターのみですが、消費者やその他多くのセクターはエネルギー投入コストの上昇に対処しなければなりません。ハミルトンは自動車生産と産出の関連について重要な指摘をしています:「原油価格上昇の後に見られる主要な反応の一つは、自動車支出の減少、特に米国で製造される大型車の減少である」。
彼はこの関係をTable 2で示しており、当社もこれを再現しました.2 Chart 4は自動車関連のさまざまな経済系列を示しており、現時点のメッセージは厳しいものです。原油価格ショックが発生した場合、車両関連の生産縮小が全体の生産にマイナス影響を与え、景気後退の確率を高めることは明らかです。
Chart 4
What’s Up With Autos?
自動車はどうなっているの?
自動車はどうなっているの?
要約すると、地政学的リスクは原油市場に織り込まれつつあり、もし原油が$86/バレル付近まで急騰すれば、この外的ショックは1970年代以降の過去の原油インフレ急騰時と同様に経済を景気後退へ傾ける可能性が高いです。我々は、2018年12月のイールドカーブ逆転時に聞かれたような「今回は違う」と宣言する識者の見解に安易に同調する誘惑を退けます。これらの不確実性の高まりを踏まえ、全体の株式市場の見通しについては慎重な姿勢を維持します。
今週は、景気循環性の深いセクターとその主要サブコンポーネントの一つを更新します。
エネルギーの出番か?
最近のサウジアラビアの石油処理・生産施設に対するドローン攻撃は、原油市場における地政学的リスクプレミアムの見直しを投資家の意識に再び集中させました(上段、Chart 5)。BCAのコモディティ&エネルギー戦略(CES)およびジオポリティカル・ストラテジーサービスが最近概説したように、将来の原油価格急騰リスクが高まっていることを踏まえ、我々はS&P エネルギー・セクターをオーバーウェイトのまま維持し、高確信のオーバーウェイトを再確認します。
原油価格の上昇はインフレ期待の上昇にも波及し、S&P エネルギー・セクターの魅力をさらに高めます(中段・下段、Chart 5)。
この原油供給の混乱はタイミングとして不運であり、米国の原油在庫が最近減少していることから、相対的株価比率のサポート要因となります(原油供給は逆転表示、第二パネル、Chart 6)。
Chart 5
Energy Catch Up Phase Looms
エネルギーのキャッチアップ局面が迫る
エネルギーのキャッチアップ局面が迫る
Chart 6
Energy Can Burst Higher
エネルギーは急騰する可能性がある
エネルギーは急騰する可能性がある
需要面では、非OECDの需要は2015/2016年の製造業不況後の回復開始以来上昇基調にあります。重要なのは、BCAのグローバル・リーディング・エコノミック・インディケーター拡散指数が新興市場により加速しており、新興国の最近の金融緩和措置が新興市場の原油需要を下支えすることを示唆している点です(Chart 6)。その結果、依然として低迷しているS&P エネルギーの相対的な売上予想は反転するはずです(第三パネル、Chart 6)。
このニッチで景気循環性の深いセクターの財務諸表を見ても、大きな懸念材料は見当たりません。ネット有利子負債/EBITDAは約2倍で、幅広い非金融セクターと同等、利払いカバレッジは約5倍です(Chart 7)。同セクターは株主還元に対して以前より慎重になっており、配当性向は過去平均に戻っています(図示せず)。
詳細を見ると、S&P エネルギー・セクターはGICS1の他セクターと比べて最高の配当利回りを誇り、SPXを185ベーシスポイント上回っており、低金利時代に利回りを求める投資家にとって比較的安全な選択肢を提供します(下段、Chart 7)。
実際、S&P エネルギー・セクターは極めて割安で、その28社の合計時価総額は現在、1銘柄であるMicrosoftと同等の価値しかありません。当社の相対バリュエーション指標は急落しており、現在は過去平均から概ね2標準偏差下、過去30年での低水準です(第二パネル、Chart 8)。
Chart 7
Repaired B/S With The Highest GICS1 Sector Dividend Yield
GICS1セクターで最も高い配当利回りを有する修復済みB/S
GICS1セクターで最も高い配当利回りを有する修復済みB/S
Chart 8
Oversold And…
売られ過ぎ、そして…
売られ過ぎ、そして…
エネルギー・セクターのテクニカル面も極端に売られ過ぎており、当社の相対テクニカル指標は深くオーバーソールド領域にあります。このような低水準は過去の反転局面でも見られており、急反発があっても驚きません。セクター内の内部動向も同様に極端で、40週間移動平均線より上で取引されるサブグループの割合や、52週間の変化率がプラスの割合はいずれもゼロ近辺に停滞しています(第四・第五パネル、Chart 8)。
セルサイドのアナリストも同様に悲観的で、エネルギー・セクターの収益および利益が市場全体を上回る確率は低いと見ています。これは短期的な現象にとどまらず、セルサイドは5年という時間軸でも見切りをつけているようです(Chart 9)。このような極端な弱気ムードは逆説的にポジティブです。
我々のU.S. エクイティ・ストラテジーの相対利益成長マクロモデルは、主要な利益ドライバーの多くを正確に捉えることで相対利益トレンドの予測において優れた実績を持っています。現在、相対EPSモデルはスリングショット的な回復局面にあり、これは過度に悲観的なセルサイドのアナリスト群とは著しく対照的です(第二パネル、Chart 9)。
Chart 9
…Undervalued
…割安
…割安
総合すると、相対利益見通しの改善、原油価格急騰の可能性の高まりと地政学的リスクプレミアムの上昇、著しく割安なバリュエーション、および極端に売られ過ぎのテクニカル指標はいずれも、S&P エネルギー・セクターに対してオーバーウェイトの姿勢が適切であることを示唆しています。
結論: S&P エネルギー・セクターをオーバーウェイトで維持してください。この景気循環性の深いセクターは当社の高確信オーバーウェイトリストにも含まれています。
探査・生産(E&P)株への追加投資
S&P のオイル&ガス探査・生産(E&P)株は原油価格とほぼ連動してきましたが、最近は大きな乖離が生じており、我々は前者がキャッチアップすることでこのギャップが縮小すると見ています(上段、Chart 10)。
天然ガス価格でさえ冬眠状態から脱し、最近買い戻しが入り、相対株価が基礎となるコモディティから大きく乖離して異常に低迷していることを示唆しています(第二パネル、Chart 10)。
E&P領域には強い悲観が根付いており、純EPSのリビジョンは「これ以上悪くならない」レベルまで沈んでいます。そのため、原油価格がわずかに上昇するだけでも、この人気のない深い景気循環の一角の評価を引き上げる触媒となり得ます(下段、Chart 10)。
最近ではエネルギーのデフォルト率が上昇していますが、ハイイールドのE&Pオプション調整スプレッドは2015/2016のように急騰しておらず、破綻のシグナルとは言えません。むしろ、最近の原油価格上昇とさらなる急騰の見通しを踏まえると、独立系生産者の債権保有者は一息つける状況です(ジャンクスプレッドは逆転表示、中央および下段、Chart 11)。
Chart 10
Primed To Follow Oil Prices Higher
原油価格の上昇に追随する準備が整っている
原油価格の上昇に追随する準備が整っている
総合すると、原油価格および天然ガス価格のインフレ上昇、業界のハイイールドスプレッド低下、資本支出の管理強化、魅力的な相対バリューはいずれも、S&P E&Pインデックスをオーバーウェイトすることが有利であることを示唆しています。
営業指標に関しては、フリーキャッシュフローは2016年の谷から2倍以上になり、現在は安定しています(第二パネル、Chart 12)。この資本集約型の産業は手段に合わせて運営することを強いられ、負債による拡張計画にはより慎重になっています。キャッシュの使途も精査されるようになりました。キャップエックスは総キャッシュフローに対する比率で、景気循環ピーク時には35%から60%超に上昇しましたが、現在は47%に修正され、過去20年平均をやや上回っています(Chart 12)。
Chart 11
No Yellow Flags
懸念事項はありません
懸念事項はありません
Chart 12
Cash Discipline Should Start To Pay Off
キャッシュ・ディシプリンは成果を上げ始めるはずだ
キャッシュ・ディシプリンは成果を上げ始めるはずだ
幅広いエネルギー分野と同様に、E&P株はどの評価指標をとっても説得力のある割安感があります。例を挙げると、配当利回り差は市場全体に対して150bps、相対的な株価売上高比率は3倍から均衡に修正され、EV/EBITDAベースではE&P株は市場全体に対して35%のディスカウントで取引されています(Chart 13)。
とはいえ、E&P指数に対する我々の建設的見解にはリスクがあります。シェールオイル分野が損益分岐点を維持し、最近の史上高水準の生産を維持するためには、原油価格が$50〜$55/バレルを上回る水準である必要があります。念のため言えば、業界のキャップエックス崩壊は原油価格の急落および大幅な相対株価下落と同義です(Chart 14)。
Chart 13
Bombed Out Valuations
売り込まれ過ぎたバリュエーション
売り込まれ過ぎたバリュエーション
Chart 14
Capex Collapse Is A Big Risk
設備投資の急落は大きなリスクだ
設備投資の急落は大きなリスクだ
総合すると、原油価格および天然ガス価格のインフレ上昇、業界のハイイールドスプレッド低下、資本支出の管理強化、魅力的な相対バリューはいずれも、S&P E&Pインデックスをオーバーウェイトすることが有利であることを示唆しています。
結論: S&Pのオイル&ガス探査・生産インデックスを引き続きオーバーウェイトとします。この指数に含まれる銘柄のティッカーは次のとおりです:S5OILP – COP, PXD, DVN, HES, APA, MRO, XEC, COG, CXO, EOG, FANG, NBL。
Anastasios Avgeriou, U.S. エクイティ・ストラテジスト anastasios@bcaresearch.com
脚注
1 https://www.nber.org/papers/w16790
2 同上。
現在の推奨
現在の取引
サイズとスタイルの見解
ディフェンシブよりサイクリカルを中立で取り扱う(ダウングレード注意) グロースよりバリューを重視 スモールよりラージを重視(ストップ:10%)
Last Thursday we were stopped out from our tactical S&P semi equipment underweight position as it hit our -7% stop loss (bottom panel). We are obeying the stop loss and are returning this index to a neutral weighting as better than expected profits from both ASML and TSMC lifted all chip-related equities. In marked contrast, our long global gold miners/short S&P oil & gas exploration & production trade initiated just last week has gone parabolic, spiking to 17% (top panel). While our thesis has not changed in this high beta tactical pair trade, from a risk management perspective, we are moving our stop loss from -10% to +12% in order to protect profits. Bottom Line: Stick with the counter-cyclical long global gold miners/short S&P oil & gas exploration & production trade via the long GDX:US/short XOP:US exchange traded funds. For additional details on the rationale behind this trade, please refer to last Monday’s Weekly Report.
Oil price volatility will remain elevated, as markets transition from a pronounced demand slowdown in 1H19, which is apparent in actual consumption data, to stronger growth. We expect global fiscal and monetary accommodation will arrest and reverse this slowdown in 2H19, and spur oil demand growth in 2020. Consistent with BCA’s Geopolitical Strategy, we are not expecting a resolution to the Sino – U.S. trade war that boosts demand; however, we could see a limited deal by 2H20 that partially addresses tariff barriers and boosts trade in the short run.1 In line with the EIA’s and IEA’s weaker 1H19 oil-consumption assessments, we now expect global demand to grow 1.25mm b/d this year, and 1.50mm b/d next year. These expectations are down 100k b/d and 50k b/d, respectively, from our June estimates. Chart of the WeekOPEC 2.0’s Storage Strategy Continues To Drive Production Supply – demand factors combine to push our 2019 Brent forecast to $70/bbl from $73/bbl last month. We are holding our 2020 Brent forecast at $75/bbl. On the supply side, we continue to expect OPEC 2.0’s production strategy to be driven by its primary goal – reducing global oil inventories – which means it will maintain production discipline this year and possibly into 1Q20 (Chart of the Week). We also expect capital discipline in the U.S. to restrain shale-oil production. Lastly, news flows around U.S. – Iran tensions continue to oscillate between hopeful resolution and a hardening of positions, which fuels price volatility. At the end of the day, we expect any increase in Iranian exports resulting from an easing of U.S.-GCC-Iran tensions to be accommodated by OPEC 2.0, as it was prior to the re-imposition of U.S. export sanctions.2 These supply – demand factors combine to push our 2019 Brent forecast to $70/bbl from $73/bbl last month. We are holding our 2020 Brent forecast at $75/bbl. We continue to expect WTI to trade $7/bbl below Brent this year, and $5/bbl lower next year (Chart 2). Chart 2Demand Slowdown In 1H19 Pushes Brent Forecast Lower Highlights Energy: Overweight. Given our expectation for tighter markets, we are getting long 1Q20 Brent vs. short 1Q21 Brent at tonight’s close, expecting steeper backwardation in the benchmark forward curve as global inventories draw in 2H19. Base Metals: Neutral. At $52.50/MT, Fastmarkets MB’s spot copper TC/RC Asia – Pacific index remains depressed, suggesting smelters will have to continue to discount their services due to tight physical supplies. Expecting tighter markets, we are getting long Dec19 $3.00/lb COMEX call spreads, vs. short Dec19 $3.30/lb COMEX calls at tonight’s close. Precious Metals: Neutral. Gold prices are largely being driven by U.S. real interest rates and the broad trade weighted USD, which we will explore in detail next week in a Special Report written with our colleagues in BCA’s Foreign Exchange Strategy. Given our expectation for Fed accommodation this year, we remain long gold. Ags/Softs: Underweight. The USDA lifted expected ending stocks for corn in its latest WASDE released last week. The department expects supply growth to outstrip use, which will raise stocks 335mm bushels to 2.0 billion. Feature Last week, we had the good fortune to visit U.S. clients in “The Great State,” otherwise known as Texas. It was a fortuitous swing through the Promised Land, because we had the opportunity to gain insight on a wide range of topics impacting commodity markets, particularly oil and gold, which are responding to many of the same factors driving markets for risky assets generally. Demand for industrial commodities in particular should pick up this year and next. More than a few of our discussions centered on global aggregate demand for real and financial assets. Prior to the Osaka G20 meeting last month, it looked like the odds of a global recession were increasing. Markets were contending with tightening financial conditions in the wake of the Fed’s December 2018 rate hike, the fourth such hike last year; escalating Sino - U.S. trade tensions, which were depressing capex and demand for industrial commodities; and slowing growth generally ex U.S. (Chart 3). Positioning as if the Fed was too late in reversing the policies that led to tighter financial conditions in 2H18 and earlier this year, and in a manner consistent with a deepening of the Sino - U.S. trade war was not unreasonable. That said, a client at one of the Lone Star state's larger investment managers observed that the powerful rallies in markets for risky assets following Fed accommodative signaling beginning earlier this year strongly suggest the markets’ verdict — at least for the moment — is the Fed acted in time to arrest the risk of a global recession this year. Chart 3Global Growth Slowdown Likely Drove Policy Responses Chart 4BCA's GIA Index Signaling Industrial Commodity Rebound Added to this is the fact that the U.S. central bank is being supported by other systematically important central banks (specifically the PBOC, BOJ, and ECB), and that fiscal stimulus is being deployed globally. Against this backdrop, it is difficult to remain bearish re global aggregate demand going forward, which is to say demand for industrial commodities in particular should pick up this year and next. Indeed, this is starting to show up in our Global Industrial Activity (GIA) Index, which is heavily weighted toward EM industrial commodity demand (Chart 4).3 Oil Demand Will Roar Back In 2H19 Our updated 2019 demand estimates align with the EIA’s and IEA’s depressed 1H19 oil-consumption assessments: We now expect global consumption to grow 1.25mm b/d this year, down 100k b/d vs. our previous estimate. Next year, however, we expect demand to be up 1.50mm b/d in the wake of global stimulus, which is only 50k b/d below our June estimate.4 The IEA’s assessment of 1H19 demand weakness is particularly striking. In its latest forecast, the agency noted that in 2Q19, they show a global surplus of 500k b/d (i.e., supply exceeded demand), where previously they expected a 500k b/d deficit. This million-barrel swing – if it is confirmed when data are later revised with more accurate reporting – suggests the global economy did come close to entering recession earlier this year. We are not as bearish as the IEA, but we do incorporate the severity of the trend they highlight in our forecast. We expect 1H19 global demand grew 520k b/d y/y. In 2H19, like the IEA, we expect demand to come roaring back. We expect consumption to grow at a rate of slightly over 2mm b/d, whereas the IEA’s expecting a 1.8mm b/d rate (Table 1). We believe this momentum will be maintained into 1H20, with growth expected to come in at just over 1.8mm b/d, followed by a more subdued 1.35mm b/d growth rate in 2H20.5 Table 1BCA Global Oil Supply - Demand Balances (MMb/d, Base Case Balances) It is important to note here that monetary stimulus hits the economy after “long and variable lags,” in the phrasing of Nobel laureate Milton Freidman. Therefore, we will be closely monitoring our demand estimates for signs the coordinated stimulus being deployed by central banks globally actually is translating into higher industrial commodity demand.6 It also is worthwhile pointing out there is a non-trivial risk – i.e., greater than Russian-roulette odds of 1:6 – the Sino – U.S. trade war metastasizes into a global trade war as positions on both sides harden. This could usher in a new Cold War, and see global supply chains broken and reconstituted within trading blocks. The transition to such a realignment of global trade no doubt would be volatile, but, at the end of the day likely would support commodity demand as supply chains are re-built. OPEC 2.0 Remains Sensitive To EM Demand On the supply side, we continue to expect OPEC 2.0’s production strategy to be driven by its primary goal – i.e., reducing global oil inventories. This means the coalition will continue to exercise production restraint: We expect OPEC 2.0 to reduce output by 540k b/d this year per this strategy. In addition to its inventory goals, we believe OPEC 2.0 also does not want to see Brent price go through $85/bbl. This is because many EM states removed fuel subsidies following the oil-price collapse of 2014 – 2016, and the demand-destruction effects of higher prices would be realized in fairly short order above $85/bbl.7 We view this as a binding constraint – prices above the $80 - $85/bbl range will destroy EM demand, which makes them counterproductive for OPEC 2.0. As a result, next year, we expect the producer coalition to gradually raise output by 800k b/d over the January – August 2020 period, to restrain prices below $80/bbl (Chart 5). It is worthwhile mentioning, since it came up repeatedly in conversations during our Texas swing, we do not share the view OPEC 2.0’s production restraint allows U.S. shale producers to increase production and steal market share from OPEC 2.0. This restraint does play a pivotal role in our balances estimates, and is part of the equation propelling prices higher in our modeling. It is a necessary condition for U.S. shale output to grow, but it is not sufficient. U.S. shale oil is filling a market need for light-sweet crude and condensate, and is attracting investment to meet this need. It does compete with light-sweet OPEC production ex Persian Gulf, but investment in these provinces has proven to be difficult to sustain and commit to over the long haul for a variety of reasons, many of which spring from the lack of rule of law, corruption, and hostile operating environments. Shale oil production, in addition to presenting an opportunity to tap into an abundant resource, allows E&Ps to operate in a low-risk political and geological environment, where contracts are enforced by a disinterested judiciary. In terms of its importance, these factors cannot be overestimated. More importantly, the medium and heavier crudes produced and marketed by KSA and Russia are not in direct competition with U.S. shale oil, which means OPEC 2.0’s leadership is not directly fighting for market share with this output. However, there are constraints to shale-oil production, coming mostly from capital markets. We are modeling slower U.S. onshore production growth this year and next, arising from capital constraints on shale-oil producers. Our recent Special Report on the financial performance of E&P companies and the Majors highlighted the importance they attach to prioritizing investors’ interests, which is clearly visible in the financial metrics of these companies.8 Chart 5OPEC 2.0 Will Raise Supply In 2020 To Keep Brent Prices Below /bbl Chart 6Capital Discipline Will Reduce U.S. Onshore Output In 2020 Consistent with our investor-driven framework for modeling U.S. output, we reduced our expectation for U.S. onshore supply growth by 160k b/d for next year (Chart 6). As a result, we now expect U.S. onshore production to grow by 1.2mm b/d to ~ 10.0mm b/d this year and by 900k b/d to ~ 10.8mm b/d next year – mostly from shales. We expect U.S. offshore production to increase 170k b/d this year and 130k b/d next year, to 1.9mm b/d in 2019 and 2.0mm b/d in 2020. Expect Tighter Balances, Steeper Backwardation The fundamental supply – demand expectations above combine to push our 2019 Brent forecast to $70/bbl from $73/bbl last month. We are holding our 2020 Brent forecast at $75/bbl. We continue to expect WTI to trade $7/bbl below Brent this year, and $5/bbl lower next year (Chart 7). As can be seen in the Chart of the Week, our balances estimates indicate inventory draws will resume this year, which will lead to a steeper backwardation in benchmark crude streams (Chart 8). Given this expectation, we are getting long 1Q20 Brent vs. short 1Q21 Brent at tonight’s close, expecting steeper backwardation in the benchmark forward curve as global inventories draw in 2H19. Bottom Line: Oil price volatility will remain elevated, as markets transition from the profound demand slowdown reported for 1H19 to a higher-growth footing (Chart 9). We expect Brent crude to average $70 and $75/bbl this year and next, with WTI trading $7 and $5/bbl lower, respectively. On the back of our expectation balances will tighten, we are getting long 1Q20 Brent vs. short 1Q21 Brent at tonight’s close. Chart 7Balances Will Tighten In 2H19, Following 1H19 Weakness Chart 8Backwardations Will Steepen, As Inventories Draw Chart 9Volatility Will Remain Elevated We are not sounding an all-clear on aggregate demand in the wake of the fiscal and monetary stimulus being deployed globally. The odds the Sino – U.S. trade war expands to encompass global markets are not trivial (we make them greater than 1:6 in our estimation), and this could keep demand and demand expectations uncertain for an indefinite period. Evidence of this will be visible in the options markets, which will price to higher implied volatilities for a longer period of time. Robert P. Ryan, Chief Commodity & Energy Strategist rryan@bcaresearch.com Hugo Bélanger, Senior Analyst Commodity & Energy Strategy HugoB@bcaresearch.com Footnotes 1 Please see The Polybius Solution published by BCA Research’s Geopolitical Strategy July 5, 2019. It is available at gps.bcaresearch.com. 2 OPEC 2.0 is the producer coalition led by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) and Russia. It was founded in 2016 to manage oil production, so as to reduce global inventory levels, which were bloated by a market-share war launched by the original OPEC cartel in 2014. In the political-economy framework driving our analysis, OPEC 2.0 treats U.S. and Chinese policy as exogenous factors, and maintains sufficient flexibility to respond to whatever these states do. We develop our paradigm for this in The New Political Economy Of Oil, published by BCA Research’s Commodity & Energy Strategy February 21, 2019. It is available at ces.bcaresearch.com. 3 Please see “Oil, Copper Demand Worries Are Overdone,” where we introduce and discuss the GIA index, published February 14, 2019, in BCA Research’s Commodity & Energy Strategy. It is available at ces.bcaresearch.com. 4 The EIA has lowered its growth estimates for oil consumption six consecutive times this year, with the publication of this month’s forecast. This is the third time we’ve lowered our forecast. 5 Global oil demand is extremely difficult to estimate. It is an estimate subject to large revisions, as we discussed last year: From 2010 to 2016, “On average, the EIA has increased net demand (increases in estimated demand in excess of the increase in estimated supply) by about 470,000 b/d, with the lowest retroactive increase of net demand being 260,000 b/d (2012).” Copies of this research are available upon request. 6 Please see The Lag in Effect of Monetary Policy, by Milton Friedman (1961). Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 69, pages 447-466. 7 Please see With the Benefit of Hindsight: The Impact of the 2014-16 Oil Price Collapse, published January 13, 2018, by the World Bank for a discussion of subsidy removal by EM states. 8 Please see Shale-Oil E&Ps Turning A Corner?, published June 13, and U.S. Shales, GOM Production Reinforce Our Robust Production Forecasts, published July 11, 2019. These are available at ces.bcaresearch.com. Investment Views and Themes Recommendations Strategic Recommendations Tactical Trades TRADE RECOMMENDATION PERFORMANCE IN 2019 Q2 Commodity Prices and Plays Reference Table Trades Closed in 2019 Summary of Closed Trades