株式
Highlights The Beige Book released on January 17 keeps the Fed on track to raise rates at least three times this year and highlights the impact of the tax bill on the economy. BCA's Big 5 Bank Lending Beige Book highlights several of the positive trends supporting our view of the economy, the tax bill and the Fed. The Tax Cut and Jobs Act of 2017 has the potential to generate significant supply-side benefits for consumers, shareholders and the broad economy. We decided to stay long the dollar after a lengthy internal debate, although we have revised down our view on the upside potential. Feature U.S. risk assets continued to outperform last week outside of the dollar, as S&P 500 firms started to report Q4 2017 results and provide guidance for Q1 2018 and beyond. BCA's Bank Lending Beige Book summarizes the most optimistic comments from the Big 5 banks. The Fed's Beige Book captured comments on the broad economy in December and early January that were equally ebullient. Both Beige books suggested that firms were planning to return their tax savings to shareholders in the New Year, and to continue to boost capex, which was stout even before the law was passed. Yet, despite the upbeat news, the dollar broke down last week, as the ECB sounded a hawkish note and the Japanese economy continued to improve. On balance, the Beige Book, the Q4 earnings season, the health of the U.S. economy (notably capital spending), all support BCA's stance on the U.S. stock-to-bond ratio, the Fed, duration and the dollar. However, the dollar has not behaved as we would have expected. Beige Book Barometer Bounces The Beige Book released on January 17 keeps the Fed on track to raise rates at least three times this year and highlights the impact of the tax bill on the economy. BCA's quantitative approach1 to the Beige Book's qualitative data points to underlying strength in GDP and a tighter labor market, but there is still a disconnect between the Beige Book's view of inflation and the market's stance. Moreover, references to the stronger dollar have disappeared from the Beige Book and business uncertainty is significantly reduced, reflecting the tax cut bill and President Trump's assault on regulation. Chart 1Latest Beige Book Supports##BR##The Fed's View On Rates, Economy Chart 1, panel 1 shows that at 66%, BCA's Beige Book Monitor stayed near its cycle highs in January, re-confirmation that the underlying economy was still upbeat in Q4 and early 2018. (The latest Beige Book covered the period from mid-November 2017 to January 8, 2018). The number of 'weak' words in the Beige Book returned to near four-year lows after ticking higher in the wake of last summer's hurricanes. Moreover, there were 12 mentions of the tax bill in the January Beige Book, up from only 3 in November (not shown). The tax bill was cast in a positive light in 75% of the remarks. In November, the references to either the tax bill (or tax reform) cited the consequent uncertainty as a constraint on growth. Based on the minimal references to a robust dollar in the past five Beige Books, the greenback should not be an issue in Q4 2017 or Q1 2018, which is in sharp contrast with 2015 and early 2016 when there was a surge in Beige Book mentions (Chart 1, panel 4). The last time that five consecutive Beige Books had so few remarks about a strong dollar was in late 2014. Business uncertainty over government policy (fiscal, regulatory and health) ticked up in the past few Beige Books as Congress debated the particulars of the tax bill. Nonetheless, comments of uncertainty in the Beige Book have dropped since Trump took office in early 2017. The implication is that the business community is correctly focused on policy and not politics in D.C. (Chart 1, panel 5). The disconnect with the Fed on inflation is evident in the Beige Book's number of inflation words (Chart 1, panel 3). Expressions regarding inflation rose to a four-month high in January and the disconnect persists between the still-elevated mentions of inflation and the soft readings on CPI and PCE. In the past, increased references to inflation have led measured inflation by a few months, suggesting that the CPI and core PCE may soon turn up. Bottom Line: The recent Beige Book backs BCA's view that the U.S. economy is poised to grow above its long-term potential in the first half of 2018. However, the Beige Book has done little to resolve the debate around why an economy growing above potential and a tightening labor market have not boosted inflation. Likewise, the latest Beige Book confirmed that at least initially, businesses and bankers across the U.S. welcomed the Tax Cut and Jobs Act. Bankers' Beige Book Returns Chart 2Banking System Shipshape BCA's Big 5 Bank Lending Beige Book highlights several of the positive trends supporting our view: Pristine credit quality, a positive U.S. credit impulse, loosening U.S. banking regulatory requirements, and pent up demand for shareholder friendly activities. We introduced the Big 5 Bank Lending Beige Book2 in early 2014 to interpret the health of the banking system based on comments from leaders of the Big Five banks during earnings season. Managements were upbeat on loan demand and credit quality as they unveiled Q4 results in the past two weeks, and most expressed optimism that the positive credit trends would continue to improve in 2018. Several bank executives shared their Fed rate hike expectations for this year, with most forecasting three or four increases. One institution planned for a flatter curve, while another noted that rising rates on both the short and long ends will benefit their operations. Chart 2 shows key banking related variables cited in the Bank Lending Beige Book. Appendix Table 1 shows the Big 5 Bank Lending Beige Book for Q4 2017. All five banks were uniformly upbeat in their assessments of the tax bill's impact on their operations, their customers' businesses or the overall economy. One bank noted that it took a repatriation charge in Q4, and another said it would return capital to shareholders via buybacks and dividends. A third said the bill will provide "immediate and ongoing benefit to our employees, customers, communities and our shareholders, as we invest a portion of our tax savings in each of these important constituencies." Bottom Line: The banking system is shipshape as 2018 begins and lenders are ready to extend credit to businesses and consumers to boost the economy despite higher rates. BCA's U.S. Equity strategists recommend an overweight position in the S&P 500's financial sector, with a high conviction overweight on banks.3 A Different Lens On Earnings Chart 3Corporate Health Has Improved##BR##Since Start Of 2017 The early December release of the U.S. flow of funds report allows us to update BCA's Corporate Health Monitor (CHM) (Chart 3). The CHM's level improved slightly between Q2 and Q3, but the overall reading remains in 'deteriorating health' territory. The marginal improvement in Q3 was driven by rising profit margins. In addition, profit growth surged while debt moved up modestly in Q3. The CHM is a reliable indicator of the trend in corporate bond spreads which supports our corporate bond overweight. Given that corporate balance sheets are declining, the sole supports for corporate spreads are low inflation and accommodative monetary policy. We anticipate spreads will start to widen later this year when inflation climbs and policy turns more restrictive. BCA's U.S. Bond strategists remain overweight the U.S. high-yield bond market.4 Although spreads appear a bit more attractive than for investment-grade corporates, there is still not much room for spread compression in high-yields. We calculate that if the high-yield index spread tightens by another 117 bps, then junk bonds will be the most expensive since 1995. In an optimistic scenario where the index spread tightens 100 bps, bringing it close to all-time expensive levels, then we would expect junk excess returns to be in the range of 600 bps (annualized). Nonetheless, in view of the trends in corporate leverage, it is unlikely that there will be another 100 bps of spread tightening. More realistically, we expect excess returns between 200 bps and 500 bps (annualized) between now and the end of the credit cycle. Bottom Line: BCA's indicators suggest that we are moving into the late stages of the credit cycle, but we retain an overweight cyclical stance on corporate bonds. A shift to a more restrictive monetary policy, tightening C&I bank lending standards and/or a continued uptrend in gross corporate leverage are the main catalysts we will monitor to gauge the end of the cycle. An abrupt end to the positive capex or earnings cycle would also be concerns for our upbeat view on credit. Repatriation Redux The Tax Cut and Jobs Act of 2017 has the potential to generate significant supply-side benefits for consumers, shareholders and the broad economy. There are several uses for corporate cash, including capital spending, M&A, increasing compensation to employees, paying down debt and returning capital to shareholders. Chart 4 shows that through Q3 2017, share buybacks and dividends ran slightly ahead of prior cycles, while capex was about average. Investors wonder how that mix may change under the new law. Corporate behavior in the wake of the 2004 overseas tax holiday5 provides some guidance. Chart 4Comparison Of Corporate Outlays Across Four Economic Expansion Phases Corporations used cash generated from the 2004 tax break to return capital to shareholders. However, we found scant evidence that firms who benefited from the tax holiday increased capital spending, raised wages or hired more workers. A study by the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) noted that a dollar increase in repatriations "was associated with an increase of almost $1 in payouts to shareholders."6 Moreover, a 2008 IRS paper7 concluded that nearly half of all the cash repatriated in 2004 and 2005 came from only the tech and pharma sectors. A Congressional Research Service (CRS) found that small firms tended to benefit less than large firms from the tax holiday.8 A paper9 by the left-leaning, U.S.-based think tank, the Center For Budget and Policy Priorities (CBPP), stated that several firms that benefitted the most from the 2004 law laid off workers soon after the tax law was enacted. In 2018, BCA expects firms to return capital to shareholders, boost capex and continue to bump up wages. Chart 5 shows that buybacks will probably augment S&P 500 EPS by around 2% this year, while panel 2 shows that there was a noticeable upswing to buyback announcements as 2017 ended. Aside from the post-recession bounce in buybacks in 2010, the last big swell in buyback announcements occurred in 2004 and 2005. That said, corporate balance sheets were in much better shape in 2004/2005 than they are today (Chart 3 again). The implication is that management teams may decide to pay down debt before returning the cash windfall back to shareholders. However, with rates still low, most firms will chose to distribute the cash to shareholders, despite high corporate debt levels. The positive reading on BCA's Capital Structure Preference Indicator supports our stance on buybacks (Chart 6, third panel). This Indicator is defined as the equity risk premium minus the default-adjusted yield in high-yield corporate bonds. When the indicator is above zero, there is financial incentive for firms to issue debt and buy back shares. Conversely, firms are incentivized to issue stock and retire debt when the indicator is below zero. The Indicator is currently positive, although not as high as it was in 2015. Moreover, Chart 7 shows that the dividend payout ratio rebounded from the 2007-2009 financial crisis, but has moved above its pre-crisis level. However, dividend distributions remain below their pre-crisis peak reached in the early 1990s. Chart 5Still Some Room##BR##To Run For Buybacks Chart 6Buybacks Adding Almost##BR##2 Percentage Points To EPS Growth Capital spending was already on a tear in late 2017, even before the tax bill passed. Industrial production, the PMI diffusion index and advanced-economy capital goods imports, all confirm strong underlying momentum in investment spending (Chart 8). Chart 7Corporations Poised To Return##BR##Capital To Shareholders Chart 8Capital Spending Helping##BR##To Drive Growth Both BCA's real and nominal capex models, driven by surging capital goods orders along with elevated ISM data, roaring global exports and soaring sentiment on business spending, indicate strong investment in plant and equipment in the next few quarters (Chart 9). CEO confidence soared to a 13-year high in Q4, according to the latest Duke's Fuqua School of Business/CFO Magazine Global Business Outlook (Chart 10, panel 1). Duke noted that "Among CFOs who responded to the survey after the Senate passed its version of the tax reform bill, optimism spiked to 73, which is the highest U.S. optimism ever recorded in the history of the survey."10 Chart 9Bright Outlook##BR##For Capital Spending Chart 10CEO Confidence And##BR##Capex Plans Surging Surveys by the Conference Board and Business Roundtable show a similar pattern. (panel 1 again). Notably, the soundings on all three surveys have climbed since Trump's election, but then retreated as his pro-business agenda stalled in the summer months. The dip in sentiment reflected the lack of legislative progress in Washington in the first 10 months of the Trump administration. The dip in CEO sentiment in Q2 and Q3 was in sharp contrast to the easing of policy concerns in the Fed's Beige Book (Chart 1, bottom panel). The upbeat numbers in the regional FRBs' surveys of capital spending intentions further support escalating capex spending in the next few quarters. The average readings from the New York, Philadelphia and Richmond Feds' capex survey plans are at an all-time high (Chart 10, panel 2). Moreover, the regional Feds' capex spending plans diffusion index is close to a cycle high, despite a modest pullback last summer (panel 3). Bottom Line: Stay overweight stocks versus bonds, and underweight duration. The tax bill will boost returns to shareholders via buybacks and dividends. In addition, rising capex will drive up GDP, employment and EPS in the coming quarters. Dollar View Revisited The dollar fell by 4% between mid-December and mid-January, amid a hawkish market interpretation of the ECB minutes, persistently strong growth in Japan and a key technical breakdown in the DXY index. The decline has some investors questioning BCA's bullish stance on the currency (Chart 11). We were correct on the direction of interest rate differentials vis-à-vis the other major economies, but this has not translated into a stronger dollar so far. We decided to stay long the dollar after a lengthy internal debate, although we have revised down our view on the upside potential. A lot of good news on the European and Japanese economies is now discounted and investors are quite pessimistic on the dollar (which is bullish the dollar from a contrary perspective) (Chart 12). Given this technical backdrop, we would expect at least a 5% rise in the trade-weighted dollar as expectations of Fed rate hikes rise this year. We are likely to exit our long dollar position if we get such an appreciation. Chart 11We Are Sticking With##BR##Our Long Dollar View Chart 12The Case For Crisis Era Monetary Stimulus##BR##In Europe And Japan Is Weakening Bottom Line: BCA's bullish dollar trade was initiated in October 2014 and although the DXY index is up 4% since that time, we are maintaining the trade. While downside risks remain, a unilateral decision by the Trump Administration to leave NAFTA will boost the U.S. dollar versus the Canadian dollar and the peso. Italy's upcoming spring Presidential election could prompt a rally in the dollar if the Eurosceptic parties outperform expectations. John Canally, CFA, Senior Vice President U.S. Investment Strategy johnc@bcaresearch.com 1 Please see BCA Research's U.S. Investment Strategy Weekly Report, "The Great Debate Continues", published on April 17, 2017. Available at usis.bcaresearch.com. 2 Please see BCA Research's U.S. Investment Strategy Weekly Report, "Commitments", published January 20, 2014. Available at usis.bcaresearch.com. 3 Please see BCA Research's U.S. Investment Strategy Weekly Report, "High Conviction Calls", published November 27, 2017. Available at usis.bcaresearch.com. 4 Please see BCA Research's U.S. Bond Strategy Weekly Report, "January Effect", published January 9, 2018. Available at usbs.bcaresearch.com. 5 https://www.congress.gov/bill/108th-congress/house-bill/4520 6 http://www.nber.org/papers/w15023 7 https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-soi/08codivdeductbul.pdf 8 https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R40178.pdf 9 https://www.cbpp.org/research/tax-holiday-for-overseas-corporate-profits-would-increase-deficits-fail-to-boost-the 10 http://www.cfosurvey.org/2017q4/press-release.html Appendix: Bankers Beige Book
Highlights Trade #1: Go Short The December 2018 Fed Funds Futures Contract. The trade has gained 64 bps since we initiated it. We are lifting the stop to 60 bps and targeting a profit of 75 bps. Trade #2: Go Long Global Industrial Stocks Versus Utilities. The trade is up 13.1%. We are targeting a profit of 15%, and are tightening the stop further to 12%. Trade #3: Go Short 20-Year JGBs Relative To Their 5-Year Counterparts. The trade is up 0.7%. We see this as a multi-year trade with significant upside potential. The unwinding of heavy short positions could cause the yen to strengthen temporarily. The euro is vulnerable to negative growth surprises. A retracement of some of its recent gains is likely. Feature Looking Back, Thinking Forward I had the pleasure of speaking at BCA's Annual Investment Conference held in New York on September 27th of last year where I offered three "tantalizing" trade ideas. Chart 1 reviews their performance. They were the following: Trade #1: Go Short The December 2018 Fed Funds Futures Contract We argued last summer that U.S. growth was likely to accelerate, taking rate expectations higher. That has indeed happened. Aggregate hours worked rose by 2.5% in Q4 over the previous quarter. Assuming that productivity increased by 1.5% in Q4 - equal to the pace recorded in Q3 - real GDP probably increased by nearly 4%. A variety of leading indicators point to continued above-trend growth in the months ahead (Chart 2). Chart 1Three Tantalizing Trades: ##br##An Update Chart 2Leading Indicators Pointing ##br##To Above-Trend U.S. Growth We think the Fed will raise rates four times this year, one more hike than projected by the dots and roughly 35 bps more in tightening than implied by current market expectations. The median Fed dot calls for an unemployment rate of 3.9% by end-2018, only marginally lower than today's rate of 4.1%. We have been saying for a while that above-trend growth will take the unemployment rate down to a 49-year low of 3.5% by the end of this year. If the unemployment rate falls this much, the Fed will probably turn more hawkish. Stronger inflation numbers should also give the Fed confidence to keep raising rates once per quarter. Core inflation surprised on the upside in December. We expect this trend to continue in the coming months, as the ISM manufacturing index, the New York Fed's Inflation Gauge, and our own proprietary pipeline inflation index are already foreshadowing (Chart 3). Chart 3U.S. Inflation ##br##Should Accelerate Chart 4A Pick-Up In Wage Growth ##br##Would Put Upward Pressure On Service Inflation As we noted two weeks ago,1 service sector inflation should get a lift from faster wage growth this year (Chart 4). Goods inflation should also rise on the back of higher oil prices and the lagged effects of a weaker dollar (Chart 5). In addition, health care inflation is likely to pick up from its current depressed level, especially if the Congressional Budget Office is correct that insurance premiums will rise due to the elimination of the individual mandate (Chart 6). Housing inflation will moderate, but this is unlikely to stymie the Fed's tightening plans since excessively low interest rates could lead to even more overbuilding in the increasingly vulnerable commercial real estate sector. Chart 5Higher Oil Prices And A Weaker Dollar ##br##Are A Tailwind For Inflation Chart 6Health Care Inflation ##br##Should Move Higher Granted, four rate hikes equal four opportunities to defer raising rates. It is easy to imagine scenarios where the Fed stands pat, but hard to conjure scenarios where the Fed has to raise rates five times or more this year. Thus, the risk to our four-hike view is to the downside. As such, we will be looking to take profits of 75 bps on the trade, and are putting in a stop of 60 bps. Trade #2: Go Long Global Industrial Stocks Versus Utilities Capital spending tends to accelerate in the late innings of business-cycle expansions. We are in such a phase now, as evidenced by capital goods orders, capex intention surveys, and our global capex model (Chart 7). Increased capital spending will benefit industrial companies. Conversely, rising bond yields will hurt rate-sensitive utilities. Valuations in the industrial sector have gotten stretched, but are not at extreme levels (Chart 8). Based on enterprise value-to-EBITDA, industrials are still only slightly more expensive than utilities compared to their post-1990 average. Chart 7Capex Is Shifting Into ##br##Higher Gear Chart 8Industrial Stocks: Valuations Are Stretched, ##br## But Not Yet Extreme While we do think global growth will slow this year from the heady pace of 2017, it should remain firmly above-trend. A bigger-than-expected slowdown - especially if it is concentrated in China - would undoubtedly hurt industrials. A stronger dollar could also be a headwind. Thus, we are keeping this trade on a short leash, with a target of 15% and a stop of 12%. Trade #3: Go Short 20-Year JGBs Relative To Their 5-Year Counterparts The Japanese economy is on fire. Growth almost reached 2% in 2017 and leading indicators suggest a solid start to 2018 (Chart 9). The unemployment rate has fallen to 2.7%, a full point below 2007 levels. The ratio of job openings-to-applicants has surpassed its bubble peak. The Tankan Employment Conditions Index is pointing to an exceptionally tight labor market. Wages excluding overtime pay are rising at the fastest pace in twenty years (Chart 10). Chart 9Japanese Growth Momentum Is Positive Chart 10Signs Of A Tight Labor Market Inflation is low but is starting to edge up. The most recent release surprised on the upside. Inflation expectations moved higher on the news, benefiting our long Japanese 10-year CPI swap trade recommendation (Chart 11). A simple scatterplot between the unemployment rate and core inflation suggests the Phillips curve remains intact in Japan -- amazingly, it even looks like Japan (Chart 12)! Chart 11Inflation Expectations Have Edged Higher Chart 12The Phillips Curve In Japan Looks Like Japan Still, with core inflation excluding food and energy running at only 0.3%, there is a long way to go before inflation reaches the BoJ's target -- and even longer if the BoJ honours its promise to generate a meaningful overshoot to compensate for the below-target inflation of prior years. This suggests the BoJ will not meaningfully water down its Yield Curve Control regime anytime soon. As such, five-year yields are likely to stay put while yields with maturities in excess of ten years should move higher. Our "tantalizing trade" being short 20-year JGBs versus their 5-year counterparts still has a long way to run. Too Risky To Short The Yen The exceptionally strong correlation between USD/JPY and U.S. Treasury yields has broken down this year (Chart 13). Had the relationship held, the yen would have actually weakened against the dollar. Still, we are reluctant to get too bearish on the yen (Chart 14). The yen real effective exchange rate is close to multi-decade lows. Positioning on the currency is heavily short. The current account surplus has mushroomed from close to zero in 2014 to 4% of GDP at present. And even if the BoJ keeps the Yield Curve Control regime in place, investors may still anticipate its demise, leading to a temporary bout of yen strength. Chart 13Strong Correlation Is Broken Chart 14Too Risky To Short The Yen What's Propping Up The Euro? The euro has been on a tear since last week, egged on by the ECB minutes, which hinted at a faster pace of monetary normalization. Growing confidence that Angela Merkel will be able to form a grand coalition also helped the common currency, along with hopes that the new government will loosen the fiscal purse strings. The euro is often thought of as the "anti-dollar." And sure enough, the euro's strength has been reflected in a broad-based decline in the dollar index in recent days. BCA's Global Investment Strategy service went long the dollar on October 31, 2014. We "doubled up" on this call in the fall of 2016, controversially arguing that "Trump will win and the dollar will rally." Obviously, in retrospect, I should have rung the register and declared victory on our long dollar view when I had the chance. EUR/USD fell to 1.04 on December 2016, within striking distance of our parity target. Bullish dollar sentiment had reached unsustainably lofty levels. That was the time to sell the greenback. But hubris got the best of me. While our other currency trade recommendations have delivered net gains of 11% since the start of 2017, the long DXY trade has stuck out like a sore thumb. Hindsight is 20/20. The key question is what to do today. EUR/USD is still trading below the level it was at when we went long the DXY. Relative to the IMF's Purchasing Power Parity exchange rate of 1.32, the euro is 7% undervalued. That said, PPP exchange rates may not be a reliable benchmark in this case. Given current market expectations, EUR/USD would need to strengthen to 1.41 over the next ten years just to cover the carry cost of being short the dollar. Even assuming lower inflation in the euro area, that would still leave the euro trading above its long-term fair value. It is possible, of course, that rate differentials will narrow further, but the scope for this is more limited than it might appear. The market currently expects policy rates ten years out to be 95 basis points higher in the U.S., down from a spread of nearly 180 basis points in late December (Chart 15). Given that euro area inflation expectations are 40-to-50 bps lower than in the U.S., this implies a real spread of about 50 bps - broadly in line with our estimate of the real neutral rate gap between the two regions. Ultimately, the fate of the euro in 2018 will rest on the same question that drove the currency in 2017: Will euro area growth surprise on the upside, prompting investors to price in a faster pace of monetary normalization? The bar for success is certainly higher at present. Chart 16 shows that euro area consensus growth estimates have risen significantly since the start of last year. The expected lift-off date for policy rates has also shifted in by more than a year to mid-2019. Considering that Jens Weidmann stated earlier this week that he thinks current market pricing is broadly consistent with when the ECB expects to hike rates, there is little scope for the lift-off date to move forward. Chart 15Little Scope For Rate Differentials ##br## To Narrow Further Chart 16Euro Area Growth Estimates Have Been Revised Up ##br##Since The Start Of 2017 Meanwhile, financial conditions have tightened significantly in the euro area relative to the U.S., the euro area credit impulse has turned negative, and the U.S. economic surprise index has jumped above that of the euro area (Chart 17). Euro area inflation has also dipped. Especially worrying is that core inflation in Italy has fallen back to a near record-low of 0.4% (Chart 18). How is Italy supposed to navigate its way out of its debt trap if nominal growth stays this weak? On top of all that, long speculative euro positions have soared to record-high levels (Chart 19). Given the choice of betting whether EUR/USD will first hit 1.30 or 1.15, we would go with the latter. If our bet turns out to be correct, we will use that opportunity to shift to neutral on the dollar. Chart 17The Euro Is Vulnerable ##br##To Negative Growth Surprises Chart 18Euro Area Core Inflation ##br##Has Dipped Chart 19Euro Positioning: From Deeply Short ##br##To Record Long Peter Berezin, Chief Global Strategist Global Investment Strategy peterb@bcaresearch.com 1 Please see Global Investment Strategy Weekly Report, "Four Key Questions On The 2018 Global Growth Outlook," dated January 5, 2018. Strategy & Market Trends Tactical Trades Strategic Recommendations Closed Trades
ハイライト
コンセンサスは2017年第4四半期の1株当たり利益(EPS)が前年同期比で12%の増加、2018年は14%を見込んでいる。税制改正法案が2018年の営業環境に与える影響は、2017年第4四半期の決算を議論する際に企業経営陣や投資家の注目点となるだろう。
12月の小売売上高とコアCPIの数値は、FRBの3月利上げの理論を後押ししている。
我々は来たる2月のFOMC議長交代は円滑に進むと予想しており、それは金融政策の段階的正常化を確実にするだろう。ただし、連邦準備制度理事会(FRB)の空席、タカ派/ハト派のシフトおよび反対票は懸念事項である。
特集
米国株式は先週も上昇を続け、投資家は世界成長と2018年のS&P 500収益に対する期待を切り上げた。本レポートの次節では2017年第4四半期の決算シーズンのプレビューを提供する。12月のコアCPIが前年比で予想より強い1.8%上昇したことから、インフレの気配も見られた。多くのFRB関係者の発言が相次いだが、市場の見方──次回の利上げは3月会合で行われる──を変えるほどではなかった。今週のレポートの最終節ではFOMCの構成について論じる。10年物米国債利回りは約10ベーシスポイント上昇し、週末は2.56%で終えた。BCAの米国ボンド・ストラテジストは10年物の公正価値を2.94%と見積もっている。1 さらに、2年物米国債利回りは先週金曜日に2008年以来初めて2%に到達した。
S&P 500の業績:2017年第4四半期
コンセンサスは2017年第4四半期のEPSが2016年第4四半期比で12%増加、2018年は15%増を見込んでいる。エネルギー、資本財・素材、そしてテクノロジー株が収益成長を牽引する一方、通信および不動産セクターの収益は伸び悩むだろう。エネルギーセクターを除くと、コンセンサスは2017年第4四半期のEPSが前年比で10%上昇すると見ている。
過去四半期と2018年に関する楽観的な利益見通しは、原油価格の回復を反映しており、原油高は2017年第4四半期のエネルギーセクターEPSを印象的な138%押し上げると予想される(チャート1)。エネルギー関連の設備投資とS&P 500全体の収益は密接に関連している(チャート1、パネル2)。世界成長環境の改善と抑制された労働コストは、2017年第4四半期および2018年初めに利益率のカウンタ―サイクリカルな上昇を引き続き促した。さらに、昨年末に成立したTax Cut and Jobs Act of 2017の直接的効果は、2018年の米国実質GDP成長率を0.2〜0.3ポイント押し上げる可能性が高い。ハリケーン復興支出と連邦裁量的支出の上限引き上げに関する議会の合意が得られれば、今年の成長率にさらに0.2ポイント程度上乗せされる可能性がある。しかし、税制変更や即時の資本償却が企業部門のセンチメントをさらに高め、投資支出を前倒しさせる能力に大きく依存する。
税制改正法案が2018年の営業環境に与える影響は、2017年第4四半期の決算を議論する際に企業経営陣や投資家の関心事となるだろう。具体的には、企業が低い税率の恩恵や海外からの資金還流を通じて現金をどのように活用するかが前面に出るだろう。チャート2は2017年第3四半期までのデータで、株式買戻しと配当が過去の景気循環をやや上回る一方、設備投資はほぼ平均的であったことを示している。BCAはこのミックスを引き続き注視する。欧州と新興市場(EM)での経済状況の改善、米ドル、マージンの持続可能性、そしてハリケーン・ハーベイやイルマの影響は、決算説明会で厳しく検証されるだろう。
Chart 1
S&P 500 Sensitive To Oil Prices##BR##And Oil Driven Capex
S&P 500は原油価格および原油主導の設備投資に敏感
S&P 500は原油価格および原油主導の設備投資に敏感
Chart 2
Comparison Of Corporate Outlays##BR##Across Four Economic Expansion Phases
円滑な移行?
円滑な移行?
アナリストはまた、金利上昇とイールドカーブの形状にも注目するだろう。1月12日に10年物米国債利回りは3月以来の高水準となる2.56%に達した。さらに、2017年第4四半期の10年物利回りは第3四半期比で16ベーシスポイント高く、2016年第4四半期比では26ベーシスポイント高かった。BCAは2年物と10年物のイールドカーブが今後6か月で急勾配化(steepen)し、その後年後半にフラット化すると予想している。カーブと上昇する金利はS&P 500の金融セクターに追い風を与える。BCAのU.S. エクイティ・ストラテジーチームは2017年5月以来、金融セクターをオーバーウェイトで継続している。2
いつものように、2018年第1四半期以降のトレンドに関する経営陣のガイダンスは、実際の第4四半期結果よりも重要である(チャート3)。投資家は経営陣の過度な楽観に警戒すべきだ。というのも収益成長の予想は時間とともに下方修正されることが多いからである。
2017年第4四半期も2017年前3四半期と同様に、海外売上が高い企業は欧州、日本および新興市場での成長改善の恩恵を受けるはずだ。チャート4は高いISM数値が2018年の収益と売上にとって好ましい背景を提供していることを示している。さらに、チャート5はS&P 500の売上の代替指標である鉱工業生産(IP)が2018年に加速し企業収益を押し上げる態勢にあることを示している。今年および来年の世界GDP成長予測は着実に上向いており、過去に予想が容赦なく下方修正され続けた年とは対照的である(チャート6)。
Chart 3
2018 Estimates Turned Higher After Tax Law Passed; '19 Likely To Move Lower
税制改正法が可決された後、2018年の見積もりは上方に転じた;2019年は下方に動く可能性が高い。
税制改正法が可決された後、2018年の見積もりは上方に転じた;2019年は下方に動く可能性が高い。
Chart 4
Favorable Macro Backdrop For Earnings And Sales
利益および売上高にとって好ましいマクロ環境
利益および売上高にとって好ましいマクロ環境
加えて、BCAのU.S. エクイティ・ストラテジーサービスは3、2015年の谷の後、売上高のポジティブな改定数が収益のポジティブ改定数を着実に上回っていることを指摘している。これは実際の収益成長が売上成長を大きく上回っているにもかかわらず起きている現象である。最近の売上高に対する非常にポジティブな改定の一因として、企業が税制改革の最大の恩恵を受けるために一部の利益を2017年から2018年に移している可能性が考えられる。
Chart 5
ISM Components Suggest IP##BR##Poised To Accelerate
ISMの構成要素は鉱工業生産(IP)の加速を示唆
ISMの構成要素は鉱工業生産(IP)の加速を示唆
Chart 6
Global Growth Estimates##BR##Still Accelerating
世界の成長見通しはなお加速している
世界の成長見通しはなお加速している
米ドルは最近数四半期ではEPSに対して小幅な悪影響にとどまってきたが、第4四半期はややプラスに転じる見込みだ。米ドルは広範な通貨バスケットに対して1年前より3%下落している。さらに、最新のベージュブック(11月29日)では「強いドル」に関する言及が1年前と比べて8件減少した。これは強い通貨がここ数か月で経営陣の主要な懸念事項として薄れてきたことを示している(チャート7)。
それでもBCAの見解は、米ドルは今後12か月で5%上昇するとしている。ドル高はEPS成長を概ね1〜2ポイント押し下げるが、その大部分はラグのため来年に生じるだろう。単独でのドル上昇は株式市場にとって大きな逆風にはならないはずだ。実際にドルが上昇するのは、米国の堅調な経済成長と企業の売上拡大という文脈においてのみである。米国におけるインフラ投資パッケージの立法進展や米国の企業設備投資の改善は、ドルの見通しを高めるだろう。
昨秋の大規模ハリケーンが第4四半期の決算に与える影響は、S&P 500およびほとんどのセクターにとって限定的だろう。天候に敏感な複数の産業(保険、航空、化学、精製、レジャー等)は第3四半期の結果に大きな混乱を受けた。これらの産業は第4四半期にいくばくかの反動増が見られる可能性が高い。
投資家は2017年第4四半期にマージンが6四半期連続で改善することに懐疑的だ。BCAの見解では、我々はマージンにとって一時的な「甘いスポット」にあり、これは今後数四半期続くはずだが、賃金上昇圧力が表面化するにつれてその後はマージンの長期的な平均回帰が再開するだろう。
結論として、我々は2017年第4四半期および2018年初頭にかけて収益環境は株価を下支えすると予想する。その先では、EPS成長は2018年後半に減速を始め、2019年に入ると株価にとってより逆風となるだろう(チャート8)。株式を債券に対してオーバーウェイトのまま維持せよ。
Chart 7
The Dollar Should Not Be##BR##A Factor In Q4 Earnings Season
第4四半期の決算シーズンにおいて、ドルは要因とならないはずだ
第4四半期の決算シーズンにおいて、ドルは要因とならないはずだ
Chart 8
Strong S&P Growth Ahead,##BR##Will Start To Slow Soon
S&Pは今後強い成長が見込まれるが、まもなく減速し始めるだろう
S&Pは今後強い成長が見込まれるが、まもなく減速し始めるだろう
FRB議長交代:順風満帆か?
Chart 9
December's CPI Data Will Be Met##BR##With A Sigh Of Relief From The Fed
12月のCPIデータはFRBに安堵のため息をもたらすだろう
12月のCPIデータはFRBに安堵のため息をもたらすだろう
11月の月次で0.1%と期待外れだった伸びの後、12月のコアCPIは月次で0.3%の反発を示した(チャート9)。歓迎すべきニュースだが、いくつか留意点がある。第一に、伸びは住宅と医療ケアの2つのサブコンポーネントに集中していた。住宅はコアCPIの40%以上を占め、我々のモデルは今後の緩和を示唆している。第二に、コアサービス(住居と医療を除く)インフレは依然として2%未満と弱く、コア財の価格はなおデフレ傾向にある。第三に、年率のコアインフレ率はわずか1.8%である。コアCPIの2.4〜2.5%はコアPCEデフレーターに対するFRBの2%目標と整合的である。
12月の小売売上高のリポートは、2018年末時点での景気の明るいトーンを補強した。アトランタ連銀のGDPNowによる2017年第4四半期の推定は1月12日時点で3.3%と、1月5日の2.7%から上方修正された。
米国のインフレは年末までに徐々に目標に戻るはずである。米国のフィクスト・インカム・ポートフォリオでは、投資家はベンチマークを下回るデュレーションを維持し、名目国債に対してTIPSをオーバーウェイトにすべきだ。インフレ・ブレークイーブンの上昇はイールドカーブをスティーピングさせるバイアスも生むだろう。コアCPIの反発は確かに心強いが、FRBがインフレが本当に目標に向かっていると一層自信を持つには、さらに確かな数値が必要だ。3月のFOMC会合までにあと2件のCPI公表があるため、FRBはその時までに利上げを決断するための証拠を得るかもしれない。
我々は来たる2月のFOMC議長就任に関して、パウエル氏への移行は円滑に進むと予想しており、それにより金融政策の段階的正常化が確実となるだろう。パウエル氏はFF金利を推定の終点である2.75%に徐々に近づける過程で波風を立てたくないはずだ。4
我々がFOMC指導部の移行が円滑に行われると断言する理由はいくつかある:
FRB議長の前例:過去のFOMC指導部交代において、平均すると金融政策の軌道は約13か月間継続してから方向転換した(チャート10)。例えば、グリーンスパン退任(2006年2月)の後、バーナンキ前議長はさらに4回の利上げを続け、引き締めサイクルは2006年6月にピークに達した。イエレン前議長は2014年初めにバーナンキが去った後、ほぼ2年間ゼロ金利政策(ZIRP)を維持した。グリーンスパン議長はボルカーが始めた引き締めの軌道を維持したが、1987年の株式市場クラッシュ後にクレジットクランチを回避するため一時的に中断した。その後グリーンスパン議長は1年以上にわたり利上げを再開した。コンフォーミングな中道派として知られるパウエル議長も先人の流れに従うだろう。米国の金融政策は、世界成長に対する予期せぬショックやインフレの想定外の軌道の逸脱がない限り、イエレン前議長の政策から大きく変わらないだろう。
Chart 10
Fed Chair Precedents: Continuous Monetary Policy Path
FRB議長の先例:継続的な金融政策の道筋
FRB議長の先例:継続的な金融政策の道筋
FOMCの構成変化:地域連銀総裁のローテーションに伴い、毎年FOMCの投票メンバーは異なる顔ぶれになる。今年は複数の地域総裁の退任と理事会の空席で不確実性が高まっている。2018年の投票FOMCメンバーの構成は2017年に比べややタカ寄りになるだろう(チャート11)。金融政策の連続性と有効性は、先物市場で既に織り込まれている今後の追加利上げ(少なくとも2回)や2018年に期待されるさらに3回の利上げ見込みによりさらに促進されるだろう。ミネアポリス連銀総裁カシュカリとシカゴ連銀総裁エバンスは今年、投票権のないメンバーとして退任する。カシュカリは最もハト派と見なされ、2020年に投票権を持つメンバーとして戻る予定であり、エバンスは2019年に復帰するだろう。
Chart 11
Composition Of Voting FOMC Members 2017 Vs. 2018
円滑な移行?
円滑な移行?
対照的に、クリーブランドのメスター、サンフランシスコのウィリアムズ、リッチモンドのバーキンの到着は政策をややタイト寄りに傾ける。最も重要なのは、ニューヨーク連銀のダドリー(中道派)がイエレンの任期が来月満了してから約5か月後に退任することである。オバマ政権時代に任命された理事のレール・ブレイナードは、現存する2人のハト派のうち最もハト派の投票者として残るだろう。FOMCのタカ派寄りの傾向はもはや認識の問題ではなく現実のものになる。トランプ大統領によるマーウィン・グッドフレンドの理事指名は中立化に向けた動きを促すはずだ(グッドフレンドは必ずしも明確なタカ派ではなく、デフレ対策にも慎重である)とともに、2018年に少なくとも4人の理事でFRBが運営されることを確実にするだろう。グッドフレンドの承認が成功すれば、副議長と残る2名の理事の合計3つの空席だけが残ることになる。限界的には、2018年のFOMC投票メンバーは若干タカ派寄りに傾くが、歴史は新議長が急激な政策転換よりも段階的な移行を好むことを示唆している。
FRBの空席:理事会の3つの未埋めの空席は、来月のイエレンからパウエルへの円滑な指導権移行を妨げるべきではない。近年、FRBの空席の継続期間は過去の年と比べて長くなっている。超党派政策センターの最近の報告によれば5、長期にわたる空席は13の独立金融規制機関の中でFRBに最も顕著に見られる。1986年以降のFRBの空席率67%は、1947年〜1986年の21%を大きく上回っている(チャート12)。同センターはまた、2000年1月1日以降、連邦準備理事会に少なくとも1つの空席がある期間が80%以上であったと計算しており、「満員のFRB理事会はかつての空席ほど珍しい」という点を強調している。FOMCは1947年〜1986年の間は大部分(79%)で満員であったが、過去30年ではその割合は3分の1(33%)に過ぎなかった(チャート13)。したがって、FOMC構成の構造的変化でさえ、2015年12月のゼロ金利政策からの離陸(2006年6月以来の初の利上げ)や昨年9月のFRBバランスシート正常化の開始を妨げることはなかった。投資家への示唆は、FOMCはかなり前から高い空席率の下で運営しており、そのような状況に慣れているため、空席は今年のFRBの政策軌道やイエレンからパウエルへの移行において大きな役割を果たすべきではないということである。
Chart 12
Vacancies Are Now The Norm
スムーズな移行?
スムーズな移行?
Chart 13
More Than One Vacancy Is Not Uncommon Too
スムーズな移行ですか?
スムーズな移行ですか?
FOMCにおける反対意見:FRB理事会の定員未満であっても、2005年以降理事による反対はなかった(チャート14)。我々は過去のサイクルと同程度の頻度の反対があると予想している。2017年の4件の反対はいずれも地域連銀総裁によるものであった。イエレン議長は理事会のメンバー時代にも、サンフランシスコ連銀総裁時代にも意見の不一致を表明したことはない。注目すべきは、パウエル次期議長は2012年に理事会に加わって以来、反対票を投じたことがないことである。さらに、理事会メンバーによる反対表明は通常より緩和的な政策を求めるものであった(78%が緩和志向で、28%が引き締め志向)。例えば、2015年秋のサイクル最初の利上げ前に、2人のハト派のFRB理事がイエレン議長に反対した。ブレイナード理事とタルーロ理事は、インフレが依然として低すぎると考え、利上げを2016年に先送りすべきだと主張した。彼らは先行きリスクが下振れ要因として残るため、早まって行動するより「待って様子を見る」方がリスクが低いと考えた。この意見の相違の一因は、市場ベースのインフレ期待に関する見解の相違にあった。原油価格と密接に関連して、市場ベースの長期インフレ期待は低下していた。同様に2017年にはミネアポリス連銀総裁カシュカリとシカゴ連銀総裁エバンスが懸念を示して意見を異にした。彼らは、低インフレの持続がFOMCが述べたような純粋に「一時的な要因」によるものとは限らないと主張した。
Chart 14
Dissent By Reserve Bank Presidents And Fed Governors
スムーズな移行?
スムーズな移行?
結論:2018年にFRB政策に最も重大な影響を与えるのは、FRBの構成ではなく経済とインフレの軌跡だ。2017年12月のFOMC会合ではインフレや名目GDPターゲティングの採用を検討する支持が一部にあったが、FRBは現行の政策にコミットし続けるだろう。一方、パウエル新議長は前任者と同様に利上げに対して段階的なアプローチを維持する可能性が高いが、FOMC投票メンバーの構成はわずかにタカ寄りである。2018年初めの理事会の空席はリスクではあるが、過去の空席が劇的な政策変更を引き起こしたことはない。BCAは今年3〜4回の利上げを予想しているが、ポートフォリオのリスクを軽減するにはまだ時期尚早である。株式を債券に対してオーバーウェイトで維持せよ。
John Canally, CFA, シニア・バイス・プレジデント 米国インベストメント・ストラテジー johnc@bcaresearch.com
Jizel Georges, シニア・アナリスト jizelg@bcaresearch.com
1 BCAリサーチのU.S. ボンド・ストラテジー ウィークリー・レポート「January Effect」、2018年1月9日掲載を参照のこと。usbs.bcaresearch.comで入手可能。
2 BCAリサーチのU.S. エクイティ・ストラテジー ウィークリー・レポート「Girding For A Breakout」、2017年5月1日掲載を参照のこと。uses.bcaresearch.comで入手可能。
3 BCAリサーチのU.S. エクイティ・ストラテジー インサイト「What's Up With SPX Revenue Vs. Profit Revisions」、2018年1月12日掲載を参照のこと。uses.bcaresearch.comで入手可能。
4 https://www.federalreserve.gov/monetarypolicy/files/fomcprojtabl20171213.pdf
5 "Financial Regulators Struggling With Longer Vacancies At The Top", Schardin, Justin and Sheth, Ashmi, Bipartisan Policy Center, March 2017.
ハイライト
ビットコインの「合成」供給が金融デリバティブを通じて増加し、大手既存テクノロジー企業によるビットコイン類似の代替通貨の立ち上げが加わると、暗号通貨市場は自らの重みで崩壊するでしょう。
今後数年で供給増に起因する圧力を受け得る他の分野としては、原油、ハイイールド債、世界の不動産、低ボラティリティ取引が挙げられます。
対照的に、米国株式市場は自社株買いと自発的な上場廃止により株式供給の減少が観察されています。
投資家はハイイールド債に対して米国株をロングすることを検討しつつ、ボラティリティ上昇に備えるべきです。
このような結果は1990年代後半に起きた状況に類似している可能性があり、その期間はVIXとクレジットスプレッドが上昇傾向にある一方で株式は史上最高値を更新し続けました。
NAFTA交渉の決裂はカナダドルとメキシコ・ペソにとって依然として主要なリスクです。
特集
供給過剰でバブルが崩壊する
価格上昇の「治療法」はさらなる価格上昇である。ドットコムと住宅バブルは完全に自然消滅したわけではない。その崩壊は市場に新たな供給が波のように押し寄せたことで促進された。ドットコム・バブルの場合、2000年には新規公開(IPO)や二次公募による株式の洪水が投資家を圧倒し(チャート1)、インターネット株の価格に大きな下押し圧力を与えた。住宅ブームも同様に新規建設の急増によって覆された。住宅投資は2006年にGDP比6.6%と55年ぶりの高水準に達した(チャート2)。
チャート1
供給過剰による崩壊:例1
Burst By Too Much Supply: Example 1
Burst By Too Much Supply: Example 1
チャート2
供給過剰による崩壊:例2
Burst By Too Much Supply: Example 2
Burst By Too Much Supply: Example 2
ビットコインは同様の運命をたどろうとしているのだろうか?表面的には「いいえ」のように見えるかもしれない。より多くのビットコインが「マイニング」されるにつれ、追加生産の計算上のコストは指数関数的に上昇する。理論上、流通可能なビットコインは2100万枚に制限され、その約80%は既に生成されている(チャート3)。しかし、表面の下を見れば、ビットコインはさまざまな「供給側」要因に脆弱である可能性がある。
チャート3
ビットコイン:大部分は既に採掘済み
ビットコイン:大部分はすでにマイニング済み
ビットコイン:大部分はすでにマイニング済み
まず第一に、ビットコインの価値に連動する金融デリバティブの拡大は、暗号通貨の「合成」供給を生み出す脅威となる。
株式のコールオプションを売る(ライトする)とき、オプションの売り手は実質的に弱気の賭けをし、買い手は強気の賭けをしている。オプションを売るという行為自体が追加のロング・ポジションを生み、それは追加のショート・ポジションによってちょうど相殺される。さらに、特定のコールオプションを売る決定が類似のコールオプションの価格を押し下げる程度に、基礎となる株価も押し下げられるだろう。これは単純に、株式に対するロングエクスポージャーは現物株を保有するかそのコールオプションを保有することで得られるからである。後者の価格を傷つけるものは前者の価格も傷つける。
ビットコイン先物が取引され始めると、ビットコインに対して弱気の投資家はショートポジションを作り、結果として流通するビットコインの実質的な数量を増加させることができる。これは公式の発行枚数が同じままであっても起こり得る。
模倣は最大の賛辞
ビットコインの合成的な供給増はビットコイン投資家の懸念の一つである。もう一つの懸念は、ビットコイン類似の代替通貨からの競争の増大である。現在、数百もの暗号通貨が存在し、その多くはビットコインを支えるブロックチェーン技術のわずかな変形を使用している。
チャート4
政府は取り分を要求するだろう
政府は取り分を求めるだろう
政府は取り分を求めるだろう
これまで新通貨の拡散は主に寝室やガレージで働く技術に精通した起業家によって牽引されてきた。しかし今や企業も参入している。営業しているらしいコダックの株価は、今週自社の暗号通貨を発表したことで3倍になった。これはこれから起こることのほんの一例に過ぎない。
フェイスブック、アマゾン、ネットフリックス、グーグルのような巨大企業が自社の暗号通貨を発行するのを妨げるものは何だろうか。彼らはすでに安全なグローバルネットワークを持っている。アマゾンは販売ごとに数コインを配り始め、消費者が新通貨で同社のオンラインストアから商品を購入できるようにすることもできる。やり方は簡単だ。1
唯一のもっともらしい制約は法的なものである:政府が自国の法定通貨への需要が落ちることを恐れて新興の暗号通貨を潰す脅威だ。数週間前に述べたように、米政府は通貨を印刷しその資金で財やサービスを購入する能力から年間約$100 billion、約1000億ドルのシニョレッジ収入を得ている(チャート4)。2 大企業が暗号通貨分野に参入すると、政府は遅かれ早かれ厳しい対応を取る可能性が高い。今週の韓国政府が取引所での暗号通貨取引禁止を検討するという報道は、その兆候である。
他にどの分野が?
新規供給の津波に脆弱な他の分野はどこか?四つが思い浮かぶ:
原油:BCAの強気の原油見通しは大当たりだった。ブレントは昨年6月の44ドルから現在の69ドルまで上昇した。しかし今後の追加上昇はそれほど容易ではないかもしれない。当社のエネルギー・ストラテジストは米国シェール生産者の損益分岐点を50ドル台前半と見積もっている。3 現在はその水準を大きく上回っており、シェール供給は加速するだろう。これは短期的に価格がさらに上昇し得ないという意味ではないが、原油の長期的な上昇余地を制限する。
不動産:世界の多くで超低金利が住宅価格の急増を後押しした。カナダ、オーストラリア、ニュージーランド、および欧州の一部では、インフレ調整後の住宅価格は大不況前の水準を大きく上回っている(チャート5)。米国の実質住宅価格はまだ2006年のピークを下回っているが、商業用不動産(CRE)価格は新高値に達している(チャート6)。米国のCREセクター内の賃料上昇は鈍化し始めており、供給が徐々に需要に追いつきつつあることを示唆している(チャート7)。
チャート5
低金利が##br##住宅価格を押し上げた地域
低金利が住宅価格を押し上げた地域
低金利が住宅価格を押し上げた地域
チャート6
商業用不動産価格が##br##不況前の水準を上回った
商業用不動産の価格は景気後退前の水準を上回っている
商業用不動産の価格は景気後退前の水準を上回っている
チャート7
賃料の伸びは鈍化している
家賃の伸びが鈍化している
家賃の伸びが鈍化している
企業債務:低金利は企業にクレジットを活用させた。米国および多くの国で企業債務の対GDP比はほぼ過去最高水準にある(チャート8A およびチャート8B)。クレジットスプレッドは依然として非常にタイトだが、これも企業債が市場に出てくるにつれて変わる可能性がある。
チャート8A
企業債務の対GDP比が##br##過去最高水準に近い
企業債務対GDP比は過去最高水準に迫っている
企業債務対GDP比は過去最高水準に迫っている
チャート8B
企業債務の対GDP比が##br##過去最高水準に近い
企業債務の対GDP比は記録的高水準に迫っている
企業債務の対GDP比は記録的高水準に迫っている
低ボラティリティ取引:最近のブルームバーグの見出しは「ショート・ボラティリティ・ファンドに史上最多の資金が流入」と叫んでいた。4 Cboeで取引されるボラティリティ契約の数は2012年以降で10倍以上に増加した。ネットのショート投機ポジションは現在史上最高水準にある(チャート9)。トレーダーはここ数年、ボラティリティが低下することに賭けて巨額の利益を上げてきた。問題は、ボラティリティが上昇し始めると、同じトレーダーがポジションを一斉に手放す可能性があり、さらにボラティリティが高まる懸念があることだ。
前掲の分野とは対照的に、株式市場は自社株買いと自発的な上場廃止により株式供給の侵食を受けている。S&Pの除数(ディバイザー)は2005年以降8%以上低下している。米国の上場企業数は1990年代後半以降ほぼ半減している(チャート10)。この傾向がすぐに逆転する可能性は低く、利益率の高止まりと多くの企業が法人税減税を利用して自社株買いを加速させる誘惑があることを考えれば、なおさらである。
チャート9
低ボラティリティへの需要が高い
低ボラティリティへの需要が高まっている
低ボラティリティへの需要が高まっている
チャート10
株式市場における供給の減少
株式市場における供給の侵食
株式市場における供給の侵食
株価上昇に賭ける一方、ボラティリティとクレジットスプレッドの上昇も見込む
前述の議論は、今後数か月で株価とボラティリティ、クレジットスプレッドの関係が変化する可能性を示唆している。これは初めてのことではない。チャート11は、1990年代後半にVIXとクレジットスプレッドが上昇傾向に転じた一方でS&P500は史上最高値を更新し続けたことを示している。今、我々は類似の局面に入る可能性がある。
米国でのトレンド超過の成長継続とインフレ上昇は米国債利回りを押し上げるだろう。我々は2016年7月5日に「35年間の債券ブルマーケットの終焉」と宣言したが、これはちょうど10年物米国債利回りが終値で史上最安の1.37%を記録したその日だった。5
利上げは資金繰りに苦しむ借り手を苦しめ、クレジットスプレッドを拡大させる。企業の業況が悪化し次の景気後退の時期が近づくにつれて株式のボラティリティも上昇するだろう。我々の基本シナリオでは、米国および世界は2019年後半に景気後退に陥ると見ている。
金融市場は景気後退を実際に起こる前に嗅ぎつける。ただし歴史が示すように、それは景気後退開始の約6か月前にしか起こらないことが多い(表1)。これは、世界の株式は今後12か月程度は上昇を続け得ることを示唆する。これを念頭に、我々はS&P500のロング対ハイイールド債を新規トレードとして開始する。
チャート11
株価が上昇する中でもボラティリティは上昇し、スプレッドは##br##拡大し得る
株価が上昇すると、ボラティリティが高まり、スプレッドが拡大する可能性があります。
株価が上昇すると、ボラティリティが高まり、スプレッドが拡大する可能性があります。
表1
手仕舞いにはまだ早い
ビットコインはDeFANG化されるか?
ビットコインはDeFANG化されるか?
通貨に関するクイック・ヒット(4点)
今週は4つの項目が通貨およびフィクスト・インカム市場を揺るがした。第一は中国が米国債の購入を減速または停止するという報道だ。中国の国家外為管理局(SAFE)はその報道を「フェイクニュース」と非難した。
騒ぎの中で見落とされがちなのは、中国の保有する米国債残高が2011年以降ほぼ横ばいで推移しているという事実である(チャート12)。中国は依然として高度に管理された通貨を持つ。資本流出がもはや発生していないため、中国人民銀行(PBoC)は外貨準備の再構築を始めるだろう。米国債市場が世界で最大かつ最も流動的であることを考えれば、中国が余剰外貨の多くを米国に置かざるを得ないのは避けがたいように思える。
第二は日本銀行が保有する国債の買入目標を引き下げると発表したことだ。これは既に1年以上続いている動きを形式化したに過ぎない。日本銀行のJGB買入は過去12か月で急減しており、主因は80兆円という目標が国債の年間ネット発行額30〜35兆円のほぼ2倍であるためだ(チャート13)。
チャート12
中国の米国債保有:##br##2011年以降ほぼ横ばい
中国の米国債保有高:2011年以降ほぼ横ばい
中国の米国債保有高:2011年以降ほぼ横ばい
チャート13
日銀は国債買入を##br##削減している
日本銀行(BoJ)は国債の買入を縮小している
日本銀行(BoJ)は国債の買入を縮小している
最終的には、これらはそれほど重要ではないはずだ。日本銀行は価格(JGBの利回り)をターゲットにすることも、数量(保有国債の枚数)をターゲットにすることもできるが、両方を同時にターゲットにすることはできない。日銀がすでに前者を行っているという事実は後者を無意味にする。そして長期インフレ期待が日銀の目標からほど遠い現状では、前者が変わる見込みは低い。
では円には何を意味するのか。円は割安であり、経常収支の黒字はGDP比で4%に膨らんでいる(チャート14)。投機筋の円ショートも非常に大きい(チャート15)。これは短期的な上昇の可能性を高めるが、同僚のMathieu Savaryが今週指摘したように、6世界の国債利回りが上昇する一方で日本の利回りが据え置かれる場合、円が大きく上昇して持続するのは難しい。総合的には、今年はUSD/JPYがやや強含むと予想している。
チャート14
円は既に割安...
円はすでに安い…
円はすでに安い…
チャート15
...かつ不人気
...そして愛されない
...そして愛されない
第三の項目はECBの12月議事録で、中央銀行が2018年初めにコミュニケーション方針を見直すと示唆された点だ。市場が織り込んでいるより速くECBが金融政策を正常化するという憶測がある。もしそうなればEUR/USDはさらに強含むだろう。
もちろんこれは起こり得るが、それにはユーロ圏の成長が上振れサプライズを出す必要があるだろう。それは決して確実ではない。ユーロ圏の経済サプライズ・インデックスは下落に転じ始めており、相対的には米国に対して急落している(チャート16)。米国とは異なり、ユーロ圏のクレジット・インパルスは現在マイナスである(チャート17)。ユーロ圏の金融環境も米国に比べて大幅に引き締まっている(チャート18)。
チャート16
ユーロ圏の経済サプライズが##br##下落に転じ始めている
ユーロ圏の経済サプライズが小幅に低下
ユーロ圏の経済サプライズが小幅に低下
チャート17
ユーロ圏のクレジット・インパルスのマイナスは##br##成長の重しとなる
ユーロ圏のマイナスのクレジット・インパルスが成長を圧迫するだろう
ユーロ圏のマイナスのクレジット・インパルスが成長を圧迫するだろう
チャート18
金融環境の乖離は##br##米国をユーロ圏より有利にする
金融環境の乖離は米国をユーロ圏よりも有利にする
金融環境の乖離は米国をユーロ圏よりも有利にする
一方で、EUR/USDは2016年以降、金利差の変化から予想される以上に上昇している(チャート19)。ユーロに対する投機的ポジショニングも、2017年初頭の大幅ショートから今日では大幅ロングへと変化している(チャート20)。妥当な割安感と健全な経常収支の黒字はユーロに有利に働くが、我々の最良の見立てはEUR/USDが今後数か月で上昇分の一部を手放すだろうというものである。
チャート19
金利差で説明される以上にユーロは##br##強含んだ
ユーロは金利差で正当化される以上に上昇している
ユーロは金利差で正当化される以上に上昇している
チャート20
ユーロのポジショニング:大幅ショートから##br##史上最高のロングへ
ユーロ・ポジショニング:大幅にショートから過去最高のロングへ
ユーロ・ポジショニング:大幅にショートから過去最高のロングへ
最後に、今週は米国がNAFTA交渉から撤退するという報道を受けてカナダドルとメキシコ・ペソが圧迫された。ここで述べた4項目のうち、これが我々にとって最も懸念材料である。グローバルなサプライチェーンは高度に統合されている。それを破壊するものは大きな混乱を招くであろう。ある程度、トランプはこれを理解しているが、支持基盤は貿易に厳しくあってほしいと望んでおり、そうしなければ再選の見込みはさらに厳しくなることも彼は知っている。最終的には新たなNAFTA合意が成立すると期待しているが、そこに至る道のりはでこぼこだろう。
事務連絡
当社のグローバル・インダストリアルのロング/ユーティリティのショートのトレードは、9月29日に開始して以来12.4%の利益が出ている。利益保護のためストップを10%に引き上げる。2年物USD/サウジ・リヤルのフォワード契約のロングは損失2.9%で満了とし、サウジアラビアの財務状況が最近改善していることを踏まえ、同トレードは再導入しない。
ピーター・ベレジン, チーフ・グローバル・ストラテジスト グローバル・インベストメント・ストラテジー peterb@bcaresearch.com
1 本トピックに関する貴重な示唆を頂いたSHIG Partners LLC代表イゴール・ヴァッセルマン氏に感謝する。
2 グローバル・インベストメント・ストラテジー・スペシャル・レポート「ビットコインのマクロ的影響(Bitcoin's Macro Impact)」、2017年9月15日付;およびグローバル・インベストメント・ストラテジー・ウィークリー・レポート「フラット化したイールドカーブを恐れるな(Don't Fear A Flatter Yield Curve)」、2017年12月22日付を参照されたい。
3 エネルギー・セクター・ストラテジー・ウィークリー・レポート「損益分岐点分析:シェール企業が自立するには約50ドルの原油が必要(Breakeven Analysis: Shale Companies Need ~$50 Oil To Be Self-Sufficient)」、2017年3月15日付を参照。
4 Dani Burger, "Short-Volatility Funds Are Being Flooded With Cash," Bloomberg, 2017年11月6日。
5 グローバル・インベストメント・ストラテジー・スペシャル・アラート「35年間の債券ブルマーケットの終焉(End Of The 35-year Bond Bull Market)」、2016年7月5日付を参照。
6 フォーリン・エクスチェンジ・ストラテジー「円:QQEは死んだ!YCC万歳!(Yen: QQE Is Dead! Long Live YCC!)」、2018年1月12日付を参照。
タクティカル・グローバル・アセット・アロケーションの推奨
ストラテジー & マーケット・トレンド
タクティカル・トレード
戦略的推奨
クローズド・トレード
来週から本格化する第4四半期の決算シーズンを前に、予想の構成は精査に値します。下段の図が示すように、2015年の谷の後、実際の利益の伸びが売上高の伸びを大幅に上回っているにもかかわらず、売上高の上方修正の件数は利益の上方修正の件数を着実に上回っています。 我々はこの奇妙な傾向には考え得る理由が3つあると考えており、いずれも相互に排他的ではないと見ています。第一に、アナリストは単純に最終需要をよりよく見通せる一方で、マージンについては様子見の姿勢を取っている可能性が高いということです。 第二に、純売上高の修正は生産者価格の変化に追随する可能性があり、これは下段の図が示唆しています。 最後に、最近の非常にポジティブな売上高の上方修正は、最近の税制改革の恩恵を取り込むために利益を2017年から2018年へと移転したことを反映している可能性があり、特に2017年第4四半期のEPS見通しが下方修正され、2018年第1四半期および通年2018年のEPS見通しが上方修正されている点を踏まえるとそう考えられます。これが第4四半期のパフォーマンス 〜に対して 予想に影響を与えるかどうかはまだ分かりませんが、現在の業績の圧倒的な強さが弱まると見なされれば、それが待望のS&P 500の調整のきっかけになる可能性があります。状況に注目してください。
SPXの収益と利益の予想修正はどうなっているのか?
SPXの収益と利益の予想修正はどうなっているのか?
Highlights Chinese policymakers are walking a tightrope, attempting to balance contradictory objectives. While their task is not impossible, we find that financial markets are overly complacent. Recent price action in EM risk assets resembles a final bear capitulation phase, and a classic top formation. Currency appreciation and moderation in export growth will damp corporate profits of exporters in Korea and Taiwan. Stay short KRW versus THB and short MYR versus RUB and USD. Feature "...at first, a stick may bend under strain, ready all the time to bend back, until a certain point is reached, when it breaks." Irving Fisher, The Debt-Deflation Theory of Great Depressions (1933) China continues to tighten financial regulations1 and onshore corporate bond yields keep marching higher. Yet EM and China-related financial markets have been extremely buoyant, completely ignoring the tightening dynamics underway. This reminds us of the above quote from Irving Fisher. The Chinese economy has been able to "...bend under strain, ready all the time to bend back..." In other words, growth has so far done well, despite ongoing liquidity and regulatory tightening (Chart I-1). This has led many investors and commentators to proclaim that the economy is healthy and will slow only a bit, or not at all. Chart I-1China: Will Economy Continue ##br##Defying Weak Credit Impulse? Yet, financial market risks linger. At a certain point, cumulative pressure from policy tightening will cause China's recovery to falter - "break," as per Fisher's quote above - impacting the rest of the world in general and EM in particular. This precept is pertinent to China at present because its money, credit and property markets are frothy, as we have written repeatedly in recent years, making them especially vulnerable to tightening. We thought such a deceleration in China's business cycle would occur in 2017, but it has not yet transpired. Forward-looking indicators such as money supply growth and the yield curve have been heralding a growth slowdown for many months (see Chart I-1). Nevertheless, this recovery has proved to be enduring; even though some segments have slowed, overall nominal growth, corporate pricing power and profits have done well. Does such growth resilience warrant an upgrade on China's outlook? An economy's past performance does not guarantee its future performance. This is relevant to China now, especially given the cumulative impact of the ongoing triple policy tightening - liquidity, regulatory and anti-corruption efforts in the financial industry2 - which will likely be substantial. Walking A Tightrope China's policymakers are walking a tightrope trying to balance contradictory objectives such as curbing financial speculation and credit excesses, capping inflation and maintaining a stable currency on the one hand, and maintaining robust growth on the other. Inflationary pressures are escalating in the mainland economy. Chart I-2 demonstrates that pricing power for 5,000 industrial companies - a diffusion index for producer prices compiled by the People's Bank of China - is approaching its 2007 and 2010 highs, while nominal interest rates are currently much lower than they were in 2007 and 2010 (Chart I-2, bottom panel). Notably, most of China's nominal recovery in the past two years has been due to prices, not volumes (Chart I-3). Given that rising prices benefit corporate profits much more than rising volumes, Chinese corporate profits have surged. Yet, the flip side of these dynamics is rising inflation. Chart I-2China: Inflationary Pressure Are Rising, ##br##While Interest Rates Are Low Chart I-3China: It Has Been Nominal (Price) Not ##br##Volume Manufacturing Recovery Mounting inflation amid enormous money excesses - the Chinese banking system has originated RMB 142 trillion (equivalent to $22 trillion) since January 20093 - risks triggering rising inflation expectations, which would then feed back into inflation. With real interest rates already extremely low (Chart I-4), increasing inflation expectations could lead to growing demand for foreign currency, in turn exerting downward pressure on the RMB exchange rate. Chart I-4China: Inflation-Adjusted ##br##Interest Rates Are Low Chinese households have been uneasy about the real (inflation-adjusted) value of their deposits, and have been opting for speculative investments that promise higher yields than bank deposits. Hence, policymakers cannot ignore households' desire for higher real interest rates if they aim to cool down speculative investment activities and contain systemic risks in the system. Overall, the authorities need to tread carefully, balancing between the need to preserve decent growth while keeping inflation at bay. Falling behind the inflation curve is as dangerous as being too aggressive in tightening. For now, rising domestic inflationary pressures, robust DM growth and the resilience of financial markets will justify further policy tightening in China. Controlling leverage, curbing financial market excesses and limiting speculation in the real estate market are all major components of the structural reforms agenda that China's top policymakers committed to at the Party Congress in October. Bottom Line: Chinese policymakers are walking a tightrope, trying to balance contradictory objectives. While their task is not impossible, we find that financial markets are overly complacent. The odds of successfully navigating these contradictory objectives amid lingering money, credit and property market imbalances are 30% or lower. In the meantime, financial markets seem priced for perfection. This gap between the market's views and our perception of risks leads us to maintain a negative investment stance. EM's Blow-Out Phase EM stocks and currencies have gone vertical in recent weeks, despite being overbought and not cheap. The recent price actions in EM and global risk assets looks like a final bear capitulation phase and a classic top formation. The EM overall equity and small-cap indexes have reached their 2011 high (Chart I-5, top and middle panels). Meanwhile, EM high-yield (junk) corporate and quasi-sovereign bond yields are at their historical lows (Chart I-5, bottom panel). Economic data, corporate profits and news flows are typically extremely positive at tops of cycles, and very negative at bottoms. Given that share prices have surged and credit spreads are extremely low, a lot of good news has already been discounted. In particular, EM long-term EPS growth expectations have shot up above their previous highs (Chart I-6). This indicator can serve as a proxy for investor sentiment on EM stocks, at the moment suggesting extreme bullishness. EM stocks topped out in the past when this indicator reached the current levels. Chart I-5Are EM At Their Zenith? Chart I-6Analysts Are Super Bullish On EM Profits Growth Needless to say, global investors' positioning is stretched in favor of risk assets. Chart I-7 entails that U.S. individual investors' holdings of cash was at a record low as of December, while their exposure to equities was not far from record highs. Apart from China-related risks, a potential rise in U.S. bond yields and/or the U.S. dollar, could spoil the EM party. Many investors have invested in EM on the assumption of continued weakness in the greenback and subdued U.S. bond yields. It would be unusual if this current robust global growth does not lead to higher inflation expectations or higher bond yields. With respect to market signals, Chart I-8 illustrates that global steel stocks in absolute terms, and the relative performance of emerging Asian stocks versus DM equities have approached their very long-term moving averages. The latter might become a major technical resistance. Failure to break above this resistance level would be consistent with EM share prices rolling over at their 2011 highs (see Chart I-7). Altogether, this could signal a major top in EM risk assets. Chart I-7Asset Allocation Of ##br##U.S. Individual Investors Chart I-8Select Segments Are At Their ##br##Long-Term Technical Resistances Bottom Line: The EM rally has endured much longer and has gone much farther than we envisioned. However, we maintain our cautious stance, and recommend underweighting EM stocks, currencies and credit versus their DM counterparts. Emerging Asia: Currencies And Business Cycle Chart I-9Geopolitics And Asian Currencies Emerging Asian currencies have recently been on the fly, surging versus the U.S. dollar. Apart from strong global manufacturing, one reason behind the emerging Asian currency appreciation has been geopolitics. We suspect political leaders in Taiwan and Korea have instructed their central banks to allow their currencies to appreciate to gratify the Trump administration's aspirations of a weaker greenback. The top panel of Chart I-9 shows that the Taiwanese dollar's sharp appreciation coincided with Trump's controversial phone call with the Taiwanese president on December 3rd, 2016. Similarly, Trump's visit to South Korea on November 7th, 2017 jives with the latest up leg in the Korean won (Chart I-9, bottom panel). It seems President Trump's geopolitical assurances to Taiwan and Korea are somewhat tied to these policymakers' increased tolerance for currency appreciation. Notably, foreign exchange reserves in both Taiwan and Korea have risen little, despite their strong trade surpluses and foreign capital inflows over the past year. This confirms that their central banks have been reluctant to purchase U.S. dollars and in turn cap their currencies' appreciation. In addition to the political context, there are a number of other important drivers of Asian exchange rates and the region's business cycle: The growth rate of Korean and Taiwanese total exports in U.S. dollars has moderated (Chart I-10). This, along with KRW and TWD appreciation, implies a meaningful deceleration in exporters' revenue growth in local currency terms. Besides, China's container freight index - the price to ship containers worldwide - has relapsed and it correlates well with Asia's export cycle (Chart I-11). Chart I-10Moderation In Asian Exports Growth Chart I-11A Negative Signal For Asian Exports Even though DRAM prices are rising, other semiconductor prices have rolled over (Chart I-12). Semiconductor prices and volumes are vital for the tech-heavy Taiwanese and Korean manufacturing sectors. The RMB rally is also late. Enormous pent-up demand for foreign assets from Chinese residents due to low mainland real interest rates creates the potential for capital outflows to cap RMB strength. This would weigh on the ongoing Asian currency rally. Finally, net EPS revisions of Korean and Taiwanese technology companies' have rolled over (Chart I-13), probably reflecting a dampening effect of currency appreciation. This could in turn lead to foreign capital outflows from their equity markets causing currency selloffs. Chart I-12Divergence In Semiconductor Prices Chart I-13Asia Tech Companies: Net EPS Revisions Corroborating budding signs of a slowdown in exports and corporate profits, emerging Asian stocks have begun underperforming DM equities, as shown in Chart I-8 on page 7. The deceleration in export revenues and currency appreciation are adverse developments for share prices in export-related sectors of Korea and Taiwan. Nevertheless, for dedicated EM equity portfolios, we recommend overweighting the Taiwanese bourse and Korean technology stocks (and being neutral on the rest of KOSPI). The basis is that share prices of hardware tech manufacturers have less downside than other EM sectors. Their attractive relative valuations combined with prospects for robust growth in DM warrant their outperformance against the overall EM equity index in common currency terms. As to exchange rates, the Trump factor will delay and mitigate Asian currency depreciation, but will not preclude it if export growth slows, as we expect. In such a scenario, policymakers in Asia will opt for modest currency depreciation, reversing their recent gains. In terms of investment strategy, we have been shorting the Korean won versus the Thai baht. This trade has so far been flat, but we are maintaining it because the won is a higher-beta currency than the baht, and the former will underperform the latter as Asia's business cycle eventually slows. In addition, we are also shorting the Malaysian ringgit versus the U.S. dollar and the Russian ruble due to weak domestic fundamentals in Malaysia. Bottom Line: Currency appreciation will damp corporate profits of exporters in Korea and Taiwan. This will weigh on EM share prices in aggregate, given that the Korean and Taiwanese markets together account for 27% of the MSCI EM market cap, compared with an 12% share of the entire Latin American region. The 12-month outlook for Asian currencies is downbeat: continue shorting the MYR versus both the U.S. dollar and the RUB, and stay long the THB versus the KRW. Arthur Budaghyan, Senior Vice President Emerging Markets Strategy arthurb@bcaresearch.com 1 This week the China Banking Regulatory Commission (CBRC) announced a set of sweeping new rules to control banks' entrusted lending (Source: Caixin). This is in addition to a slew of regulatory measures for financial institutions that have been introduced over the past year. 2 We discussed these in details in Emerging Markets Strategy Weekly Report, titled "Questions For Emerging Markets," dated November 29, 2017, a link available on page 13. 3 Please see Emerging Markets Strategy Special Report, titled "The True Meaning Of China's Great 'Savings' Wall," dated December 20, 2017, a link available on page 13. Equity Recommendations Fixed-Income, Credit And Currency Recommendations
Highlights Upbeat economic reports for December set the stage for a solid 2018. The FOMC minutes acknowledged the flatter curve and only a minority of members discounted the signal from the curve. A majority thought that a tighter labor market would lead to higher inflation. The Citi Economic Surprise Index is peaking, but risk assets should hold up as the Index rolls over. Feature The first week of 2018 brought more good news for risk assets. U.S. stocks beat bonds, oil prices rose, and credit spreads narrowed amid a solid set of economic data. Several high-profile U.S. companies announced share buybacks, and/or one-time bonuses or wage increases linked to the tax cut plan passed by Congress at the end of 2017. Moreover, there were hints of further economic stimulus as lawmakers from both sides of the aisle discussed relaxing the sequester rules that would lift federal spending this year. Markets shrugged off a fresh round of saber rattling between the U.S. and North Korea. Gold prices nudged higher and the U.S. dollar fell despite the upbeat economic news. December's reports on manufacturing and service sector ISM, vehicle sales and the labor market, along with November's numbers on construction spending, trade and factory orders, all lifted estimates for Q4 GDP and boosted the prospects for corporate earnings in Q4 2017 and beyond. Chart 1 shows that the elevated ISM figures provide a favorable backdrop for earnings and sales in 2018. Moreover, Chart 2 indicates that IP, a proxy for S&P 500 sales, is poised to advance in 2018 and provide a lift to corporate profits. We will preview the S&P 500's Q4 2017 earnings reports in next week's U.S. Investment Strategy. Chart 1Favorable Macro Backdrop For Earnings And Sales Chart 2ISM Components Suggest IP Poised To Accelerate The Atlanta Fed GDP Now estimate stood at 2.7% on January 5, while the New York Fed's Nowcast for Q4 GDP was a healthy 4% (Chart 3). Both soundings are well above the FOMC's assessment of the economy's long-term potential growth rate (1.8%) and puts GDP growth in 2017 above the Fed's forecast. The implication is that the output gap pushed deeper into positive territory as 2017 ended, setting the stage for higher inflation in 2018. The December 2017 jobs report, released last Friday, January 5, does not change BCA's outlook for the U.S. economy or the Fed. The U.S. economy added a lower than expected 148,000 new jobs in December, which left the unemployment rate unchanged at 4.1%. Despite the softer than anticipated data, the 3-month average of payrolls growth is still a very healthy 204,000. The monthly increase in wages quickened to 0.3% m/m in December, up from 0.1% m/m last month. However, annual wage inflation remains modest at just 2.5% (Chart 4). Chart 3U.S. Economic Growth Well##BR##Ahead Of Potential In Q4 Chart 4Labor Market Still Tightening Despite##BR##Soft December Report The indications for Q4 GDP growth are solid. Aggregate hours worked rose 2.5% at an annualized rate in Q4 2017. Assuming modest growth in productivity, the payrolls data are consistent with over 3% GDP growth in Q4. There is nothing in the December payroll data to suggest that the underlying trajectory in the U.S. economy has changed. The economy continues to grow above trend. Wage gains are modest at the moment, but should accelerate as the labor market keeps tightening with above-trend GDP growth. This upbeat economic outlook is also supported the December 2017 non-manufacturing ISM survey, also released last Friday. While the overall index fell from 57.4 to 55.9, it is still consistent with solid GDP growth. Moreover, the employment index rose from 55.3 to 56.3, which signals firm job gains, and the prices paid index held steady at a fairly elevated level of 60.8. Bottom Line: It's been solid start to 2018 and it's steady as she goes for the U.S. economy and the Fed. FOMC Minutes: A Rubric BCA's U.S. Bond Strategy service expects that the 2/10 yield curve will languish between 0 and 50 bps in 2018. The curve will steepen from 51 bps at the end of 2017 through mid-year 2018, and then flatten into year-end (Chart 5). Which asset classes would benefit if our curve call is accurate? BCA's "The Bucket List"1 explains our view of the curve in 2018 and details the past performance of various U.S. assets in differing yield curve environments. Chart 5A Flat Yield Curve Is OK For Most Risk Assets BCA expects that the yield curve will first steepen in 2018, then become flatter, ultimately spending most of the year between 0 and 50 bps. A flat curve is the ideal environment for the S&P 500 and the stock-to-bond ratio. However, small cap stocks struggle when the curve is flat; BCA's view is that small caps will outperform large caps in 2018. A flat yield curve raises the risk of a sell-off in high yield, but provides a favorable grounding for oil, which is in line with BCA's fundamental view. BCA expects EPS growth will be positive this year; earnings growth is higher 75% of the time when the curve is flat. The yield curve's slope was a focus of debate at the FOMC's December 12-13, 2017 meeting. Participants cited several reasons for the flat curve2: recent increases in the target range for the federal funds rate; reductions in investors' estimates of the longer-run, neutral real interest rate; lower longer-term inflation expectations; lower term premiums Fed economists recently updated their quantitative assessments of the FOMC's minutes. The note provides a guide (Table 1 in the Fed paper3 and Tables 1 and 2 below) to the number of quantitative descriptors in the minutes (one, a couple, a few, etc.). We use this rubric to assess the committee's latest views on the yield curve and inflation. Table 1FOMC Assessment Of The Yield Curve Table 2FOMC Assessment Of Inflation In short, the FOMC acknowledged the flatter curve and only a minority of members discounted the signal from the curve. Moreover, a majority thought that a tighter labor market would lead to higher inflation. Only one participant held the view that secular trends were muting inflation. Bottom Line: BCA expects the Fed to deliver 3 to 4 rate hikes in 2018, which is still not fully priced in by the market. Investors should maintain below-benchmark duration in fixed income portfolios. Asset allocators should remain overweight stocks versus bonds. Growth is strong and the yield curve is not inverted yet. Therefore, it is still early to de-risk portfolios. Is Economic Surprise Peaking? The Citigroup (Citi) Economic Surprise Index is elevated relative to its recent history, but it may have further to run. Economic prospects were cheery following the 2016 presidential election and the economic data exceeded those lofty projections, aided by a warmer than usual winter. However, the temperate conditions borrowed activity from the spring, which was cooler and wetter than normal, and the combination of lofty expectations and seasonal distortions sent the Citi Economic Surprise Index spiraling lower through mid-year 2017. Since its bottom in June 2017 at -78.6%, the index climbed for 135 days before its peak in late December 2017 (Chart 6, panel 1). On average since 2010, the Citi Index moved from trough-to-peak in 96 days, which means the recent run-up was much longer than usual. However, that phenomenon may have been due to the raised economic expectations and variable weather patterns at the start of 2017. Chart 6Economic Surprise Index Has Surged, But Expectations Remain Muted At 80.7%, the Index has been above zero for 68 days (Chart 6, panel 1). It typically takes 46 days for it to climb from zero to its zenith. Table 3 shows the performance of financial markets and other assets after the Index moves from zero to the peak. The most recent episode (October through December 2017) matched historical averages across most asset classes, although the underperformance of small caps versus large ran counter to the past as the Surprise Index climbed from zero. Table 3Risk Assets Perform Well As Surprise Index Climbs Since 2010, the Index has stayed above 40 for an average of 51 days (Chart 6, panel 1). The Index has been over 40 since November 16, 2017, or 35 days. This suggests that it can remain elevated for another month or so before it again moves lower. However, the Index is mean reverting and investors wonder what will happen to risk assets after economic surprise rolls over. Table 4 and Chart 7 shows the performance of key financial markets and commodities when the Citi Index returned to zero from 40-plus. There have been six such intervals since 2010. On average, gold and oil perform well as the surprise index dips to zero. Stocks and credit outperform Treasuries during these episodes, and small caps beat large caps. Rising economic surprise (Table 3) is a more favorable environment for stocks, credit and oil than when the surprise index is rolling over. However, the performance of gold and small caps is better after the Citi Surprise Index peaks (Table 4). Table 4Risk Assets Hold Up When Citi Surprise Index Rolls Over Chart 7U.S. Assets As Economic Surprise Rolls Over Nonetheless, muted economic expectations will limit the downside in the Index in the coming months. Panel 3 of Chart 6 shows that the outlook for both hard and soft economic data remained muted through the end of November 2017, especially when compared with the significant improvement in economic prospects in late 2016 and early 2017. Bottom Line: Risk assets outperformed as the Citi Economic Surprise Index climbed in the second half of 2017. The Index can stay near recent peaks for several more months thanks to subdued economic forecasts, but it will roll over eventually. However, the elevated level of the Index suggests that there are near-term risks for equities and credit because a lot of good economic news is already priced in. Still, we recommend that investors ride out the volatility given our view that stocks will outperform bonds in the next 6-12 months. John Canally, CFA, Senior Vice President U.S. Investment Strategy johnc@bcaresearch.com 1 Please see BCA Research's U.S. Investment Strategy Weekly Report "The Bucket List", published December 18, 2017. Available at usis.bcaresearch.com. 2 https://www.federalreserve.gov/monetarypolicy/fomcminutes20171213.htm 3 https://www.federalreserve.gov/econres/notes/feds-notes/the-fomc-meeting-minutes-an-update-of-counting-words-20170803.htm
