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Highlights Portfolio Strategy Small cracks are forming in the labor market according to the ISM manufacturing, ISM services and NFIB surveys, and if the Fed goes ahead and cuts interest rates in half in the coming year as the bond market currently forecasts, then a recession would be a foregone conclusion. Stay cautious on the prospects of the broad equity market. The budding recovery in the 10-year UST yield, a rising Citi Economic Surprise Index (CESI) into positive territory, improving profit prospects and alluring valuations suggest that the recent financials sector outperformance has more legs. Healthy credit growth, still pristine credit quality and early signs of a recovery in the price of credit all signal that an overweight stance is warranted in the S&P banks index.  Recent Changes Last Wednesday we removed the S&P software index from the high-conviction overweight list for a 10% gain. Last Wednesday we removed the large cap size bias from the high-conviction list for a 9% gain. Table 1 Feature The SPX built on recent gains last week, but failed to surpass the July highs. Beneath the surface, some big sector shifts are taking place, but it is still early to declare a definitive change in trend. Dormant value stocks have awaken and are riding a high at the expense of growth and momentum names, on the back of a selloff in the bond market (Chart 1). Similarly, small cap stocks have a pulse, and started to outshine large caps. Even in a red SPX day, small cap indexes managed to close in the black (Chart 1). As a reminder with regard to our portfolio, last Wednesday we obeyed our S&P software stop and removed it from the high-conviction call list for a 10% gain, and simultaneously booked gains in the tactical large cap bias and removed it from the high-conviction call list (Chart 1). In both cases our shorter-term confidence was taken down a notch, and we intend to obey our cyclical trailing stops in both positions in order to protect gains for our portfolio (for additional details please refer to the Daily Sector Insights available here and here). Following up from last week’s ISM-related analysis, we turn our attention to the labor market that is beginning to reveal some minor cracks. While the ISM debate has centered around the steep divergences between services and manufacturing on the headline number and the new orders subcomponents, the labor components have gone nearly unnoticed. Chart 1Healthy Rotation Worrisomely on the employment front, the surveys are in agreement (second panel, Chart 2), warning that the labor market will have trouble standing on its own two feet. This is a bearish backdrop for the broad equity market (third panel, Chart 2). Tack on the latest NFIB survey, and the news gets grimmer. Chart 3 shows that an equally-weighted index of small business job openings and hiring plans is quickly losing momentum. Given that roughly 2/3 of job creation originates in small and medium businesses, non-farm payroll growth will likely continue to lose steam in the coming months (Chart 3). Chart 2Labor Market… Chart 3…Yellow Flags This week, we update an early cyclical sector and one of its key subcomponents. Finally, the still sinking stock-to-bond ratio corroborates the ISM and NFIB surveys’ messages. Crudely put, the longer that bonds outperform stocks, the higher the chances that employment will suffer a severe setback (Chart 4). Chart 4Last Man Standing Granted, the labor market is a lagging indicator and typically one of the last, if not the last, shoes to drop on the eve of recession. With regard to recession, a simple thought experiment is in order. If we assume the bond market’s forecast for another 100bps of fed funds rate (FFR) cuts in the coming year as accurate, then the FFR will fall to 1.25%. This Fed policy easing will represent a 44% fall in the FFR on a year-over-year basis. Since the late 1960s recession there have not been any mid-cycle slowdowns that the Fed has engineered by clipping the FFR in half (Chart 5). Put differently, when the Fed is compelled to cut interest rates so deeply in every iteration we examined a recession followed suit. Chart 5When The Fed Funds Rate Gets Halved, Recession Is The Reason In sum, small cracks are forming in the labor market according to the ISM manufacturing, ISM services and NFIB surveys and if the Fed goes ahead and cuts interest rates in half in the coming year, as the bond market currently forecasts, then a recession would be a foregone conclusion. Stay cautious on the prospects of the broad equity market. This week, we update an early cyclical sector and one of its key subcomponents. Stick With Financials… The 45bps rise in the 10-year U.S. Treasury (UST) yield over the past two weeks has breathed life back into the S&P financials sector, and for the time being we are sticking with an overweight recommendation. While it remains to be seen how sustainable the rise in yields will be, BCA's long-held view remains that the 10-year UST yield will sell off on a cyclical 9-12 time month horizon. If this is the case then financials stocks will lead the nascent sector rotation that commenced in late-August and outperform the SPX in the coming months (top panel, Chart 6). Foreign flows had put a solid bid under U.S. bonds and artificially suppressed yields and this is at the margin reversing. In addition, the market was hoping for a 50bps rate cut from the Fed in the September meeting further weighing on the UST yield, but now the odds of that happening are nil. Finally, the Citi Economic Surprise Index (CESI) has also come out of hibernation and spiked in positive territory, evidence that economic data estimates had hit rock bottom. This slingshot recovery in the CESI is tonic for financials stocks (bottom panel, Chart 6). On the earnings front, our profit growth model has kissed off the zero line. While financials sector EPS cannot grow indefinitely at a 30%/annum clip, the turn in our three-factor macro model is a positive development (second panel, Chart 7). Chart 6Moving In Lockstep With Rates Chart 7Unwarranted Extreme Bearishness Importantly, it stands in marked contrast to the sell side community. Analysts have been feverishly cutting EPS estimates for the sector, and now net earnings revisions have sunk to a level last hit during the great recession (middle panel, Chart 7). Similarly, relative 12-month and five-year forward profit growth forecasts are overly pessimistic. The upshot is that this lowered profit bar will be easy to surpass. With regard to shareholder friendly activities, while the overall share buyback frenzy has taken a breather, financials sector equity retirement is alive and kicking and on track to register the largest annual buyback since the short history of the data (second panel, Chart 8). If there is any sector with pent up buyback demand it is the financials sector that has been a net equity issuer until very recently still wrestling with equity dilution in the aftermath of the GFC. Adding it all up, the budding recovery in the 10-year UST yield, a rising CESI into positive territory, improving profit prospects and alluring valuations suggest that the recent financials sector outperformance has more legs. Dividend growth has been steady and in expansionary territory and the dividend payout ratio is far from waving any yellow flags. Moreover, financials yield 2.07% or 25bps higher than the 10-year UST yield and 17bps higher than the SPX, which is attractive for yield seeking investors (Chart 8). Moving on to relative valuations beyond the enticing relative dividend yield, relative price-to-book, relative forward P/E and our bombed out composite relative valuation indicator that collapsed to all-time lows suggest that financials are a screaming buy. Technicals remain oversold and also suggest that an overweight stance is warranted (Chart 9). Chart 8Pent-Up Demand For Shareholder Friendly Activities Chart 9Undervalued And Unloved Adding it all up, the budding recovery in the 10-year UST yield, a rising CESI into positive territory, improving profit prospects and alluring valuations suggest that the recent financials sector outperformance has more legs. Bottom Line: Stay overweight the S&P financials sector, that is compellingly valued, under-owned, and with promising profit prospects. … And Banks For A While Longer Banks stocks troughed in mid-August, sniffing out a sell-off in the bond market, and we continue to recommend an above benchmark allocation in the S&P banks index. This is a global phenomenon as even the ultimate global value group, Eurozone bank equities, bottomed out on August 15 alongside their U.S. peers. While the broad financials index is levered to interest rate movements, banks – that comprise roughly 42% of the S&P financials sector – are hyper-sensitive to changes in the risk-free asset. Thus, the recent jack up in interest rates represents a profit-augmenting opportunity for this early cyclical subgroup (Chart 10) Beyond the rising price of credit, credit growth is another key industry profit driver. Our bank loan models have crested, but are still expanding at a healthy clip (second and bottom panels, Chart 11). As long as they manage to remain above the zero line, they will prove a boon to bank earnings. Specifically on the consumer front, sky high consumer confidence coupled with rising wage inflation signal that consumer credit growth prospects remain upbeat (Chart 11). Chart 10Rising Rates=Buy Banks Importantly, the latest Fed Senior Loan Officer Survey painted a bright picture on both the demand and supply of credit. In more detail, bankers reported that a rising number of credit categories reversed course and demand for loans slingshot higher, likely as a delayed consequence of the dramatic fall in interest rates since last November (bottom panel, Chart 12). Chart 11Loan Growth… Chart 12…Prospects Are Firming Encouragingly, bank officers also reported that they were willing extenders of credit. Our in-house calculated overall gauge of loan tightening standards fell compared with last quarter, signaling that at the margin it is easier to get a loan (middle panel, Chart 12). Netting it all out, early signs of a recovery in the price of credit, healthy credit growth and still pristine credit quality signal that an overweight stance is warranted in the S&P banks index.  Finally, credit quality, the third key bank profit driver, is also emitting a positive signal. While a few loan categories have deteriorated recently in absolute terms, as percentage of loans outstanding, credit quality remains pristine (Chart 13). The upshot is that this credit quality backdrop combined with a jump in bank return-on-equity to low double digits, should serve as catalysts to unlock excellent value (third & bottom panel, Chart 13). Nevertheless, there are two risks worth close monitoring. First, parts of the yield curve inverted last December and more recently the 10/2 yield curve slope inverted warning that the path of least resistance is lower for bank net interest margins (NIMs, middle panel, Chart 14). Chart 13Pristine Credit Quality Is A Catalyst To Unlock Excellent Value Chart 14Two Risks To monitor Second, the ISM manufacturing survey fell below the boom/bust line in August for the first time since the late-2015/early-2016 manufacturing recession (bottom panel, Chart 14). Given that C&I loans are the largest loan category on the asset side of bank balance sheets, the current manufacturing recession may hurt bank profitability in two distinct ways. Not only C&I credit quality will worsen as the risk of defaults rises, but also C&I loan growth may take the back seat and weigh on bank profit growth prospects. Netting it all out, early signs of a recovery in the price of credit, healthy credit growth and still pristine credit quality signal that an overweight stance is warranted in the S&P banks index.  Bottom Line: Continue to overweight the S&P banks index, but keep it on the downgrade watch list, acknowledging the yield curve-related potential decline in NIMs and manufacturing recession-related C&I loan growth risks. The ticker symbols for the stocks in this index are: BLBG: S5BANKX – WFC, JPM, BAC, C, USB, PNC, BBT, STI, MTB, FITB, CFG, RF, KEY, HBAN, CMA, ZION, PBCT, SIVB, FRC.   Anastasios Avgeriou, U.S. Equity Strategist anastasios@bcaresearch.com   Current Recommendations Current Trades Size And Style Views Stay neutral cyclicals over defensives   (downgrade alert) Favor value over growth Favor large over small caps (Stop 10%)

Highlights The ECB loaded a bazooka, and core Eurozone yields rose: The ECB surprised dovishly last Thursday, and European bond yields duly fell … for an hour. Then they began to back up as fast as they fell, and when Friday’s trading ended, only Greek and Italian yields were lower than where they started. The market action supports our contention that things are not so bad, assuming the worst-case trade scenarios do not materialize: Underpinned by a robust labor market, the U.S. should have little trouble growing at a trend pace over the next twelve months. Meanwhile, the global economy may be in the process of turning. Reversals within the U.S. equity market have gotten a lot of attention so far this month, but it’s too early to claim that a broad factor inflection is underway: If global growth prospects have bottomed, defensive sectors’ outperformance is due to reverse, which will cause havoc for momentum strategies. It is premature to call for a value revival, however. Feature Maybe long Treasury yields aren’t going to zero after all. After bottoming just below 1.43% the day after Labor Day, the 10-year Treasury yield surged 45 basis points across eight sessions as of Friday’s lunchtime peak (Chart 1). The move has been enough to retrace better than three-fifths of its steep slide from mid-July to the beginning of September, but relative to the extended plunge from 3.24% that began last November, the bounce barely registers. Chart 1Up, Up And Away Chart 2Pulled Lower By Expected Rate Cuts... The takeaway is that it’s important to keep the moves in context. Just as the collapse in Treasury yields didn’t indicate that the U.S. economy was headed for an imminent recession, their modest, if rapid, recovery doesn’t indicate that all the dark clouds are gone from the horizon. From a purely domestic perspective, the 180-basis-point (“bps”) peak-to-trough decline in the 10-year Treasury yield unfolded nearly step-for-step with an equivalent decline in the expected fed funds rate twelve months out (Chart 2). Since a 1.25% target fed funds rate this time next year is incompatible with our view of the economy, we expect rates will move higher. The ECB committed itself to accommodation for longer than markets had expected; … Chart 3...And Other Sovereign Yields Chart 4Better Times Ahead? The Treasury market doesn’t exist in a vacuum, however. Yield moves in similarly-rated sovereign bonds have an effect on Treasuries, and declines in European sovereign yields have exerted a gravitational pull all year long (Chart 3). The backup in yields that followed the ECB’s dovish surprise on Thursday suggests that Eurozone sovereign bond markets may have bought the rumor and sold the news. If global growth is in the process of bottoming, as global leading indicators suggest, falling yields would run counter to the fundamental backdrop (Chart 4). You May Fire When Ready, Draghi To judge by the spate of columns urging helicopter-style accommodation measures, the expectations bar for the European Central Bank’s long-awaited September meeting had been set pretty high. The cut in the ECB’s deposit facility rate to -0.5% from -0.4%, with provisions to mitigate the pressure negative rates exert on banks, was in line with the market consensus, as was a resumption of quantitative easing. Investors did not foresee that the ECB would embark on open-ended bond purchases, however, a plan quickly labeled “QE Infinity.” The ECB also dumped its no-hikes-before-mid-2020 guidance – now it won’t move until the inflation outlook “robustly” moves toward its 2% target – and lengthened the maturities on TLTRO loans while lowering their rates.1 The surprise indicated that the ECB is taking the slowdown seriously, at home (most evident in Germany, which is flirting with recession after a quarter-over-quarter GDP contraction) and abroad. It is premature to declare the action a flop, as headline writers were quick to do, citing the evanescent decline in core bond yields and the euro, because QE impacts are subject to several factors. Sovereign yields can rise on QE announcements if markets judge the impact of relaxed inflation vigilance will outweigh the impact of the entry of a new, price-insensitive buyer to the marketplace. As long as real yields fall, the central bank will have achieved its goal. … if it develops that the incremental accommodation wasn’t necessary, equities and spread product should reap the benefits. U.S. investors are mostly concerned with the impact on global markets and the global economy. Even if nominal sovereign yields have bottomed and competitive devaluation has neutered the currency channel, incremental easing should boost risk assets’ prospects, via pushing incumbent sovereign holders into spread product (the portfolio balance effect), promoting business and consumer confidence, incentivizing bank lending, and nudging other central banks (like Denmark’s, which immediately cut its policy rate in response) to ease monetary conditions themselves (Figure 1). On those counts, we view the ECB’s surprise as modestly improving the prospects for risk assets. TINA is alive and well. Figure 1Monetary Policy And The Economy The Employment Situation We have repeatedly cited the robustness of the labor market as a reason for not giving up on the U.S. economy, or equities and spread product. If expanding payrolls and increasing compensation can keep consumption growing at just a 2% clip, the probability of a U.S. recession, and of an equity bear market and a new default cycle, is fairly slim. If the labor market isn’t as strong as we’ve judged, more defensive portfolio positioning may be in order. Since the beginning of the second quarter, the monthly employment situation reports have revealed a slowing in hiring activity, halting the quickening that stretched from last year through the end of the first quarter (Chart 5). The slowing trend is less concerning than it might appear to be on its face. The current expansion, 122 months old and counting, is the longest on record, and now that it has already drawn considerable numbers of people back into the labor force and back to work, it has become increasingly difficult to find and attract new workers. Even the current monthly pace of job gains, 156,000 over the last three months, still puts downward pressure on the unemployment rate, as it takes less than 110,000 new jobs to maintain the status quo. With net job gains outpacing new entrants into the labor force, wages should rise. Average hourly earnings rose 3.2% in August on a year-over-year basis, though the 0.4% month-over-month gain suggests they may be about to challenge the top end of the tight 3.1-3.2% range that’s prevailed all year. Investors’ and economists’ patience with the Phillips Curve is increasingly wearing thin, as they wait for the decline in the unemployment rate to show up in wage gains, but we consider the underlying supply-demand relationship to be immutable. The prime-age employment-to-population ratio hit an 11-year high in August, and is solidly back in the middle of the range that has prevailed over the 30 years that female participation gains have stabilized (Chart 6). Chart 5Slower Payroll Gains... Chart 6...Will Still Tighten The Labor Market Chart 7The Unkinked Phillips Curve The prime-age employment-to-population ratio is an important measure for the Phillips Curve because it exhibits a consistent linear relationship with wage gains. The fit between the non-employment-to-population ratio (1 minus the employment-to-population ratio) and the employment cost index (Chart 7, top panel) is a little tighter than the fit with average hourly earnings (Chart 7, bottom panel), but both regression equations project an annual increase in wages of 3.3% at the current 20% (1-80%) level, and a 7-bps gain for every 20-bps decline in the prime-age non-employment-to-population ratio. Given that our payrolls model projects a pickup in the pace of hiring (Chart 8, top panel), and the quits rate just moved off of its extended plateau (Chart 9), upward pressure on wages will continue to build.   Chart 8Demand For Workers Is Still Solid Chart 9Movin' On Up Bottom Line: Payroll gains are slowing, but they remain robust enough to push the key prime-age employment-to-population ratio higher, and exert upward pressure on wages.   Factor Rotation Chart 10Momentum Hits The Wall,... Reversals within the U.S. equity market have been drawing increasing amounts of attention, as momentum stocks have hit a wall while long-suffering value stocks have begun to peel themselves off the canvas (Chart 10). We can easily see a scenario in which the momentum factor has a very difficult time, if relative performance shifts from defensive sectors to cyclical sectors as investors begin to perceive that they have been overly pessimistic about the domestic and global business cycle, and cease to hide in bond proxies like Utilities and REITs. Given the defensives’ run of outperformance over the last year, momentum indexes disproportionately favor them over cyclicals. The S&P 500, MidCap 400 and SmallCap 600 Momentum Indexes all show a pronounced defensives bias, with Health Care, Utilities and Real Estate all commanding double their baseline weight in at least one index (Table 1), making S&P’s momentum indexes vulnerable to a defensives-to-cyclicals rotation. Table 1The Dullest Stocks Have Been The Hottest Over the last three years, we have thought a lot about the value factor, asking how it should be defined, which financial statement metrics indicate its presence, and the business and monetary policy cycle backdrops that are most conducive to its outperformance. Low-priced stocks have been in a punishing extended slump versus high-priced stocks since early 2007 (Chart 11), and we think they have yet to bottom. The recent value stock rally has been a function of higher 10-year Treasury yields, and banks’ (which account for an outsized share of popular value benchmarks) recent tendency to trade in lockstep with them. We do not think a two-week backup in yields is the stuff that a genuine value factor inflection point is made of. Chart 11...But The Value Factor Has Yet To Turn A detailed explanation of our rationale is beyond the scope of this report,2 but the following points summarize our take: The value factor has gotten killed since the crisis, but we doubt that it’s dead. Value has historically treaded water during bull markets, and shined in bear markets. The fed funds rate cycle is the best predictor of value’s relative performance. Value has historically crushed the overall market when monetary policy is restrictive. The most popular style indexes have barely any factor merit. The S&P 500’s Growth and Value indexes are little more than Tech and Financials proxies. Value will shine again, but not until monetary policy is restrictive. If the Fed doesn’t hike the fed funds rate above the equilibrium fed funds rate until 2021, value investors will have to gut out another year-plus of underperformance. Bottom Line: The momentum factor could suffer in the near term if cyclicals reassert primacy over formerly hot defensives. The value factor’s fortunes will not turn for at least another year. Investment Implications We understand the discomfort of investors who feel like ZIRP, NIRP and QE have obliterated normal investing relationships. Disorienting as it has been to see nominal Treasury returns shrivel, the rising tide of negative-yielding bonds is like a surreal detail from a David Lynch movie. The investment world has indeed turned upside-down when investors buy bonds for capital gains to offset the interest they have to pay for the privilege of lending. Austrian School advocates are surely not the only dearly departed investing veterans rolling in their graves. It’s not the environment we wanted, but it’s the environment we got, so we’re going to buck up and do our best to squeeze excess returns out of it. We have to invest in the markets we have, however, not the markets we want. It does neither ourselves nor our clients any good to throw up our hands, bitterly lament our fate and wish ill upon the exponents of the activist, ultra-accommodative approach to central banking that is now in fashion. Some old relationships still apply, and the combination of a quietly improving global economic backdrop with incremental monetary accommodation everywhere one turns is good for risk assets. We continue to recommend that investors resist the urge to get defensive before the excess-return window closes for this cycle. We are not advocating that investors let their guard down, and assume that central banks will be able to keep the plates spinning indefinitely. They will not – monetary interventions are a poor substitute for organic growth in productivity or the size of the working-age population, and so are inefficiently directed fiscal spending programs – but we bet they can through the next quarterly or annual period over which an institutional manager is going to be evaluated. The upshot is that investors should remain especially vigilant for signs of trouble, and be prepared to act more tactically than normal to adjust their portfolios, but shouldn’t de-risk them yet, lest they miss the last of the fat-year returns they’ll need to tide themselves over during the coming lean years.   Doug Peta, CFA Chief U.S. Investment Strategist dougp@bcaresearch.com   Footnotes 1 Targeted longer-term refinancing operations (TLTROs) are ECB loans to banks intended to encourage lending to households and non-financial corporations. 2 Interested readers should see the May 16, 2018 Global ETF Strategy/Equity Trading Strategy Special Report, “Smart-Beta ETF Selection Update – Is Value Still Worth It?,” the October 2018 Bank Credit Analyst Special Report, “Is It Time To Buy Value Stocks?,” and the October 2, 2018 U.S. Investment Strategy Special Report, “When Will Value Work Again?,” available at etf.bcaresearch.com, www.bcaresearch.com and usis.bcaresearch.com, respectively.

Underweight Base metal prices are a real time indicator of the wellness of the S&P materials sector. Currently, base metals are deflating both on the back of a firming U.S. dollar and contracting global manufacturing. Such a commodity price backdrop is dampening prospects for a profit-led materials sector relative share price recovery (top & middle panels). The materials exports outlook is also darkening. The appreciating U.S. dollar renders materials related exports uncompetitive in international markets leading to market share losses. In addition, the latest ISM export order subcomponent plunged to multi-year lows reflecting trade war pessimism and falling global end-demand. The implication is that the export relief valve is closed for materials equities (bottom panel). Bottom Line: We downgraded the S&P materials sector to underweight this past Monday via trimming the global gold miners index to neutral. Please refer to the most recent Weekly Report for more details.

Highlights We remain bullish on global equities and spread product but acknowledge a variety of risks to our thesis. One such risk involves a scenario where a weaker U.S. economy hurts President Trump’s re-election prospects, causing investors to price in an Elizabeth Warren victory. According to the betting markets, she is the current front-runner for the Democratic nomination. A Warren presidency would likely be bad news for drug makers and health care insurers, defense contractors, banks, oil and gas companies (especially frackers), and tech stocks. Infrastructure and home builder stocks would probably benefit at the margin. Despite these risks, equity investors can take comfort in the following: 1) Global growth should strengthen, thanks in part to easier monetary policies; 2) China will be more keen to cut a trade deal with Trump if Warren looks like she will become the Democratic nominee; and 3) A Warren victory is less likely to translate into a Democratic takeover of the Senate than, say, a Biden victory. Feature The Warren Factor We remain bullish on global equities and other risk assets but continue to be on the lookout for evidence of any scenario that could undermine our thesis. One particular risk, which we explore in this week’s report, is the possibility that a weaker U.S. economy further undermines Donald Trump’s poll numbers, thus raising the odds that Democratic Senator Elizabeth Warren wins the White House next year. Presidential approval ratings tend to correlate well with the state of the economy (Chart 1). Since 1952, no sitting president has lost an election when unemployment has been falling except for Gerald Ford in the wake of Nixon’s scandal and unprecedented resignation. In contrast, two presidents (Jimmy Carter and George H.W. Bush) have lost against the backdrop of rising unemployment. Chart 1Incumbents Fare Better When The Economy Is Doing Well President Trump’s approval ratings are quite poor given how low unemployment is these days. His perceived handling of the economy is the only area where he has continued to poll relatively well (Chart 2). If he were to lose his standing on this issue, his re-election prospects would deteriorate substantially. Chart 2Trump Gets Reasonably High Marks On His Handling Of The Economy, But Not Much Else Among the Democratic contenders, Elizabeth Warren is currently running behind Joe Biden in the polls, but bests Biden in online betting markets such as PredictIt (Chart 3). It is not clear if Warren’s standing in the betting markets is a statistical anomaly or truly reflects the “wisdom of the crowds.” Warren tends to poll best among better-educated voters – the sort who are more likely to use betting markets. Like Andrew Yang, who PredictIt gives a rather dubious 12% chance of winning the Democratic nomination (above the 11% garnered by Kamala Harris), Warren’s prospects may be inflated by the composition of the betting pool. That said, Warren is benefiting from a deep-seated shift to the left in political preferences among Democratic primary voters, as BCA’s Geopolitical Strategy recently observed in a report entitled “American Politics Warrants Near-Term Caution.1” Chart 4 shows that the share of Democrats who identify as “liberal” has more than doubled since the mid-1990s at the expense of those who identify as “moderate” or “conservative.” The “Great Awokening” is transforming the Democratic Party into a much more radical force than it was under Bill Clinton or even, for that matter, under Barack Obama.2 Chart 3Who Will Win The 2020 Democratic Nomination? Chart 4Democratic Party Shifting To The Left   Soak The Rich If Donald Trump was the right’s answer to populism, Warren, along with fellow traveler Bernie Sanders, is the left’s embodiment of the populist spirit. Not only has Warren pledged to raise the federal minimum wage to $15/hour, she has promised to roll back Trump’s corporate tax cuts. If that were not enough, she has also touted a 2% annual wealth tax on households with a net worth in excess of $50 million (rising to 3% for those with a net worth above $1 billon). Her team claims the wealth tax would bring in $2.75 trillion over a 10-year period (roughly 1% of GDP).3 It would help finance free universal health care coverage, fund a “Green New Deal,” and pay off most student loans. A Different Type Of Protectionist While Warren holds fairly protectionist views on international trade, they are qualitatively different from Trump's vision. Whereas Donald Trump has focused his efforts on reducing America’s bilateral trade deficits with other economies, Warren has concentrated on “social justice” issues. In the first few decades following World War II, trade agreements strove to cut tariffs and other overt trade barriers. Once this had been largely achieved, negotiations began to focus on fostering what trade economist Robert Lawrence has called “deep integration.” This involved harmonizing tax and regulatory policies across countries, strengthening intellectual property rules, and so on. Warren and other critics on the left have complained that this newfound emphasis of trade policy has helped multinational companies at the expense of ordinary workers. She has espoused creating prerequisites for all future trade agreements, including stronger protections for human rights, collective-bargaining, and environmental standards. Such preconditions would make it difficult for many countries, China included, to reach a deal with the U.S. on trade. What Warren Means For Investors Regardless of what one thinks about the overall merits of Elizabeth Warren’s political agenda, it is reasonable to conclude that equity investors would suffer if most of her preferred policies were implemented. In fact, as we were writing this report, Warren retweeted a CNBC story entitled “Wall Street executives are fearful of an Elizabeth Warren presidency” with a trollish comment saying “I’m Elizabeth Warren and I approve this message.”4 Box 1 reviews the impact of a Warren victory on various industries. Briefly stated, a Warren presidency would likely be bad news for drug makers and health care insurers, defense contractors, banks, oil and gas companies (especially frackers), and tech stocks. Infrastructure and home builder stocks would probably benefit at the margin. BOX 1 Elizabeth Warren’s Impact On U.S. Equity Sectors Negative Health care: Favors eliminating private health insurance; Backs price controls on pharmaceuticals; Advocates creating a government-owned pharmaceutical manufacturer to mass-produce generic drugs. Banks: Supports making it easier for individuals to file for bankruptcy; Would restore Glass-Steagall, effectively reversing some the mergers that took place during the financial crisis; Favors making private equity firms responsible for the debts of the companies they purchase as well as for some of their pension obligations. Defense: Has called for a smaller defense budget and promised to end “the stranglehold of … the so-called Big Five defense contractors.” Energy: Pledged to sign an executive order on her first day in office placing a complete moratorium on all new fossil fuel leases for offshore drilling and on public lands; Favors banning fracking everywhere and supports the introduction of a cross-border carbon tax. Tech: Anti-trust efforts are likely to be increased under a Warren administration. She has singled out Amazon, Facebook, and Google as companies she believes should be broken up. She recently added Apple to the list, citing her belief that the Apple app store unfairly gives an edge to Apple products. Marginally Positive Infrastructure: Infrastructure stocks (except for nuclear) would probably benefit from a Warren victory due to increased public-sector investment spending. Home builders: Home builders could gain from stepped-up efforts to expand home ownership. Warren is also in favor of decriminalizing illegal immigration which, despite her ostensible efforts to help blue collar workers, could dampen wage pressures in the construction sector. Despite these clear downside risks, we would dissuade investors from turning bearish on stocks right now. There are a few reasons for this. Global Growth Should Rebound Chart 5Easier Financial Conditions Will Boost Global Growth First and foremost, global growth is likely to stabilize over the coming months and rebound into yearend. Global financial conditions have loosened significantly, thanks in part to easier central bank policy (with the ECB’s rate cut and QE announcement this week being just the latest example). Looser financial conditions are positive for growth prospects (Chart 5). Manufacturing activity has been held back by weakness in the auto sector (Chart 6). Judging by the outperformance of auto stocks since mid-August (Chart 7), the auto recession may be coming to an end (we have been recommending global auto stocks since August 29). Chart 6Auto Sector: The Culprit Behind The Manufacturing Slowdown Chart 7Global Auto Manufacturers: Better Times Ahead?     In the U.S., the economic surprise index has jumped firmly into positive territory (Chart 8). Real consumer spending is on track to rise by a sturdy 3.1% in Q3, according to the Atlanta Fed’s GDPNow model, following a blockbuster 4.7% reading in Q2. Given the decline in mortgage rates over the past few months, residential investment should also recover later this year (Chart 9).       Chart 8U.S. Data Has Begun To Surprise On The Upside Chart 9Lower Mortgage Rates Bode Well For Housing Trump, Warren, And Trade The trade war represents the biggest risk to our sanguine outlook on global growth. Now that Trump has proven his credentials as “Tariff Man,” he has to prove that he is the “Master Negotiator” he claimed to be on the campaign trail. This means getting a deal done with China. As we saw with the revised NAFTA agreement, the new deal does not need to be radically different from the status quo for Trump to sell it as a game changer, and a 'win' for the American people. Trump’s decision to delay the October 1st tariff hikes by two weeks, following China’s announcement that it will waive tariffs on some U.S. imports, certainly moves things in the right direction. As we go to press, conflicting media reports are circulating that Trump is considering an interim trade deal that would delay and possibly roll back some U.S. tariffs in exchange for commitments from China to purchase more U.S. agricultural goods and better enforce intellectual property rights.5 If such an agreement materializes, it would be very much consistent with our expectation of a de-escalation in the trade war as the election approaches. How Warren’s ascent could alter the trade war calculus is unclear. On the one hand, given her own protectionist leanings, Trump may be reluctant to cede any ground to her by further softening his stance towards China. On the other hand, the Chinese are more likely to cut a deal with Trump if Biden’s star continues to fade, thus making it easier for Trump to secure an agreement. From China’s perspective, better the devil you know than the devil you don’t. On balance, we lean towards the latter theory, although much will depend on how the ongoing trade negotiations unfold. Trump Prefers Warren What does seem certain is that Trump’s re-election prospects are better if Warren gets the nomination than if Biden does. In head-to-head matchups against Trump, Biden outperforms Warren in the country as a whole, as well as in individual swing states (Chart 10). Chart 10Biden's Chances Of Beating Trump Are Better Than Warren’s Even if Warren did become the nominee and went on to beat Trump, her margin of victory would be slimmer than Biden’s. This implies that she would have a smaller chance of bringing over the Senate to the Democratic side. Without Democratic control of the senate, the Republicans will thwart much of her agenda and many of the pro-business policies they have enacted will remain on the books. Investment Conclusions When it comes to investing, there is no shortage of risks to worry about. One way of benchmarking the degree to which stocks are discounting these risks is by estimating the equity risk premium. Today, equity risk premia remain fairly elevated, especially outside the United States (Chart 11). Chart 11AEquity Risk Premia Remain Quite High (I) Chart 11BEquity Risk Premia Remain Quite High (II)   One can see this point by calculating how much various stock market indices would need to fall over, say, the next ten years for stocks to underperform bonds. Even if one were to assume that nominal dividend payments per share do not rise at all over the next decade, U.S. equities would still need to decline by more than 18% in real terms for stocks to underperform bonds. Japanese stocks would need to fall by 28%. Euro area stocks would need to drop by 41%. U.K. stocks would need to tumble by almost 60%! (Chart 12). Chart 12AStocks Need To Fall By A Considerable Amount For Bonds To Outperform Over A 10-Year Horizon (I) Chart 12BStocks Need To Fall By A Considerable Amount For Bonds To Outperform Over A 10-Year Horizon (II)   To be sure, much of the relative attractiveness of stocks is a function of how low real yields are. In absolute terms, global equities are poised to deliver long-term real returns on par with their historic average. U.S. stocks should generate returns that are somewhat below their historic average given that they trade at premium to their global peers. Valuations are mainly useful for gauging the long-term outlook for assets. Over a horizon of around 12 months, cyclical factors are the dominant drivers of both stocks and bonds (Chart 13). The rebound in government bond yields since last Thursday has erased most of the extreme overbought conditions that prevailed in fixed-income markets. Nevertheless, as we highlighted in last week’s report entitled “Bond Yields Have Hit Bottom,” yields should move higher over the coming months as global growth picks up and inflation eventually rises.6 As a countercyclical currency, the dollar should also start to weaken later this year. The combination of stronger global growth and a weaker dollar will boost commodity prices, EM currencies and equities, and cyclical stocks. Industrials, materials, and energy stocks should all gain. Financials will also benefit from a modest resteepening of yield curves. Financials are overrepresented in value indices while tech is underrepresented. Indeed, a trade that is long the former while short the latter has tracked the value/growth split very closely (Chart 14). Value stocks are very cheap compared to growth stocks based on standard valuation measures such as price-to-earnings, price-to-book, and dividend yield. The outperformance of value stocks over the past few days versus both growth and momentum stocks is likely to continue. Chart 13Economic Growth Drives Stocks And Bonds Over 12-Month Horizons Chart 14Is Value Turning The Corner?   Peter Berezin, Chief Global Strategist Global Investment Strategy peterb@bcaresearch.com   Footnotes 1      Please see Geopolitical Strategy Weekly Report, “American Politics Warrants Near-Term Caution,” dated July 19, 2019. 2      Matthew Yglesias, “The Great Awokening,” Vox, April 1, 2019. 3      Please see Emmanuel Saez and Gabriel Zucman, January 18, 2019. 4      Elizabeth Warren, “I'm Elizabeth Warren and I approve this message,” Twitter, 10 September 2019, 2:39 pm. 5      Jenny Leonard and Shawn Donnan, “Trump Advisers Considering Interim China Deal to Delay Tariffs,” Bloomberg, September 12, 2019. 6      Please see Global Investment Strategy Weekly Report, “Bond Yields Have Hit Bottom,” September 6, 2019.     Strategy & Market Trends MacroQuant Model And Current Subjective Scores Strategic Recommendations Closed Trades

Highlights The lack of dollar liquidity has been a tailwind behind the dollar bull market. Going forward, an end to a contraction in the Federal Reserve’s balance sheet should help stem the global shortage of dollars. Outside of a few basket cases, there remains scant evidence that the shortage of dollars has begun to trigger widespread negative feedback loops, symptomatic of a funding crisis. If the global economy picks up steam, a deterioration in the U.S. current account and rising FX reserves will improve the dollar liquidity situation. A trade war remains the key risk to this view. For the remainder of the year, portfolio managers should focus on relative value trades on the crosses rather than outright dollar bets. The European Central Bank’s resumption of quantitative easing could be paradoxically bullish for the euro beyond the near term. For now, stay short the euro versus a basket of petro-currencies. Feature At the center of the global financial architecture is the U.S. dollar and the Federal Reserve. The process behind the creation of dollars is a simple one, which goes as follows: In order to stimulate the U.S. economy, the authorities pursue macroeconomic policies that tend to weaken the dollar, such as lowering rates and/or running a wider fiscal deficit. The central bank helps finance this fiscal deficit via expanding the monetary base (seignorage). The drop in rates causes the yield curve to steepen. This incentivizes banks to lend, which in turn boosts U.S. money supply. As the economy recovers, and demand for imports (machinery, commodities, consumer goods) rises, the current account deficit widens. As a reserve currency, the U.S. trade deficit is settled in dollars. This leads to a flow of greenbacks outside U.S. borders. Wary of losing competitiveness via a rising exchange rate, other central banks will purchase these dollars from the private sector in exchange for local currency. The rise in foreign exchange reserves can be reinvested back into Treasurys and held in custody at the Fed, meaning that the current account deficit (or capital account surplus) finances the budget deficit. Call this an exorbitant privilege. The key question is whether dollar liquidity will ease over the near term or the shortage will intensify. A few factors suggest the former.  The sum of the Fed’s custody holdings together with the U.S. monetary base constitutes the root of global dollar liquidity. Each time this measure has severely contracted, the reduction in dollars has triggered a blowup somewhere, typically among other countries running twin deficits (Chart I-1). For example, since the Global Financial Crisis, a fall in the growth of this measure below the critical zero line coincided with the European debt crisis, China’s slowdown, and more recently slowing global trade and a manufacturing recession. Importantly, the slowdown in global trade preceded escalation in trade tensions between the U.S. and China, meaning other endogenous factors were also at play. Lack of dollar liquidity was perhaps a factor. Chart I-1A Liquidity Squeeze Of Dollars Chart I-2The U.S. Budget Deficit Needs To Be Financed In the past, the Fed was quick to correct the situation:  most episodes when the U.S. current account deficit was shrinking, the domestic economy was on the cusp of a slowdown or recession. This time around, easy fiscal policy and a trade-hawkish President have allowed the Fed to ignore the liquidity crisis happening outside the U.S. Key to this is that the lines are now blurred between how much of the trade slowdown is tariff escalation, and how much is due to endogenous factors. As a result, the Fed no longer felt obliged to intervene for markets outside the U.S., especially if the U.S. domestic economy was faring well. A shrinking U.S. current account deficit is incompatible with a resolution to the dollar crisis, especially as the greenback remains the global reserve currency (Chart I-2). On the surface, this is dollar bullish. Meanwhile, our geopolitical strategists contend that the trade war is just a symptom of a much larger battle for hegemonic supremacy, which will last for many years to come. However, the key question is whether dollar liquidity will ease over the near term or the shortage will intensify. A few factors suggest the former. Balance Sheet, Current Account And Foreign Debt Chart I-3The Contraction In Custody Holdings Is Over The Fed’s tapering of asset purchases has been a net drain on global dollar liquidity. But that is slated to change. The Fed’s balance sheet peaked a nudge above US$4.5 trillion in early 2015 and has been falling since. This has triggered a severe contraction in the U.S. monetary base, and severely curtailed commercial banks’ excess reserves. The Federal Reserve’s custody holdings argue that this was a huge drag on international dollar liquidity, even worse than during the 2008 crisis (Chart I-3). The good news is that the Fed has ended the tapering of its balance sheet and has started cutting rates. This combination will improve dollar's liquidity going forward. Meanwhile, balance-of-payment dynamics are heading in the wrong direction. Over the next five years, the U.S. Congressional Budget Office (CBO) estimates that the U.S. budget deficit will swell to 4.8% of GDP. Assuming the current account deficit widens a bit and then stabilizes, this will pin the twin deficits at around 8% of GDP. This assumes no recession, which would have the potential to swell the deficit even further. Part of these deficits will need to be funded through money printing. One difference between now and the past is that over the last several years, the dollar has become expensive. The narrowing of the U.S. current account balance might therefore be over. The U.S. saw its twin deficits swell to almost 13% of GDP following the financial crisis. However, then the dollar was cheap and commodity currencies were overvalued, following a natural resource bust. One way to solve an overvaluation problem is to increase the supply of dollars. Dollar liquidity shortages tend to be vicious because they trigger negative feedback loops. As the velocity of international U.S. dollars rises, offshore dollar rates begin to rise, lifting the cost of capital for borrowing countries. Debt repayment replaces capital spending. Yet there is little evidence that a dollar shortage has been triggering this sort of negative feedback loop. U.S. dollar funding to external entities is growing by circa 4% a year and has slowed to a crawl among both developed and emerging markets (Chart I-4). Historically, this slowdown has been symptomatic of a funding crisis in EM. Yet this time around, there have been other forces at play: The growth in euro- and yen-denominated debt is exploding, which mirrors the gradual shift in the allocation of FX reserves away from dollars into other currencies. The growth in euro- and yen-denominated debt is exploding (Chart I-5). This is much smaller in outstanding amounts than U.S.-denominated debt, but mirrors the gradual shift in the allocation of FX reserves away from dollars into other currencies. If the U.S. has started to weaponize the U.S. dollar, foreign entities may have no other choice than to rally into other currency blocs, which may eventually entail the Chinese yuan. Chart I-4Growth In The Dollar Short Position Has Eased Chart I-5Lots Of Yen And Euro Debt ##br##Issuance The fall in the use of dollars gradually redistributes the “exhorbitant priviledge” of the U.S. currency. This alleviates the need for the U.S. to run a wider current account deficit (President Trump’s goal). This means lower growth in foreign exchange reserves could become the norm rather than the exception (Chart I-6). Historically, current account imbalances have been a major source of currency crises, meaning the system could actually be more stable. Chart I-6The Drop In FX Reserves Is Not Precarious The performance of some emerging market currency pairs will determine if the so-called funding crisis stays benign or becomes more malignant. Despite a deeper liquidity shortage than during the 2015-2016 crisis, most EM currency pairs are still trading within well-defined wedges and/or above critical thresholds (Chart I-7). Meanwhile, EM volatility remains much subdued – not symptomatic of a funding crisis (Chart I-8). Chart I-7EM Currency Pairs Remain Outside The Danger Zone Chart I-8EM FX Volatility##br## Is Low Bottom Line: One way to track if a dollar-funding crisis is becoming more acute is through the convenience yield, or cross-currency basis swap.1 This measures the difference in yield between an actual Treasury and a synthetic one trading in the offshore market. On this basis, it remains well below the panic levels observed in 2008, 2011 and 2015-2016, suggesting the dollar shortage is not as acute as back then (Chart I-9). Chart I-9The Convenience Yield For The Dollar Remains Low The ECB Bazooka Chart I-10Relative R-Star* In The Eurozone Could Rebound The ECB provided the stimulus the market wanted: they cut rates 10 basis points, offered a tiered system for their marginal deposit facility, and are starting an open-ended QE program at €20 billion a month in November. Yet the euro bounced. Our bias is that European rates were already well below equilibrium compared to the U.S., and the ECB’s dovish shift will help further lift the euro area’s growth potential (Chart I-10). If a central bank eases financing conditions at a time when growth is hitting a nadir, it is hardly bearish for the currency. Since the introduction of the euro, most of the economic imbalances from the region have stemmed from the standard contradiction of a common currency regime. This has been that interest rates have always been too low for one nation, while expensive for others. As such, the euro has typically been caught in a tug-of-war between a rising equilibrium rate of interest for one country, but a very low neutral rate for others.2 In the early 2000s, Spanish and Irish long-term rates were too low, and the reverse was true for Germany. The result was a massive boom in Spanish real estate, the accumulation of debt and buildup of major imbalances. Once bond vigilantes started punishing the periphery for their sins after the Great Recession, Germany found itself with rates that were too low relative to its newly reformed economy, while the periphery deflated. Capital spending in the peripheral countries has been rising faster than in core Europe, suggesting the spread between the cost of capital in these countries and the return on capital remains wide. The good news is this has not been the case for a few months now: 10-year government bond yields in France, Spain and even Portugal now sit at -24 basis points, 22 basis points and 24 basis points respectively, much below the neutral rate. This is severely easing financial conditions across the entire euro zone (Chart I-11). Chart I-11The Common-Currency Dilemma Solved There has been a reason behind the collapse in spreads, aside from a dovish ECB. Labor market reforms in Mediterranean Europe have seen unit labor costs in Greece, Ireland, Portugal and Spain collectively contract by almost 10%. This has effectively eliminated the competitiveness gap that had accumulated over the past two decades (Chart I-12). Italy remains saddled with a rigid and less productive workforce, but overall adjustments have still come a long way to closing a key fissure plaguing the common-currency area. The result is in the numbers. Capital spending in the peripheral countries has been rising faster than in core Europe, suggesting the spread between the cost of capital in these countries and the return on capital remains wide (Chart I-13). More rapid capital spending in the periphery is a key channel to close the productivity gap between member nations and lift the neutral rate of interest for the entire euro zone. Chart I-12The Competitiveness Gap Has Closed Chart I-13The Cost Of Capital Is Low In The Periphery The euro tends to be largely driven by pro-cyclical flows. Fortunately for investors, European equities, especially those in the periphery, remain unloved, given they are trading at some of the cheapest cyclically adjusted price-to-earnings multiples in the developed world. Analysts began revising up their earnings estimates for euro zone equities earlier this year. If they are right, this tends to firmly lead the euro by about nine to 12 months (Chart I-14).  Meanwhile, European bonds in hedged terms still remain very attractive (Table I-1). Chart I-14The Euro Might Soon Pop Table I-1Bond Markets Across The Developed World A key barometer to watch will be the performance of European banks. So far, they have avoided falling below the critical death zone (Chart I-15). We are awaiting further evidence that the global growth environment is becoming less precarious to place outright long euro bets. Stay tuned. Chart I-15Watch Eurozone Banks Chester Ntonifor, Foreign Exchange Strategist chestern@bcaresearch.com Footnotes 1 Arvind Krishnamurthy and Hanno Lustig, “Mind the Gap in Sovereign Debt Markets: The U.S. Treasury basis and the Dollar Risk Factor,” Stanford University, August 29, 2019. 2 Please see Foreign Exchange Strategy Weekly Report, titled “EUR/USD And The Neutral Rate of Interest,” dated June 14, 2019, available at fes.bcaresearch.com. Currencies U.S. Dollar Chart II-1USD Technicals 1 Chart II-2USD Technicals 2 Recent data in U.S. have been mostly positive: Starting with labor market, nominal average hourly earnings were little changed at 3.2% year-on-year in August, however real average hourly earnings yearly growth increased from 1.3% to 1.5% year-on-year. The unemployment rate was unchanged at 3.7%. Nonfarm payrolls increased by 130,000 in August, below expectations of 158,000. NFIB small business optimism index fell from 104.7 to 103.1 in August. Both headline and core PPI increased by 1.8% and 2.3% year-on-year in August. While headline inflation somewhat slowed to 1.7% year-on-year in August, core inflation came in strong at 2.4% year-on-year. DXY index appreciated initially by 0.6% post ECB, then soon plunged, ending -0.2% this week. BLS reported a large increase in temporary positions in the federal government, reflecting the preparation for the 2020 Census. Notable job gains also occurred in health care and finance, while mining lost jobs. During a Q&A session in Zurich last Friday, Powell noted that the outlook remains a favorable one despite global trade risks. The most likely scenario for the U.S. is continued moderate growth.  Report Links: Preserving Capital During Riot Points - September 6, 2019 Has The Currency Landscape Shifted? - August 16, 2019 USD/CNY And Market Turbulence - August 9, 2019 The Euro Chart II-3EUR Technicals 1 Chart II-4EUR Technicals 2 Recent data in the euro area have been mostly negative: GDP growth increased to 1.2% year-on-year in Q2, from a downwardly-revised 1.1% in the previous quarter. Sentix confidence came in at -11.1 in September, remaining in negative territory but higher than expected. Industrial production contracted by 2% year-on-year in July. EUR/USD fell by 0.9% post ECB meeting, followed by a quick rebound, gaining 0.3% in total this week. Mario Draghi’s last meeting as governor delivered another “bazooka.” The deposit facility rate was cut by 10 bps to a new low of -0.5%, and the ECB will restart QE at €20 billion monthly in November. It will also introduce a two-tiered system for interest rates. Report Links: Battle Of The Central Banks - June 21, 2019 EUR/USD And The Neutral Rate Of Interest - June 14, 2019 Take Out Some Insurance - May 3, 2019 Japanese Yen Chart II-5JPY Technicals 1 Chart II-6JPY Technicals 2 Recent data in Japan have been negative: Average cash earnings contracted by 0.3% year-on-year in July. Annualized GDP growth slowed from 1.8% to 1.3% quarter-on-quarter in Q2. The adjusted BoP current account balance narrowed to ¥1.65 trillion in July. The BoP trade balance shifted to a deficit of ¥74.5 billion. While the ECO watchers current index rebounded to 42.8 in August, the outlook component dropped to 39.1, the lowest since 2014. Preliminary machine tool orders kept contracting by 37.1% year-on-year in August. Core machinery orders yearly growth fell from 12.5% to 0.3% in July. PPI decreased by 0.9% year-on-year in August. USD/JPY increased by 1% this week. The outlook for Japan remains worrisome in anticipation of the scheduled consumption tax hike next month. Besides that, the relationship between Japan and South Korea is in the worst state in decades. Tourist arrivals between the two neighbors are both deteriorating. However, the BoJ remains out of policy bullets. This puts a floor under the safe-haven yen, until the BoJ acts. Report Links: Has The Currency Landscape Shifted? - August 16, 2019 Portfolio Tweaks Into Thin Summer Trading - July 5, 2019 Battle Of The Central Banks - June 21, 2019 British Pound Chart II-7GBP Technicals 1 Chart II-8GBP Technicals 2 Recent data in U.K. have been slightly improving: Manufacturing production grew by 0.3% month-on-month in July. On a year-on-year basis, it contracted by 0.6%, an improvement from the previous -1.4%. Industrial production contracted by 0.9% year-on-year in July, higher than the consensus of -1.1%. Total trade deficit (including EU) slightly increased to £0.22 billion in July. Trade deficit (non-EU) widened to £1.93 billion. ILO unemployment rate fell to 3.8% in July. Average earnings growth increased to 4% year-on-year in July. GBP/USD increased by 0.4% this week. We believe that the probability of a no-deal Brexit remains low, but for the time being, we are standing aside while waiting for the chaos to settle. Next week we will be publishing an update on the U.K. economy. Stay tuned. Report Links: Battle Of The Central Banks - June 21, 2019 A Contrarian View On The Australian Dollar - May 24, 2019 Take Out Some Insurance - May 3, 2019 Australian Dollar Chart II-9AUD Technicals 1 Chart II-10AUD Technicals 2 Recent data in Australia have been mixed: Home loans grew by 4.2% month-on-month in July, up from 0.4% in the previous month. Westpac consumer confidence fell by 1.7% month-on-month in September. National Australia Bank (NAB) business confidence fell from 4 to 1 in August. AUD/USD appreciated by 0.5% this week. Investor and consumer sentiment remain depressed amid global trade worries and the diminishing returns from Chinese stimulus. However, we are seeing tentative signs of recovery as the housing sector stabilizes. We maintain a positive view on the Australian dollar. Report Links: A Contrarian View On The Australian Dollar - May 24, 2019 Beware Of Diminishing Marginal Returns - April 19, 2019 Not Out Of The Woods Yet - April 5, 2019 New Zealand Dollar Chart II-11NZD Technicals 1 Chart II-12NZD Technicals 2 Recent data in New Zealand have been neutral: Net migration increased by 5100 in July. Manufacturing sales contracted by 2.7% quarter-on-quarter in Q2. The New Zealand dollar has been more or less flat against the U.S. dollar this week, but fell by 0.5% against the Australian dollar. China granted several U.S. products a one-year exemption from tariffs this week. While the good news regarding a potential U.S.-China trade deal could benefit pro-cyclical currencies, we believe the kiwi will underperform at the crosses. Report Links: USD/CNY And Market Turbulence - August 9, 2019 Where To Next For The U.S. Dollar? - June 7, 2019 Not Out Of The Woods Yet - April 5, 2019 Canadian Dollar Chart II-13CAD Technicals 1 Chart II-14CAD Technicals 2 Recent data in Canada have been solid: In August, 81,100 jobs were added, the unemployment rate was unchanged at 5.7%, and average hourly wages grew by 3.8% year-on-year. Ivey PMI increased to 60.6 in August, from the previous 54.2 in July. Bloomberg Nanos confidence was little changed at 56.5 for the past week. Housing starts increased by 226,600 in August.  Building permits grew by 3% month-on-month in July. New house price index fell by 0.4% year-on-year in July. USD/CAD increased by 0.2% this week. While the oil prices and robust job numbers could benefit the Canadian dollar in the near term, a rising exchange rate, and increasing interest rate differentials might tighten financial conditions, and thus limit the upside of the loonie. Report Links: Preserving Capital During Riot Points - September 6, 2019 Portfolio Tweaks Into Thin Summer Trading - July 5, 2019 On Gold, Oil And Cryptocurrencies - June 28, 2019 Swiss Franc Chart II-15CHF Technicals 1 Chart II-16CHF Technicals 2 There is scant data from Switzerland this week: Producer and import prices contracted by 1.9% year-on-year in August. Unemployment rate was unchanged at 2.3% in August. USD/CHF has been flat this week. Last Friday, during the Q&A session in Zurich, SNB chairman Jordan emphasized that as a small open economy, Switzerland is heavily impacted by global economic developments, notably what is happening in the U.S., Europe, and China. The recent slowdown has weighed on the Swiss economy. More importantly, Jordan noted that price stability remains an important mandate for the Swiss people and the bank. Further policy adjustments, besides interest rates, might be necessary to stimulate the economy. The ECB policy meeting this week has also put more pressure on SNB to further ease monetary policy. Report Links: What To Do About The Swiss Franc? - May 17, 2019 Beware Of Diminishing Marginal Returns - April 19, 2019 Balance Of Payments Across The G10 - February 15, 2019 Norwegian Krone Chart II-17NOK Technicals 1 Chart II-18NOK Technicals 2 Recent data in Norway have been neutral: Manufacturing output grew by 1% in July. Headline and core inflation both slowed to 1.6% and 2.1% year-on-year in August. USD/NOK fell by 0.4% this week, as oil prices continued to rally. Prince Abdulaziz Bin Salman was appointed as the new Energy Minister of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), and he is committed to oil production control. Moreover, the possible good news over a U.S.-China trade deal is likely to revive oil demand, thus lifting Norwegian krone. Report Links: Portfolio Tweaks Into Thin Summer Trading - July 5, 2019 On Gold, Oil And Cryptocurrencies - June 28, 2019 Currency Complacency Amid A Global Dovish Shift - April 26, 2019 Swedish Krona Chart II-19SEK Technicals 1 Chart II-20SEK Technicals 2 Recent data in Sweden have been mostly negative: Household consumption increased by 2.8% year-on-year in July. Headline inflation slowed from 1.7% to 1.4% year-on-year in August. Core inflation also slowed to 1.6% year-on-year, from the previous 1.7%. USD/SEK fell by 0.4% this week. Last week, the Riksbank kept interest rates on hold, and said that they are still planning to raise interest rates but at a slower pace. The slowdown in inflation this week might further delay their plan for a rate hike.  Report Links: Where To Next For The U.S. Dollar? - June 7, 2019 Balance Of Payments Across The G10 - February 15, 2019 A Simple Attractiveness Ranking For Currencies - February 8, 2019 Trades & Forecasts Forecast Summary Core Portfolio Tactical Trades Limit Orders Closed Trades