Inflación/Deflación
Highlights Political and corporate climate activism will increase the cost of developing the resources required to produce and deliver energy going forward – e.g., oil and gas wells; pipelines; copper mines, and refineries. Over the short run, the fastest way for investor-owned companies (IOCs) to address accelerated reductions in CO2 emissions imposed by courts and boards is to walk away from the assets producing them, which could be disruptive over the medium term. Longer term, state-owned companies (SOCs) not facing the constraints of IOCs likely will be required to provide an increasing share of the resources needed to produce and distribute energy. The real difficulty will come in the medium term. Capex for critical metals like copper languishes, just as the call on these metals steadily increases over the next 30 years (Chart of the Week). The evolution to a low-carbon future has not been thought through at the global policy level. A real strategy must address underinvestment in base metals and incentivize the development of technology via a carbon tax – not emissions trading schemes – so firms can innovate to avoid it. We remain long energy and metals exposures.1 Feature And you may ask yourself, "Well … how did I get here?" David Byrne, Once In A Lifetime Energy markets – broadly defined – are radically transforming from week to week. The latest iteration of these markets' evolution is catalyzed by climate activists, who are finding increasing success in court and on corporate boards – sometimes backed by major institutional investors – and forcing oil and gas producers to accelerate CO2 emission-reduction programs.2 Climate activists' arguments are finding increasing purchase because they have merit: Years of stiff-arming investors seeking clarity on the oil and gas producers' decarbonization agendas, coupled with a pronounced failure to provide returns in excess of their cost of capital, have given activists all of the ammo needed to argue their points. Chart of the WeekCall On Metals For Energy Will Increase This activism is not limited to the courts or boardrooms. Voters in democratic societies with contested elections also are seeking redress for failures of their governments to effectively channel mineral wealth back into society on an equitable basis, and to protect their environments and the habitats of indigenous populations. This voter activism is especially apparent in Chile and Peru, where elections and constitutional conventions likely will result in higher taxes and royalties on metals IOCs operating in these states, which will increase production costs and ultimately be passed on to consumers.3 These states account for ~ 40% of world copper output. IOCs Walk Away Earlier this week, Exxon walked away from an early-stage offshore oil development project in Ghana.4 This followed the unfavorable court rulings and boardroom setbacks experienced by Royal Dutch Shell, Chevron and Exxon recently (referenced in fn. 2). While the company had no comment on its abrupt departure, its action shows how IOCs can exercise their option to put a project back to its host government, thus illustrating one of the most readily available alternatives for energy IOCs to meet court- or board-mandated CO2 emissions targets. If these investments qualify as write-offs, the burden will be borne by taxpayers. As climate activism increases, state-owned companies (SOCs) not facing the constraints of IOCs likely will be required to provide an increasing share of the resources – particularly oil and gas – needed to produce and distribute energy going forward. This is not an unalloyed benefit, as the SOCs still face stranded-asset risks, if they invest in longer-lived assets that are obviated by a successful renewables + grid buildout globally. That is a cost that will have to be compensated, when the SOCs work up their capex allocations. Still, if legal and investor activism significantly accelerates IOCs' capex reductions in oil and gas projects, the SOCs – particularly those in OPEC 2.0 – will be able to expand their position as the dominant supplier in the global oil market, and could perhaps increase their influence on price levels and forward-curve dynamics (Chart 2).5 Chart 2OPEC 2.0s Could Expand If Investor Activism Increases Higher Call On Metals At present, there is a lot of talk about the need to invest in renewable electricity generation and the grid structure supporting it, but very little in the way of planning for this transition. Other than repeated assertions of its necessity, little is being said regarding how exactly this strategy will be executed given the magnitude of the supply increase in metals required. Nowhere is this more apparent than in the refined copper market, which has been in a physical deficit – i.e., production minus consumption is negative – for the last 6 years (Chart 3). Physical copper markets in China, which consumes more than 50% of refined output, remain extremely tight, as can be seen in the ongoing weakness of treating charges and refining charges (TC/RC) for the past year (Chart 4). These charges are inversely correlated to prices – when TC/RCs are low, it means there is surplus refining capacity for copper – unrefined metal is scarce, which drives down demand for these services. Chart 3Coppers Physical Deficit Likely Persist Chart 4Chinas Refined Copper Supply Remains TightTheoretically, high prices will incentivize higher levels of production. However, after the last decade’s ill-timed investment in new mine discoveries and expansions, mining companies have become more wary with their investments, and are using earnings to pay dividends and reduce debt. This leads us to believe that mining companies will not invest in new mine discoveries but will use capital expenditure to expand brownfield projects to meet rising demand. In the last decade, as copper demand rose, capex for copper rose from 2010-2012, and fell from 2013-2016 (Chart 5). During this time, the copper ore grade was on a declining trend. This implies that the new copper brought online was being mined from lower-grade ore, due to the expansion of existing projects(Chart 6). Chart 5Copper Capex Growth Remains Weak Chart 6Copper Ore-Quality Declines Persist Through Capex Cycle Capex directed at keeping ore production above consumption will not be sufficient to avoid major depletions of ore supplies beginning in 2024, according to Wood Mackenzie. The consultancy foresees a cumulative deficit of ~ 16mm MT by 2040. Plugging this gap will require $325-$500 billion of investment in the copper mining sector.6 The Case For A Carbon Tax The low-carbon future remains something of a will-o'-the-wisp – seen off in the future but not really developed in the present. Most striking in discussions of the low-carbon transition is the assumption of resource availability – particularly bases metals –in, e.g., the IEA's Net Zero by 2050, A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector, published last month. In the IEA's document, further investment in hydrocarbons is not required beyond 2025. The copper, aluminum, steel, etc., required to build the generation and supporting grid infrastructure will be available and callable as needed to build all the renewable generation the world requires. The document is agnostic between carbon trading and carbon taxes as a way to price carbon and incentivize the technology that would allow firms and households to avoid a direct cost on carbon. A real strategy must address the fact that most of the world will continue to rely on fossil fuels for decades, as development goals are pursued. Underinvestment in base metals and its implications for the buildout of generation and grids has to be a priority if these assets are to be built. Given the 5-10-year lead times base metals mines require to come online, it is obvious that beyond the middle of this decade, the physical reality of demand exceeding supply will assert itself. A good start would be a global effort to impose and collect carbon taxes uniformly across states.7 This would need to be augmented with a carbon club, which restricts admission and trading privileges to those states adopting such a scheme. Harmonizing the multiple emissions trading schemes worldwide will be a decades-long effort that is unlikely to succeed. Such schemes also can be gamed by larger players, producing pricing distortions. A hard and fast tax that is enforced in all of the members of such a carbon club would immediately focus attention on the technology required to avoid paying it – mobilizing capital, innovation and entrepreneurial drive to make it a reality. This would support carbon-capture, use and storage technologies as well, thus extending the life of existing energy resources as the next generation of metals-based resources is built out. In addition, a carbon tax raises revenue for governments, which can be used for a variety of public policies, including reducing other taxes to reduce the overall burden of taxation. Lastly, a tax eliminates the potential for short-term price volatility in the pricing of carbon – as long as households and firms know what confronts them they can plan around it. Tax revenues also can be used to reduce the regressive nature of such levies. Investment Implications The lack of a coherent policy framework that addresses the very real constraints on the transition to a low-carbon economy makes the likelihood of a volatile, years-long evolution foreordained. We believe this will create numerous investment opportunities as underinvestment in hydrocarbons and base metals production predisposes oil, natural gas and base metals prices to move higher in the face of strong and rising demand. We remain long commodity index exposure – the S&P GSCI and GSCI Commodity Dynamic Roll Strategy ETF (COMT), which is optimized to take advantage of the most backwardated commodity forward curves in the index. These positions were up 5.3% and 7.2% since inception on December 7, 2017 and March 12, 2021, respectively, at Tuesday's close. We also remain long the MSCI Global Metals & Mining Producers ETF (PICK), which is up 33.9% since it was put on December 10, 2020. Expecting continued volatility in metals – copper in particular – we will look for opportunities to re-establish positions in COMEX/CME Copper after being stopped out with gains. A trailing stop was elected on our long Dec21 copper position established September 10, 2020, which was closed out with a 48.2% gain on May 21, 2021. Our long calendar 2022 vs short calendar 2023 COMEX copper backwardation trade established April 22, 2021, was closed out on May 20, 2021, leaving us with a return of 305%. Robert P. Ryan Chief Commodity & Energy Strategist rryan@bcaresearch.com Ashwin Shyam Research Associate Commodity & Energy Strategy ashwin.shyam@bcaresearch.com Commodities Round-Up Energy: Bullish OPEC 2.0 offered no surprises to markets this week, as it remained committed to returning just over 2mm b/d of production to the market over the May-July period, 70% of which comes from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), according to Platts. While Iran's return to the market is not a given in OPEC 2.0's geometry, we have given better than even odds it will return to the market beginning in 3Q21 and restore most of the 1.4mm b/d not being produced at present to the market over the course of the following year. OPEC itself expects demand to increase 6mm b/d this year, somewhat above our expectation of 5.3mm b/d. Stronger demand could raise Brent prices above our average $63/bbl forecast for this year (Chart 7). Brent was trading above $71/bbl as we went to press. Base Metals: Bullish BHP declared operations at its Escondida and Spence mines were running at normal rates despite a strike by some 200 operations specialists. BHP is employing so-called substitute workers to conduct operation, according to reuters.com, which also reported separate unions at both mines are considering strike actions in the near future. Precious Metals: Bullish The Fed’s reluctance to increase nominal interest rates despite indications of higher inflation will reduce real rates, which will support higher gold prices (Chart 8). We agree with our colleagues at BCA Research's US Bond Strategy that the Fed is waiting for the US labor market to reach levels consistent with its assessment of maximum employment before it makes its initial rate hike in this interest-rate cycle. Subsequent rate changes, however, will be based on realized inflation and inflation expectations. In our opinion, the Fed is following this ultra-accommodative monetary policy approach to break the US liquidity trap, brought about by a rise in precautionary savings due to the pandemic. In addition, we continue to expect USD weakness, which also will support gold and precious metals prices. We remain long gold, expecting prices to clear $2,000/oz this year. Ags/Softs: Neutral Corn prices fell more than 2% Wednesday, following the release of USDA estimates showing 95% of the corn crop was planted by 31 May 2021, well over the 87% five-year average. This was in line with expectations. However, the Department's assessment that 76% of the crop was in good-to-excellent condition exceeded market expectations. Chart 7 Chart 8 Footnotes 1 Please see Trade Tables below. 2 Please see OPEC, Russia seen gaining more power with Shell Dutch ruling and EXCLUSIVE BlackRock backs 3 dissidents to shake up Exxon board -sources published by reuters.com June 1, 2021 and May 25, 2021. 3 Please see Chile's govt in shock loss as voters pick independents to draft constitution published by reuters.com May 17, 2021, and Peru’s elite in panic at prospect of hard-left victory in presidential election published by ft.com June 1, 2021. Peru has seen significant capital flight on the back of these fears. See also Results from Chile’s May 2021 elections published by IHS Markit May 21, 2021 re a higher likelihood of tax increases for the mining sector. The risk of nationalization is de minimis, according to IHS. 4 Please see Exxon walks away from stake in deepwater Ghana block published by worldoil.com June 1, 2021. 5 Please see OPEC 2.0's Production Strategy In Focus, which we published on May 20, 2021, for a recap our how we model OPEC 2.0's strategy. It is available at ces.bcaresearch.com. 6 Please see Will a lack of supply growth come back to bite the copper industry?, published by Wood Mackenzie on March 23, 2021. 7 Please see The Challenges and Prospects for Carbon Pricing in Europe published by the Oxford Institute for Energy Studies last month for a discussion of carbon taxes vs. emissions trading schemes. Investment Views and Themes Strategic Recommendations Tactical Trades Commodity Prices and Plays Reference Table Trades Closed in 2021 Summary of Closed Trades
The Federal Reserve’s May Beige Book, released on Wednesday, noted that US economic activity accelerated in the early April to late May period. The reversal of some COVID-19 restrictions was especially beneficial for consumer spending on leisure and…
Highlights A first Fed funds rate hike by early 2023 is cloud cuckoo land – because it will take years to meet the Fed’s pre-condition of full employment. More likely, the first rate hike will happen after mid-2024, and even this is a coin toss which assumes no further shock(s). Buy the March 2024 US interest rate future contract. An alternative expression is to buy the 5-year T-bond, or to go long the 5-year T-bond versus the 5-year German bund. For equity investors, the current overestimation of Fed rate hikes structurally favours growth sectors versus value sectors. Thereby, it also structurally favours the S&P500 versus the Eurostoxx50. Bitcoin has support at $32500, and then at $22750. The latest correction in cryptocurrencies is a good entry point into a diversified basket that includes ‘proof of stake’ coins, such as ethereum. Fragile iron ore prices confirm the onset of a commodity correction. Feature Chart of the WeekAfter A Recession, It Takes Many Years To Reabsorb The Unemployed After a recession, an economy takes years to reabsorb the unemployed. Here’s how long it took in the US after each of the last five recessions.1 1974-75 recession: 4 years Early-1980s recession: 6 years Early-1990s recession: 5 years Dot com bust: 3 years Global financial crisis: 8 years After the pandemic recession, reabsorbing the unemployed (that are not just on ‘temporary layoff’) will also take many years (Chart I-1). Full Employment Is Many Years Away There is a remarkable consistency in employment recoveries. The last five recessions were different in their severities and durations, and therefore in their peak unemployment rates. Yet in the recoveries that followed each of the last five recessions, the unemployment rate declined at a consistent pace of 0.4-0.5 percent per year. After the mild recessions of the early-1990s and the dot com bust, the pace of recovery in the unemployment rate was at the lower end of 0.4 percent per year. Whereas after the global financial crisis and its surge in permanent unemployment, the pace of recovery was at the upper end of 0.5 percent per year. But the difference in the pace of the five employment recovery was marginal (Table I-1). Table 1After Every Recession, The Pace Of Recovery In The Jobs Market Is Near-Identical Another near-constant through the past fifty years is the definition of ‘full employment’. It is achieved when the (permanent) unemployment rate reaches 1.5 percent. Combining the latest (permanent) unemployment rate of 2.7 percent, the unemployment rate at full employment, and the remarkably consistent recovery paces, we can deduce that: The US economy will reach full employment between September 2023 and June 2024. The Federal Reserve has promised that it will not raise the Fed funds rate until the economy has reached full employment. Based on the remarkably consistent pace of the past five employment recoveries, it means September 2023 at the earliest, but more likely closer to June 2024. Yet US interest rate futures are pricing the first Fed funds rate hike through December 2022-March 2023 (Chart I-2). Chart I-2Cloud Cuckoo Land: A First Rate Hike In Dec 22-Mar 23 This makes US interest rate future contracts from December 2022 to June 2024 a compelling buy (Chart I-3). Chart I-3Cloud Cuckoo Land: 4 Rate Hikes By June 24 Buy The March 2024 US Interest Rate Future The post-pandemic jobs market recovery will likely be at the lower end of its 0.4-0.5 percent a year pace, for two reasons. First, reducing the unemployment rate doesn’t only mean creating jobs for the currently unemployed. It also means creating jobs for those that have left the labour force but plan on re-joining. When these so-called ‘inactive’ people re-join the labour force they add to the number that are counted as unemployed. As the millions of inactives re-join the labour market, it will weigh on the pace of the recovery in the unemployment rate. During the pandemic, the number of inactive people surged by an unprecedented 8 million. Even now, the excess inactive stands at 5 million (Chart I-4). As these millions gradually re-join the labour market, it will weigh on the pace of the recovery in the unemployment rate. Chart I-4Massive Slack In The US Labour Market Second, after every recession, there is a surge in productivity (Chart I-5). This is because the period immediately after a recession is when the economy experiences the most intensive clearing out of dead wood, restructuring of capital and labour, and absorption of new technologies and ways of working. Chart I-5The Post-Pandemic Productivity Boom Will Be A Super-Boom If anything, the post-pandemic productivity boom will be even larger than normal. Whereas most recessions upend one or two sectors of the economy, the pandemic has forced all of us to adopt new technologies and ways of working and living. The unfortunate corollary of this post-pandemic productivity super-boom is that the pace of absorption of the excess unemployed and inactive will be slower. Moreover, even achieving full employment by June 2024 assumes blue skies through the next few years, which is to say no further shocks. Yet as we explained in The Shock Theory Of Bond Yields, deflationary shocks tend to come once every three years, meaning there is an evens chance that dark clouds ruin the blue skies. One complication is that the Fed will start tapering its asset purchases much sooner, and that this will be interpreted as the precursor of a rate hike. However, in the last cycle the taper of asset purchases in early 2014 preceded the first rate hike by two years (Chart I-6). On a similar timeframe, a taper at the end of 2021 would imply the first rate hike at the end of 2023, and not the start of 2023 as is implied by the interest rate futures. Chart I-6The First Rate Hike Came Two Years After The Taper Pulling all of this together, a first Fed funds rate hike by early 2023 is cloud cuckoo land. More likely it will happen after mid-2024, and even this is a coin toss which assumes no further shock(s) in the interim. The investment conclusion is to buy any of the US interest rate futures that expire from December 2022 out to June 2024. The earlier contracts have the higher probabilities of expiring in profit while the later contracts have the greater upside if the Fed stays pat. Our choice is the March 2024 contract. An alternative expression is to buy the 5-year T-bond, or to go long the 5-year T-bond versus the 5-year German bund. For equity investors, the current overestimation of Fed rate hikes structurally favours growth sectors versus value sectors. Thereby, it also structurally favours the S&P500 versus the Eurostoxx50. The 419th Time That Cryptos Have ‘Died’ Rumours of crypto’s death have been greatly exaggerated. Apparently, last week was the 419th time that cryptocurrencies have died. Get used to it. As we pointed out in Why Cryptocurrencies Are Here To Stay… cryptocurrencies can suffer deep corrections from which they fully resurrect. Since 2013, the bitcoin price has suffered 17 drawdowns of more than 50 percent and an additional 11 drawdowns of 25-50 percent.2 Rumours of crypto’s death have been greatly exaggerated. We will not repeat the arguments why cryptos are here to stay, which were detailed in our Special Report, but we will discuss the recent price action. Why did cryptos correct? The simple answer is that their fractal structure had become extremely fragile, making the price extremely vulnerable to the slightest negative catalyst (Chart I-7). Chart I-7The Fractal Structure Of Cryptos Had Become Very Fragile A fragile fractal structure signifies that longer-term investors have disappeared from the price setting process. This means that price evolution is the result of more and more short-term traders joining the trend. Eventually though, there are no more short-term traders left to buy at the current price. So, when somebody wants to sell – perhaps on some negative news – a longer-term investor must step in as the buyer. But the longer-term investor will only buy at a much lower price, meaning that the price suffers a deep correction. Empirically and theoretically, the price correction meets support at successive Fibonacci retracements of the preceding momentum-fuelled rally, because a new cohort of buyers enters at each retracement level. Hence, the key support levels in the current correction are the 23.6 percent and 38.2 percent retracements of the preceding rally. In the case of bitcoin, this equates to support at $32500 and $22750. Which of these support level will prevail? Our bias is the higher level, because successive crypto corrections are becoming less and less extreme – possibly because more and more institutional investors are now involved in the asset class (Chart I-8). Chart I-8Crypto Corrections Are Becoming Less Extreme Hence, the latest correction in cryptos offers a good entry point. Albeit it is important to own a diversified basket that includes ‘proof of stake’ coins, such as ethereum. The Onset Of A Commodity Correction Finally this week, we highlight that iron ore prices are at the same level of fractal fragility that has marked previous major turning points in 2015 and 2019 (Chart I-9). Chart I-9Iron Ore Is Very Fragile Combined with the fragility we have recently highlighted in lumber, agricultural commodities, industrial metals, and DRAM prices, it confirms the onset of a commodity correction. We have already discussed this theme in Don’t Panic About US Inflation and are exposed to it through short positions in PKB, CAD, and inflation expectations. Hence, there are no new trades this week. Dhaval Joshi Chief Strategist dhaval@bcaresearch.com Footnotes 1 Throughout this analysis, the unemployment rate is based on the unemployed that are ‘not on temporary layoff’. Full employment is defined as this unemployment rate reaching 1.5 percent, or the cycle low, whichever is the higher. 2 The drawdown is calculated versus the highest price in the preceding 6 months. 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Expectations inform behavior. If a widespread belief that troublesome inflation is going to return takes hold, individual workers and unions will demand higher wages to maintain their purchasing power, businesses up and down the supply chain will insist on…
Highlights Monetary Policy: The Fed will not immediately change its policy stance in response to rising inflation and inflation expectations. Rather, it will follow its current forward guidance and only lift rates off zero once the labor market has reached “maximum employment”. However, once the first rate hike has occurred, the Fed will shift its focus toward inflation and inflation expectations. Duration: The overnight index swap curve is priced for a total of 77 bps of rate hikes by the end of 2023. We see strong odds that more hikes will be delivered and therefore continue to recommend a below-benchmark portfolio duration stance. Corporate Bonds: High and rising inflation expectations will eventually pose a risk to credit spreads, but only once the Fed tightens policy in response. For now, we remain overweight spread product versus Treasuries, though we maintain a preference for high-yield corporates, USD-denominated EM Sovereigns and municipal bonds over investment grade corporate bonds. Feature Recent inflationary trends are making the Fed’s job more difficult. Not only was April’s increase in core CPI the largest since 1981, but measures of long-term inflation expectations have also jumped. The 5-year/5-year TIPS breakeven inflation rate has quickly risen to levels that are consistent with the Fed’s 2% inflation target (Chart 1). What’s more, survey measures of inflation expectations have also moved up, in many cases to uncomfortably high levels (Chart 2). Chart 1Back To Target Chart 2Inflation Expectations Have Jumped All of this makes the Fed’s zero-lower-bound interest rate policy look increasingly untenable. Can the Fed really just sit on the sidelines as inflation and inflation expectations rise to above-target levels? Our expectation is that the Fed will ignore rising inflation until the labor market is fully recovered, but it may then need to move quickly to contain inflationary pressures. The result could very well be a rate hike cycle that takes a long time to start, but then proceeds at a rapid pace. The Fed’s Liftoff Criteria Are Different Than Its Criteria For Pace A crucial point about the Fed’s forward guidance is that the criteria that will determine the timing of the first rate hike are different than the criteria that will determine the post-liftoff pace of rate hikes. Liftoff Criteria Table 1A Checklist For Liftoff For liftoff, the Fed has been very explicit that three conditions must be met before it will raise rates off the zero bound (Table 1). Of the three conditions listed in Table 1, the timing of when the labor market will reach “maximum employment” is the most uncertain. We have written extensively about how the Fed defines “maximum employment” and about the pace of employment growth that’s necessary to achieve that goal by specific future dates.1 To summarize, we calculate that average monthly nonfarm payroll growth of at least 698k is required to reach “maximum employment” by the end of this year and average monthly payroll growth of at least 412k is required to hit that target by the end of 2022 (Chart 3). Chart 3Employment Growth Chart 4Labor Demand Is Strong Our assessment is that “maximum employment” will be achieved in time for the Fed to lift rates in 2022, largely because employment growth must rise quickly in order to catch up with skyrocketing indicators of labor demand (Chart 4). The risk, of course, is that inflation continues to run hot as the Fed waits for its “maximum employment” condition to be met. If this occurs, we believe that the Fed will stick to its current forward guidance. It will ignore rising inflation until its liftoff criteria are met. Only then, will Fed policy turn toward containing inflation. Pace Criteria In a recent speech, Fed Vice-Chair Richard Clarida laid out three indicators that he will track to guide the pace of policy tightening post Fed liftoff.2 First, he pointed to inflation expectations. In particular, the Fed’s index of Common Inflation Expectations (CIE):3 Other things being equal, my desired pace of policy normalization post-liftoff to return inflation to 2 percent […] would be somewhat slower than otherwise if the CIE index is, at time of liftoff, below the pre-ELB level. [ELB = effective lower bound]. Chart 2 shows that the CIE index has already broken above its 2018 peak. It stands to reason that, all else equal, an elevated CIE index would speed up the post-liftoff pace of rate hikes. Chart 5Inflation Since August 2020 Second, Clarida noted that: Another factor I will consider in calibrating the pace of policy normalization post-liftoff is the average rate of PCE inflation since the new framework was adopted in August 2020. The annualized rate of change in core PCE since August 2020 is almost at the Fed’s 2% target already, and it will certainly rise to above-target levels when the April data are released, as was the case with core CPI (Chart 5). Finally, Clarida offered up a detailed Taylor-type monetary policy rule that he says he will consult once the conditions for liftoff are met: Consistent with our new framework, the relevant policy rule benchmark I will consult once the conditions for liftoff have been met is an inertial Taylor-type rule with a coefficient of zero on the unemployment gap, a coefficient of 1.5 on the gap between core PCE inflation and the 2 percent longer-run goal, and a neutral real policy rate equal to my SEP forecast of long-run r*. Chart 6Balanced Approach (Shortfalls) Rule* Recommendations Chart 6 shows the results of a very similar policy rule using median FOMC estimates for r*, NAIRU and the path of inflation. We use a slightly more pessimistic forecast for the unemployment rate and assume that it reaches 4.5% by the end of 2022 and 4% by the end of 2023. Even with those conservative assumptions, the rule still recommends a policy rate of 1.5% by the end of 2022 and 2.65% by the end of 2023. This is not to say that the Fed will immediately lift rates to those levels once it is ready to hike, only that the Fed will have a strong incentive to pursue a rapid pace of rate hikes once it finally lifts rates off the zero bound. Investment Implications For investors, the bottom line is that the Fed will not immediately change its policy stance in response to rising inflation and inflation expectations. Rather, it will follow its current forward guidance and only lift rates off zero once the labor market has reached “maximum employment”. However, once the first rate hike has occurred, the Fed will shift its focus toward inflation and inflation expectations. If inflation and inflation expectations rise further, or even remain sticky near current levels, the Fed will lift rates more quickly than many anticipate. At present, the overnight index swap curve is priced for a total of 77 bps of rate hikes by the end of 2023. We see strong odds that more hikes will be delivered and therefore continue to recommend a below-benchmark portfolio duration stance. Is Inflation A Risk For Spread Product? Yes it is, but not just yet. In past reports, we’ve often pointed to 5-year/5-year forward TIPS breakeven inflation rates in a range between 2.3% and 2.5% as a reason to turn more cautious on spread product (see Chart 1), and the recent rise in inflation expectations certainly does set off some alarm bells. High inflation expectations pose a risk to credit spreads because of what they signal about the future course of Fed policy. If the Fed responds to high inflation expectations by tightening policy into restrictive territory, then economic growth and credit spreads are at risk. All this remains true, but the Fed’s willingness to ignore rising inflation expectations – at least until “maximum employment” and fed funds liftoff are achieved – gives spread product a little more runway than usual. One way to illustrate this dynamic is with the slope of the yield curve (Chart 7). Historically, corporate bond (both investment grade and junk) excess returns are strong at least until the 3-year/10-year Treasury slope flattens to below 50 bps (Table 2). Currently, the 3-year/10-year Treasury slope is well above 100 bps and has shown few signs of rolling over. If the Fed was still following its old forward-looking policy framework, then the yield curve would likely be much flatter today. That is, the curve would be pricing-in some policy tightening in response to high and rising inflation expectations. However, as discussed above, inflation expectations are not currently the Fed’s primary concern and they will only become the Fed’s primary concern once “maximum employment” has been achieved and the funds rate has been lifted off the zero bound. Chart 7Spread Product Returns Are Strong When The Curve Is Steep Table 2Corporate Bond Performance In Different Phases Of The Cycle All in all, we are concerned that, if inflation expectations remain elevated, the Fed may quickly ramp up its post-liftoff pace of rate hikes, sending credit spreads wider. But we are reluctant to position for that outcome when we are still many months away from Fed liftoff and the slope of the yield curve remains so steep. Chart 8Low Expected Returns In IG Another factor to consider is that value in spread product is extremely tight. In fact, our measure of the 12-month breakeven spread for the quality-adjusted investment grade corporate bond index is almost at its most expensive level since 1995 (Chart 8). This doesn’t change our assessment of when restrictive Fed policy will cause spreads to widen, but it does reduce our return expectations in the interim. All else equal, since the rewards from being overweight spread product versus Treasuries are low, we will be quicker to reduce our recommended spread product allocation when our indicators start to point toward the end of the credit cycle. Though, at the very least, we will still want to see the 3-year/10-year Treasury slope start to flatten and approach 50 bps before we get too pessimistic on spread product. The bottom line is that high and rising inflation expectations will eventually pose a risk to credit spreads, but only once the Fed tightens policy in response. For now, we remain overweight spread product versus Treasuries, though we maintain a preference for high-yield corporates, USD-denominated EM Sovereigns and municipal bonds over investment grade corporate bonds. Ryan Swift US Bond Strategist rswift@bcaresearch.com Footnotes 1 Please see US Bond Strategy Weekly Report, “Overshoot Territory”, dated April 13, 2021. 2 https://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/speech/clarida20210113a.htm 3 The CIE is a composite measure of different market-based and survey-based indicators of inflation expectations. https://www.federalreserve.gov/econres/notes/feds-notes/index-of-common-inflation-expectations-20200902.htm Fixed Income Sector Performance Recommended Portfolio Specification
Highlights Inflation is on everyone’s mind, … : Inflation has been a hot topic in our meetings with clients and in internal BCA discussions, but it has lately broken out among businesses and the general public. … but investors are mainly concerned with what it means for markets, … : When clients ask if and when inflation could become a problem, they really want to know if and when they should be repositioning their portfolios to prepare for it. … which ultimately brings the discussion back to the Fed: Inflation sensitivities vary among (and within) asset classes, but risk assets as a whole fare much worse when monetary policy settings are tight than when they are easy. If rising inflation drives the Fed to impose restrictive monetary policy, it will bring the curtain down on the equity bull market. Feature Inflation has been a hot topic with clients, for the internet-equipped public (Chart 1) and within BCA, where our latest monthly view meeting was entirely devoted to it. Client questions have addressed three broad themes: Chart 1Trending What constitutes too much inflation? How will you know too much inflation is on the way? How soon could too much inflation arrive? Economists have yet to establish exactly where inflation comes from and their attempts to build models that anticipate it have been woefully unsuccessful. The problem may be that prices are set at the micro level by a confluence of innumerable individual interactions. Just as Hayek pointed out that no top-down committee could determine how to allocate resources efficiently without the signals provided by prices, it’s fiendishly difficult to try to divine their aggregate future direction from macroeconomic inputs. Even if we can’t build an airtight model predicting consumer price moves, however, we can systematically assess several known contributors to inflation to try to gain some advance notice into its movements. Obtaining that advance notice is of great practical significance in the current market environment. In a Goldilocks-and-the-two-tails world where widespread vaccinations have rendered the too-cold left-tail outcome increasingly unlikely, overheating is the only obstacle to the potent-growth/easy-policy backdrop that would be just right for equities and other risk assets over the next twelve months. Troublesome inflation seems to be the only factor that could get the Fed to back off of its pledge to maintain ultra-easy monetary policy for an extended period and we see it as the biggest threat to the equity bull market. We are therefore introducing our inflation checklist and expect to revisit it regularly over the rest of the year and into 2022. It reveals what we’re watching to monitor inflation and how, with some interpretive discretion, we’ll know if it’s poised to break out. It will also allow US Investment Strategy readers to follow along with our thinking in real time. As long as the checklist does not point to a meaningful, persistent move higher in consumer prices, we will likely continue to be constructive on the prospects for financial markets and the economy. Checklist Design Table 1Inflation Checklist Our inflation checklist (Table 1) tracks price pressures in five broad categories: Labor Market Indicators, Price Indexes, Pipeline Pressures, Inflation Expectations and the Fed’s Reaction Function. We do not have a hard-and-fast scale of the categories’ relative importance, but we are especially alert to signals from the labor market and changes in inflation expectations. It will be hard to achieve persistently uncomfortable inflation readings without an upward inflection in the pace of wage growth and we do not see wage growth getting traction until inflation expectations rise enough to push workers to agitate for it. As we have previously stated, we do not think that core US inflation measures can break out of the range that has held them in check for three decades unless workers, households and businesses adopt a new inflation mindset (Chart 2). Chart 2Volcker's Gift We do not have a pre-determined rule for how many X’s it will take to signal that policy-altering inflation is on the way. Nor do we have pre-conceived notions about the various combinations of red flags that would herald the onset of a new inflation regime. The purpose of the checklist is to establish a consistent analytical framework for assessing the future direction of inflation and its impact on monetary policy settings. Interpreting the output of that framework will require judgment and we mean to maintain our flexibility in exercising it. The State Of The Labor Market The Phillips Curve, which posits an inverse relationship between unemployment and inflation, has fallen into disrepute with investors. Even the Fed has distanced itself from it, announcing last summer that it would no longer pursue a strategy of pre-emptively tightening policy when the labor market begins to heat up. Asserting that wage growth is inversely related to the unemployment rate simply applies the law of supply and demand to the labor market, and we have no problem with it, although it should be noted that the relationship is not linear. Wages only reliably rise once unemployment breaks below a minimum threshold level, such as NAIRU, the natural rate of unemployment (Chart 3). Chart 3The Unemployment Gap Matters For Wage Growth With that empirical relationship in mind, the category's components consider the available supply and utilization of labor inputs; demand for labor; and wage growth, which should reveal something about the current supply-demand balance. The 61.7% labor force participation rate remains far short of its 63.4% pre-pandemic level (Chart 4, top panel) while the prime-age employment-to-population ratio remains below its trough level of the two recessions that preceded the global financial crisis (Chart 4, bottom panel), making it clear that labor supply is still constrained. Chart 4A Lot Of Workers Are Still Idle ... Labor demand, on the other hand, is at levels topping the cyclical peaks of the last 20 years, according to the share of small businesses reporting job openings in the NFIB survey (Chart 5, solid line) and job openings as a share of total employment as reported by the Department of Labor’s Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (Chart 5, dashed line). One would expect that the combination of raging demand and constrained supply to lead to higher wages, yet the top wage measures remain quiet (Chart 6). We expect they will until the prime-age employment-to-population ratio starts to make a run at recovering its pre-pandemic level (Chart 7). Chart 5... Even Though Employers Are Looking For Help Chart 6Wage Growth Remains Subdued Chart 7The Labor Market Still Has A Lot Of Slack The bottom line is that the labor market is starkly bifurcated as vividly illustrated by the Atlanta Fed’s Labor Market Distributions spider chart (Chart 8). On the demand dimensions on the right side of the chart, the labor market is far ahead of where it was at the end of the last two expansions, but far behind on the supply dimensions at the top and bottom left and wages in the middle left. For now, we tick only the Labor Demand box, as it is the only element of the labor market that is back to full health. We expect that shadow supply, which will likely be released in earnest upon next term’s return of in-person instruction in schools across the country and the expiration of unusually generous unemployment insurance benefits, will keep wages from rising much higher until it is fully absorbed. Chart 8A Tale Of Two Markets Price Indexes The Fed’s preferred core PCE index remains in check, along with the headline PCE index (Chart 9, top panel), but the more widely followed CPI surprised to the upside in April (Chart 9, bottom panel), especially in month-over-month terms, with the headline index rising 0.8% and the core index rising 0.9% for its largest gain in 39 years. Last week’s report dove into the details of the core CPI print and concluded that it was driven by extreme outliers in a handful of categories that are unlikely to be sustained.1 The magnitude of the upside surprise nonetheless leaves us no choice but to check the Marquee Indexes box until the sequential increases settle down. Chart 9CPI Took Off In April The message from more refined measures like trimmed-mean CPI and PCE is more encouraging (Chart 10). Trimmed-mean indexes are akin to the Olympic judging method in which the top and bottom scores are discarded, and their proponents argue that they provide a truer measure of core inflation than the static series which exclude every food and energy category every month. The trimmed-mean CPI and PCE series are well behaved and suggest that the inflation genie has not yet gotten out of the bottle. Chart 10Outliers May Be Skewing The Core Indexes ... Pipeline Pressures Price increases across the commodity complex have drawn inflation watchers’ attention. Prices at the pump loom large in consumers’ perceptions of inflation and commodities are inputs in a range of manufactured goods; if manufacturers are able to pass price increases onto end users, commodity price increases may find their way into end-product prices. The BCA pipeline inflation indicator rolls the CRB raw industrials index, the ISM survey’s prices paid and supplier delivery time components, overtime hours worked and capacity utilization into a single measure that has moved in step with CPI. It is currently at its highest level in two decades (Chart 11). Chart 11... But Bottlenecks Are Inflicting Near-Term Upward Pressure Exchange rate moves are not as important for US inflation as they are in economies that are more reliant on trade, but they still matter at the margin. When the dollar weakens, the price of imports rises and when it strengthens, the price of imports falls. Trade-weighted indexes are our go-to series for gauging the dollar’s course (Chart 12, top panel), but the DXY index draws a lot of attention from market professionals and it is currently testing a multi-year technical support level (Chart 12, bottom panel). A break below 90 would presage a further fall and may push inflation expectations higher. Chart 12A Weaker Dollar Could Push US Import Prices Higher ... Services inflation is mainly a domestic phenomenon, but goods prices are globally determined. Inflation measures in major international economies can therefore provide some insight into the path of goods prices and the path of US inflation at the margin. Headline and core consumer prices in the Eurozone have yet to stir from their slumber (Chart 13, top panel) while consumer prices in China briefly deflated (Chart 13, bottom panel). The rest of the world is not yet exerting upward pressure on US consumer prices. Chart 13... But There Isn't Much Inflationary Pressure Outside The US Inflation Expectations Chart 14Investors Vote For Transitory Expectations inform behavior. If a widespread belief that troublesome inflation is going to return takes hold, individual workers and unions will demand higher wages to maintain their purchasing power, businesses up and down the supply chain will insist on price hikes to protect their margins and consumers may accelerate their big-ticket purchase decisions. Each of these actions adds fuel to the fire, and if economic participants come to believe that a new inflation regime has arrived, it could initiate a self-reinforcing dynamic in which higher prices beget higher prices. Think of it as the flip side of the deflation mindset that has left Japan with relentless disinflation in consumer prices and a relative plunge in asset prices. We are monitoring the inflation expectations curve very closely with the aim of detecting the arrival of a new inflation mindset. If the curve were to shift out – inflation expectations were higher across all time periods – and steepen, with inflation expectations rising across the entire time horizon, participants in the real economy might be on the cusp of changing their behavior to align with expectations. For now, we are encouraged that the inflation expectations curves as derived from the difference in TIPS and nominal Treasury yields (Chart 14, top two panels), and from the CPI swaps market (Chart 14, bottom two panels) suggest that investors agree that inflation pressures are likely to dissipate. We come to that conclusion from the fact that the 2-to-5-year and 5-to-10-year segments of the curve are inverted, which is to say that investors expect near-term inflation will exceed longer-term inflation. Inversion in both segments shows that investors expect a steady decline, with the inflation rate over the next two years exceeding the inflation rate over the next five years and the inflation rate over the next five years exceeding the inflation rate over the next ten years. We place greater reliance on market-determined measures of inflation expectations than survey measures, but we are monitoring a range of consumer and business surveys. The University of Michigan’s consumer sentiment survey shows that households also expect that near-term inflation pressures will not persist. Its respondents see inflation soaring over the next twelve months (Chart 15, top panel) but rising much more modestly over the next five years (Chart 15, bottom panel). Chart 15Households Also Think Acute Inflation Pressures Will Be Short Lived Fed Reaction Function The investment implications of higher inflation come down to how the Fed reacts to it. For now, the Fed is sticking to its pledge that it has reduced its propensity to tighten policy. It remains outwardly committed to pursuing an average inflation target and to eschewing proactive policy tightening when the labor market appears to be firming. Though we expect that markets will periodically test the Fed when inflation seems to be gathering momentum, we do not yet see any reason to doubt its resolve. We will only check either of the Fed boxes in the event that Fed speakers begin to telegraph a change of direction or if the summary of economic projections (“the dots”) indicates that the bias toward accommodative policy is shifting. We see that bias as nearly fixed in the near term, given that the Fed has gone to considerable lengths to outline its policy goals for participants in the financial markets and the economy. It is not etched in stone, but we don’t foresee a material change in the next few months. Until we do, or until we become convinced that the Fed has allowed itself to get helplessly behind the inflation curve, we expect to stick to our recommendation to overweight risk assets at the expense of Treasuries over the twelve-month cyclical timeframe. Doug Peta, CFA Chief US Investment Strategist dougp@bcaresearch.com Footnotes 1 Please see the May 17, 2021 US Investment Strategy report, "The Data That Cried Wolf," available at www.bcaresearch.com.
Dear client, In addition to this weekly report, we also sent you a Special Report on cryptocurrencies, authored by my colleagues Guy Russell and Matt Gertken. The conclusion is that government authorities are likely to lean against the proliferation of cryptocurrencies, something we suspected in our most recent report on the topic. Regards, Chester Highlights Net foreign inflows into US assets probably peaked in March. Meanwhile, there are strong reasons to believe outflows from US securities will accelerate in the coming months. As such, the 12-18-month outlook for the US dollar remains negative. Cryptocurrencies are correcting sharply amidst a crackdown in China, a risk we warned investors about in our Special Report last month. We are increasingly favoring the yen. Lower the limit-sell on USD/JPY to 109. Hold long CHF/NZD positions recommended last week. Feature Chart I-1Current Account Deficit = Capital Account Surplus The US runs a sizeable trade deficit. As such, it must import capital to finance this deficit (Chart I-1). Over the last year, this has been driven by equity and agency bond purchases by foreigners. However, we might be at the apex of a shift, where foreign appetite for US securities starts a meaningful decline. Financing The US Deficit TIC data is usually a lagging indicator for FX markets, but still holds valuable insights into foreign appetite for US assets. On this front, the March data was particularly instructive: There were strong inflows into US Treasury notes and bonds, to the tune of almost $120 bn. This was the greatest driver of monthly inflows. This was also the largest monthly increase since the global financial crisis. Net inflows into US equities stood at $32.2 bn in March. This is on par with the three-month average, but a sharp deceleration from December inflows of $78.3 bn. Corporate bonds commanded particularly strong inflows in March to the tune of $43.1 bn. It appears that foreign private concerns swapped their agency bond purchases with corporate bonds. US residents repatriated $54.1 bn back home in March. Official concerns were big buyers of long-term US Treasury bonds, but this was offset by a large sale of US T-bills. Net foreign official purchases of overall US securities were just $6.5 bn. With the dollar down since March, it is a fair assumption that the strong inflows we saw since then have somewhat reversed. The question going forward is whether there has been a regime shift in US purchases, specifically the purchase of equities (and agency bonds). And if so, can the purchase of US Treasurys pick up the slack (Chart I-2). Foreign inflows into the US equity market tend to be driven by expected rates of return, either from an expected rerating of the multiple or from profit growth. A rerating of the US equity multiple, relative to the rest of the world, has inversely tracked interest rates (Chart I-3). This is due to the higher weighting of defensive sectors in the US equity market. Concurrently, we showed in a recent report that profit growth on an aggregate level also tends to move in sync with relative economic momentum.1 Chart I-2Equity Inflows Have Financed ##br##The US Deficit Chart I-3Rising Bond Yields Would Curtail Equity Inflows If growth is rotating away from the US, and global bond yields still have upside, this will curtail foreign appetite for US equities. This appears to be the story since March, as non-US bourses have outperformed (Chart I-4). Chart I-4ANon-US Markets Are Bottoming Chart I-4BNon-US Markets Are Bottoming In terms of fixed income flows, the rise in US bond yields towards a peak of circa 180bps in March undoubtedly triggered strong inflows into the US Treasury market. Since then, yields outside the US have been moving somewhat higher, especially in Germany. This should curtail bond inflows, and also fits with a growth rotation away from the US. While foreign central banks were net buyers of US Treasurys in March, the “other reportables” category from the CFTC data show a huge short position in US 10-year futures. Foreign central banks are usually grouped in this category. This will suggest the accumulation of Treasurys should reverse in the coming months (Chart I-5). Chart I-5Did Central Banks Hedge Their March Purchases? A rotation of growth from the US towards other parts of the world would also make it more difficult to finance the US current account deficit. This is because it will compress real interest rate spreads between the US and the rest of the world. From a historical perspective, inflows into US Treasury assets only tend to accelerate when real rates in the US are at least 50-100 bps above that in other G10 economies (Chart I-6). That could explain why despite a positive Treasury-JGB spread of 165 basis points, Japanese investors were very much absent buyers in March (Chart I-7). Chart I-6Real Rate Differentials And Bond Capital Flows Chart I-7The Big Boys Did Not Buy Much Treasurys In March Critical to this view is the outlook for US inflation. On this front, we note the following: First, the output gap in the US should close faster than most other economies, at least according to the OECD (Chart I-8). Ceteris paribus, US inflation should outpace that in other countries in the near term and put downward pressure on real rates. Chart I-8The US Should Generate Higher Inflation Fiscal spending has been more pronounced in the US compared to other countries, which will further fan the inflationary flames. The Fed is the only central bank in the G10 committed to an inflation overshoot. In a nutshell, there is compelling evidence to suggest US inflows peaked in March from both foreign equity and bond investors. Upside surprises in inflation are more likely in the US in the very near term compared to other economies, which will depress real rates. Meanwhile, higher global yields are also a negative for the US equity market. There Is No Alternative Chart I-9A Deep And Liquid Pool Of Treasurys My colleague, Mathieu Savary, has made the case that there is no alternative to US Treasurys. The treasury market is the most liquid and the deepest safe haven pool in the capital market universe (Chart I-9). Ergo, a flight to safety will always bid up Treasurys, as we saw in March 2020. We do agree that Treasurys will continue to act as the world’s safe haven benchmark for now. However, that privilege is fraying at the edges, and it is the marginal changes that matter for dollar investors. Competition for safe haven assets continues to intensify as the narrative switches from 40 years of disinflationary forces to the rising prospect of an inflation overshoot. Inflation is anathema to fiat currencies, including the dollar. For investors, precious metals have been a preferred habitat for anti-fiat holdings. That said, cryptocurrencies are also rising in the ranks as an alternative. In our Special Report2 released a month ago, we suggested government regulation was a huge risk for cryptocurrencies. But more specifically, the degree to which cryptocurrencies can benefit from a shift away from dollars will depend on whether private investors or central banks drive the outflows. Since the peak in the DXY index in 2020, the biggest sellers of US Treasurys have been private investors. Cryptocurrencies benefited from this diversification. That has changed since March, which partly explains the big drawdown in crypto prices. In general, you always want to align yourself with strong buyers who are price indiscriminate. Foreign central banks (the biggest holders of US Treasurys) prefer gold as their anti-dollar asset. This puts an solid footing under gold prices, compared to cryptocurrencies or other anti-fiat assets. It is worth noting that competition between the dollar and gold often run in long cycles. In the 1970s, as inflation took hold in the US, the dollar depreciated and gold soared. In the 1980s, the dollar took off and gold fell sharply, as the Federal Reserve was able to bring down inflation. The 1990s were relatively disinflationary, which supported the dollar (Chart I-10). A whiff of rising inflation in the early 2000s hurt the dollar, while the 2010s were characterized by very low inflation, supporting the dollar. More recently, the dollar is weakening as inflationary trends accelerate faster in the US (Chart I-11). Chart I-10The Dollar And Inflation Move Opposite Ways (1) Chart I-11The Dollar And Inflation Move Opposite Ways (2) One of our favorite indicators for gauging ultimate downside in the dollar is the bond-to-gold ratio. The rationale is that the bond-to-gold ratio should capture investor preference at the margin for either US Treasurys or gold. This in turn has been a good measure of investor confidence in the greenback. On this basis, the bond-to-gold ratio (TLT-to-GLD ETF) is breaking down to fresh cycle lows (Chart I-12). This has historically pointed towards a lower US dollar. Chart I-12The Dollar And The Bond-To-Gold Ratio Within precious metals, we like gold but love silver. As such, we are short the gold-to-silver ratio since an entry point of 68. Our bias is that initial support for this ratio is 60. Meanwhile, we also like platinum, and will go long versus palladium at current levels. A Few Other Indicators A few other market developments are pointing to a lower dollar in the coming months. The dollar tends to decline in the second half of the year. This has been true since the 1970s (Chart I-13). Importantly, even during the Paul Volcker years in the 80s when the dollar staged a meaningful rally, it often fell in the second half of the year. The winner in the second half of the year has usually been the Swiss franc and the Japanese yen (Chart I-14). Chart I-13The Dollar Usually Strengthens In H1 Chart I-14The Dollar Usually Weakens In H2 The OECD leading economic indicators still suggest US growth remains robust relative to the rest of the G10. However, our expectation is that this gap will decrease sharply in the second half of this year. That said, the current reading is a risk to our dollar bearish view (Chart I-15). Chart I-15US Exceptionalism Is A Risk For Dollar Bears Lumber has started to underperform Dr. Copper. Lumber benefits from solid US housing activity, while copper is more tied to global growth and the emerging investment in green technology. As a counter-cyclical currency, the dollar also tends to underperform higher beta currencies when lumber is underperforming copper (Chart I-16). The copper-to-gold ratio has also bottomed, suggesting ample liquidity is now fueling growth (Chart I-17). We suggested last week that the velocity of money across countries was a key variable to watch in getting the dollar call right. So far, the collapse in money velocity is least acute in China, explaining the rise in the copper-to-gold ratio and the improvement in non-US yields compared to the US. Chart I-16Lumber/Copper Prices And The Dollar Chart I-17Copper/Gold Prices And Bond Yields In summary, many cyclical indicators still point to a lower dollar. The key risk to this view is an equity market correction, and/or persistent relative strength in US growth. Chester Ntonifor Foreign Exchange Strategist chestern@bcaresearch.com Footnotes 1 Please see Foreign Exchange Strategy Report, "Trading Currencies Using Equity Signals," dated May 7, 2021. 2 Please see Foreign Exchange Special Report, "Will Cryptocurrencies Displace Fiat," dated April 23, 2021. Trades & Forecasts Forecast Summary Core Portfolio Tactical Trades Limit Orders Closed Trades
Highlights The reason to own stocks is not profit growth. The combination of unspectacular sales growth and down-trending profit margins means that global profit growth will be lacklustre, at best. The reason to own stocks is that the ultimate low in the T-bond yield is yet to come. This ultimate low in the T-bond yield will define the ultimate high in the global stock market’s valuation and the end of the structural bull market in stocks. Until that ultimate low in bond yields, long-term investors should own stocks… …and tilt towards long-duration growth sectors and growth-heavy stock markets such as the S&P500 that will benefit most from the final collapse in yields. The correction in DRAM, corn, and lumber prices suggests that the recent mania in inflation expectations is about to end. Fractal trade shortlist: copper and tin are fragile, go long T-bonds versus TIPS. Feature Chart of the WeekGlobal Profits Surged During The Credit Boom, But Have Gone Nowhere Since The main reason to own stocks is not what you think. The usual long-term argument to own stocks is based on profit growth – specifically, that an uptrend in profits drives up stock prices. Except that since 2008, this is not true (Chart of the Week and Chart I-2). Profits have barely grown, yet the global stock market has doubled.1 Chart I-2Since The Credit Boom Ended, Global Profits Have Barely Grown As profits have barely grown since 2008, the main reason that the global stock market has doubled is that the valuation paid for those profits has surged. Looking ahead, we expect this to remain the main reason to own stocks. The Reason To Own Stocks Is Not Profit Growth Profits are the product of sales and the profit margin on those sales. During the credit boom of the nineties and noughties, the strong tailwind of credit creation supercharged sales growth. At the same time, the profit margin on those sales trended higher (Chart I-3). Chart I-3Since The Credit Boom Ended, Sales Growth Has Slowed And Profit Margins Have Trended Lower Hence, in the decade leading up to 2008, global stock market profits surged, outstripping both sales and world GDP. Then the credit boom ended, and profits languished, because: Absent the tailwind from the credit boom, sales growth moderated. The profit margin trended lower. In the post-pandemic years, we expect both trends to persist. The credit boom is not coming back. Furthermore, as the pandemic recession was not protracted, sales are not at a depressed level from which they can play a sharp catch-up, as they did after the 2008 recession and the 2015 emerging markets recession. The structural downtrend in the profit margin will continue. Meanwhile, the structural downtrend in the profit margin will continue. Governments are desperate to mitigate – or at least, contain – the ballooning deficits that have paid for their pandemic stimuluses. Raising corporate taxes from structurally depressed levels is an easy and politically expedient response, as we have already seen from both the Biden administration in the US, and the Johnson administration in the UK. Higher corporate taxes will weigh on structural profit margins (Chart I-4). Chart I-4Corporate Taxes Will Rise From Structurally Depressed Levels The combination of unspectacular sales growth and down-trending profit margins means that global profit growth will continue to be lacklustre, at best. The Reason To Own Stocks Is That The Ultimate High In Valuations Is Yet To Come To repeat, the main reason that the global stock market has doubled since 2008 is that its valuation has surged (Chart I-5). Chart I-5The Main Driver Of The Stock Market Has Been Valuation Expansion In turn, the stock market’s valuation has surged because bond yields have plummeted. Empirically, the valuation of the global stock market is tightly connected with the simple average of the (inverted) yields on the safest sovereign bond, the US T-bond, and the riskier sovereign bond, the Italian BTP. The main reason that the global stock market has doubled since 2008 is that its valuation has surged. Through 2012-13, the decline in the Italian BTP yield, by signifying the fading of euro break-up risk, boosted stock valuations. In more recent years though, it has been the US T-bond yield that has been more influential in driving the global stock market’s valuation (Chart I-6). Chart I-6The Stock Market's Valuation Expansion Is Due To Lower Bond Yields But the crucial point to grasp is that the relationship between the declining bond yield and stock market valuation becomes exponential. This is because as bond yields approach their lower bound, bond prices have less additional upside but considerably more downside. This extra riskiness of bonds means that investors demand a diminishing risk premium on equities versus bonds. So, as bond yields decline, the required return on equities – which equals the bond yield plus the risk premium – collapses. And as valuation is just the inverse of required return, valuations soar. Chart I-7 and Chart I-8 demonstrate this exponential relationship in practice. Note that the bond yield is on the logarithmic left scale while the stock market’s valuation is on the linear right scale. The logarithmic versus linear scale visually demonstrates that at a lower bond yield, a given change in the bond yield has a much greater impact on the stock market’s valuation. Chart I-7The Relationship Between Lower Bond Yields And Stock Market Valuation Expansion Is Exponential Chart I-8When Bond Yields Reach Their Ultimate Low, Stock Market Valuations Will Surge Specifically, if the 30-year yield in the US reached the recent low achieved in the UK, it would boost the stock market’s valuation by nearly 50 percent. We fully expect this to happen at some point in the coming years because of The Shock Theory Of Bond Yields which we introduced in last week’s report. In a nutshell, the shock theory of bond yields states that each successive deflationary shock takes the bond yield to a lower structural level, until it can go no lower. Although it is impossible to predict the timing and nature of individual shocks such as the pandemic, it is easy to predict the statistical distribution of shocks. On this basis, the likelihood of a net deflationary shock is 50 percent within the next three years, and 81 percent within the next five years. Whatever that deflationary shock is, and whenever it arrives, it will mark the ultimate low in the 30-year T-bond yield – at a level close to the recent low in the UK. This ultimate low in the T-bond yield will also define the ultimate high in the global stock market’s valuation and the end of the structural bull market in stocks. Until that ultimate low in bond yields, long-term investors should own stocks. And tilt towards long-duration growth sectors that will benefit most from the final collapse in yields. Growth sectors and growth-heavy stock markets such as the S&P500 will continue to outperform, as they have done consistently since 2008. The Inflation Bubble Is Bursting The last couple of months has seen a mania in inflation expectations. As industries reconfigured for the end of lockdowns, supply bottlenecks in some commodities led to understandable spikes in their prices. These commodity price increases then unleashed fears about inflation. As investors sought inflation hedges, it drove up commodity prices more broadly … which added to the inflation fears…which added further fuel to the mania in inflation expectations. And so, the indiscriminate rally in commodities continued. The inflation bubble is bursting. But now it seems that the indiscriminate rally is over. DRAM prices have rolled over, belying the thesis that there is widespread shortage in semiconductors (Chart I-9). More spectacularly in the past week, the corn price has tumbled by 12 percent while the lumber price has slumped by 25 percent (Chart I-10). Chart I-9DRAM Prices Have ##br##Rolled Over Chart I-10Lumber Prices Are Correcting, Will Other Commodities Follow? Given that the commodity rally was indiscriminate, there is a danger that any correction will spread into other commodities like the industrial metals, copper and tin – especially as their fractal structures are at a level of fragility that has identified previous turning points in 2008, 2011, 2015, 2017 and 2020 (Chart I-11 and Chart I-12). Chart I-11Copper's Fractal Structure Is Fragile Chart I-12Tin's Fractal Structure Is Fragile In any case, the mania in inflation expectations is about to end. An excellent way to play this is to expect compression in the market implied inflation rate in T-bond yields versus TIPS yields (Chart I-13). Chart I-13The Mania In Inflation Expectations Is About To End Hence, this week’s recommended trade is to go long the 10-year T-bond versus the 10-year TIPS, setting a profit target and symmetrical stop-loss at 3.6 percent. Dhaval Joshi Chief Strategist dhaval@bcaresearch.com Footnotes 1 To clarify, Chart 2 shows world stock market earnings per share, both 12-month forward and 12-month trailing. Whereas Charts 1 and 3 show sales and net profits (not per share). Fractal Trading System Fractal Trades 6-Month Recommendations Structural Recommendations Closed Fractal Trades Closed Trades Asset Performance Equity Market Performance Indicators To Watch - Bond Yields Chart II-1Indicators To Watch - Bond Yields - Euro Area Chart II-2Indicators To Watch - Bond Yields - Europe Ex Euro Area Chart II-3Indicators To Watch - Bond Yields - Asia Chart II-4Indicators To Watch - Bond Yields - Other Developed Indicators To Watch - Interest Rate Expectations Chart II-5Indicators To Watch - Interest Rate Expectations Chart II-6Indicators To Watch - Interest Rate Expectations Chart II-7Indicators To Watch - Interest Rate Expectations Chart II-8Indicators To Watch - Interest Rate Expectations
Aspectos destacados
¿Reducción del BCE?: Los temores de los inversores de que el BCE pueda seguir al Banco de Canadá y al Banco de Inglaterra y comenzar a reducir sus compras de bonos antes de lo esperado – quizá ya en la reunión de política monetaria del próximo mes – están fuera de lugar. Lo último que desea ver el BCE es el repunte del euro y de los rendimientos de los bonos italianos que seguramente seguiría a cualquier movimiento para comenzar de forma preventiva a reducir la acomodación monetaria en respuesta a un crecimiento y una inflación europeos más rápidos.
Estrategia de bonos de la zona euro: Mantenemos nuestras recomendaciones actuales sobre bonos europeos: sobreponderar Europa dentro de las carteras globales de renta fija - favoreciendo a los soberanos y corporativos periféricos frente a la deuda gubernamental de los países del núcleo - y, además, sobreponderar los bonos ligados a la inflación en Francia, Italia y Alemania, donde los breakevens están infravalorados. También proponemos una nueva operación táctica para desvanecer la valoración actual del mercado sobre subidas de tipos del BCE, tomando una posición larga en el contrato de futuros de tipos de interés Euribor de diciembre de 2023.
Reportaje
Estimado cliente,
La próxima semana publicaremos conjuntamente un Informe Especial, en el que discutiremos las implicaciones para la inversión del actual boom inmobiliario global, con nuestros colegas de la publicación mensual Bank Credit Analyst. Recibirá ese informe el viernes 28 de mayo. Volveremos al calendario semanal habitual de publicaciones el martes 1 de junio.
- Rob Robis
Gráfico de la semana
Un aumento decepcionante de los rendimientos de los bonos europeos
Un repunte decepcionante en los rendimientos de los bonos europeos
Un repunte decepcionante en los rendimientos de los bonos europeos
Para la reunión de política monetaria del próximo mes, la presidenta del Banco Central Europeo (BCE), Christine Lagarde, planea supuestamente invitar a los miembros del Consejo de Gobierno a reunirse en persona por primera vez desde el inicio de la pandemia. Eso añade un subtexto interesante a una reunión que sin duda incluirá un debate sobre cuánta ayuda monetaria sigue siendo necesaria para una Europa cada vez más vacunada que está saliendo de las profundidades del COVID-19. Según las actas de la última reunión del BCE en abril, algunos funcionarios del BCE ya han señalado que los riesgos para el crecimiento económico y las expectativas de inflación ahora estaban “inclinados al alza”.
Con la mejora de la confianza económica en Europa, los rendimientos de los bonos europeos han subido en respuesta (Gráfico de la semana). El rendimiento de referencia del bund alemán a 10 años se sitúa ahora en -0.11%, 46 puntos básicos en lo que va de año, aunque la mitad de ese movimiento se ha producido en el último mes. El repunte de los rendimientos no se ha limitado a los países del núcleo como Alemania y Francia: el rendimiento del bono gubernamental italiano a 10 años ha subido hasta el 1.11%, más del doble del nivel con el que empezó 2021 (0.52%). Las expectativas de inflación han aumentado con fuerza, y el swap del IPC a 5 años/5 años a plazo del euro se sitúa ahora en 1.63%, un nivel no visto desde diciembre de 2018.
Estos aumentos de los rendimientos han estado rezagados respecto a los grandes movimientos observados en otros países; los rendimientos de los bonos gubernamentales a 10 años en EEUU y Canadá han registrado incrementos en lo que va de año de 72 y 90 puntos básicos, respectivamente. En esos países, los rendimientos se han disparado debido al aumento de las expectativas de inflación y a las preocupaciones por una reducción ("tapering") de las compras de bonos por parte de los bancos centrales, preocupaciones que resultaron ser acertadas en el caso de Canadá, donde el Banco de Canadá anunció, de hecho, un ritmo más lento de compras de bonos el mes pasado.
En nuestra opinión, aún es demasiado pronto para que el BCE contemple un cambio hacia una postura de política menos acomodaticia. Este mensaje lo corrobora nuestro Monitor del BCE, que ha subido pero aún no señala la necesidad de una política monetaria más restrictiva. La venta masiva de bonos en Europa parece un caso de "demasiado, demasiado rápido".
El BCE ahora tiene mucho que considerar
Los datos económicos recientes de la zona del euro no solo han alcanzado la fortaleza anterior visible en EEUU, sino que en algunos casos han vuelto a niveles no vistos en muchos años. El componente de expectativas de la encuesta ZEW alemana se disparó casi 14 puntos en mayo y se encuentra ahora en niveles no vistos desde 2000. El PMI manufacturero de Markit alcanzó un máximo histórico de 62.9 en abril. El índice de confianza del consumidor de la Comisión Europea para la zona del euro está casi de vuelta a los niveles previos a la pandemia (Gráfico 2), lo que augura una recuperación continuada del PMI de servicios de Markit.
Las noticias más positivas sobre la pandemia están impulsando el aumento de las expectativas de crecimiento. El ritmo de nuevos casos de COVID-19 ha caído de forma constante, y en Italia —una de las regiones más afectadas durante los primeros meses de la pandemia— se registra ahora la tasa más baja de nuevos casos desde octubre (en base móvil de 7 días). Mientras tanto, el ritmo de las vacunaciones se ha acelerado después de un despliegue inicial lento; el número de dosis diarias administradas (por cada 100 personas) es ahora mayor en Alemania, Francia e Italia que en EEUU (Gráfico 3).
Gráfico 2
El crecimiento europeo se está recuperando
El crecimiento europeo se está recuperando
El crecimiento europeo se está recuperando
Gráfico 3
Aceleración de la vacunación en Europa
Aceleración de la inoculación en Europa
Aceleración de la inoculación en Europa
Gráfico 4
¿Cuánta capacidad ociosa hay en Europa?
¿Cuánta capacidad excedente hay en Europa?
¿Cuánta capacidad excedente hay en Europa?
El rápido aumento de las vacunaciones está preparando a Europa para una recuperación sólida de la recesión en forma de doble caída impulsada por los confinamientos en el 4T/2020 y 1T/2021. La Comisión Europea mejoró sus previsiones de crecimiento para la zona del euro la semana pasada, y ahora se espera que el PIB real crezca un 4.3% en 2021 y un 4.4% en 2022, frente a las previsiones anteriores del 3.8% en ambos años. Se espera que todos los países de la zona del euro vuelvan al nivel de producción económica previo a la pandemia para finales de 2022, una cifra potenciada por un aumento de la inversión pública a través del paquete Next Generation EU (NGEU), que se espera comience a desembolsar fondos a finales de este verano.
Sin duda el BCE revisará al alza sus propias previsiones en la reunión de junio, tanto para el crecimiento económico como para la inflación. Las perspectivas para esta última probablemente se convertirán en la mayor fuente de debate dentro del Consejo de Gobierno del BCE.
A pesar de la recuperación bastante coordinada de los datos de encuestas como los PMI manufactureros, persiste una amplia divergencia en las tasas de desempleo —y en las medidas de capacidad ociosa, en términos generales— dentro de la zona del euro (Gráfico 4). Esto dificultará que el BCE determine si el actual aumento de la inflación realizada, que ha llevado el crecimiento anual de la inflación HICP general hacia el nivel del 2% en muchas naciones de la eurozona, puede persistir cuando países como Italia y España siguen sufriendo un desempleo muy elevado.
La amplia dispersión de las tasas de desempleo dentro de la zona del euro también sugiere que el nivel actual de los tipos de política (en o por debajo del 0%) es apropiado. Una métrica simple para medir la “amplitud” de la fortaleza del mercado laboral europeo es observar el porcentaje de países de la zona del euro que tienen una tasa de desempleo por debajo de la estimación de la OCDE del NAIRU.1 Esa métrica se correlaciona bien con una estimación del nivel apropiado de los tipos de interés a corto plazo de la zona del euro generada por una Regla de Taylor básica. Actualmente, solo el 43% de los países de la eurozona superan el pleno empleo, lo que es consistente con un tipo de política del BCE alrededor del 0% (Gráfico 5).
Gráfico 5
Los tipos de política cercanos al 0% siguen siendo apropiados
Las tasas de política cercanas al 0% siguen siendo apropiadas
Las tasas de política cercanas al 0% siguen siendo apropiadas
Una parte ligeramente mayor de países (47%) está experimentando una aceleración en el crecimiento salarial (panel inferior). Esto podría significar que algunas de las estimaciones del NAIRU para los países individuales son demasiado bajas, lo que encajaría con la aceleración del crecimiento salarial en toda la zona del euro observada desde 2015. Sin embargo, dado que tantos países de la zona del euro aún están absorbiendo el aumento del desempleo generado por la pandemia, llevará algún tiempo al BCE obtener una lectura lo bastante clara sobre la dinámica del mercado laboral para determinar si deben realizarse ajustes necesarios en la política monetaria.
La “amplitud” de las tendencias de los datos no solo se correlaciona con medidas teóricas de tipos de interés como la Regla de Taylor. Las decisiones reales de política del BCE están motivadas por el grado en que un mayor crecimiento y la inflación son evidentes en toda la zona del euro.
En el Gráfico 6 mostramos una métrica similar a las medidas de amplitud del mercado laboral del Gráfico 5, pero usando otros datos económicos y de inflación. Específicamente, mostramos el porcentaje de países de la zona del euro que están experimentando:
Gráfico 6
El BCE normalmente endurece cuando el crecimiento Y la inflación son generalizados
El BCE suele endurecer la política monetaria cuando el crecimiento y la inflación son generalizados.
El BCE suele endurecer la política monetaria cuando el crecimiento y la inflación son generalizados.
a) Un impulso de crecimiento acelerado, indicado por un indicador económico líder de la OCDE que es superior al nivel de hace un año;
b) Un impulso de inflación acelerado, comparando la última lectura de la inflación HICP general con la de hace un año;
c) Inflación relativamente alta, medida por la inflación HICP general por encima del objetivo del BCE de “algo por debajo del 2%”.
Mirando todos los periodos anteriores de endurecimiento monetario del BCE desde la creación del euro en 1998 —que han tomado la forma de subidas efectivas de los tipos de interés o una tendencia plana o decreciente en el balance del BCE—, queda claro que el BCE no endurece sin que al menos el 75% de los países de la zona del euro experimenten tanto un aceleramiento del crecimiento económico como de la inflación. Las subidas reales de tipos se producen cuando al menos el 75% de los países tenían una inflación por encima del 2%, como ocurrió durante los ciclos alcistas de 2000, 2005-2007 y 2011. Más recientemente, el BCE pausó la expansión de su balance en 2017 cuando el crecimiento y la inflación se aceleraron, pero no realizó ajustes en los tipos de política porque solo el 50% de los países tenían una inflación por encima del 2%.
Hoy, esencialmente todos los países de la zona del euro están viendo un impulso de crecimiento en aceleración en comparación con los niveles deprimidos por la pandemia de hace un año. El 59% de la zona del euro está experimentando una inflación más rápida, una cifra que probablemente aumente a medida que más países reabran tras los confinamientos en medio de un aumento de los precios mundiales de las materias primas. Sin embargo, solo el 12% de los países de la zona del euro tienen una inflación general por encima del 2%, lo que sugiere que la inflación realizada aún no es lo bastante fuerte como para desencadenar incluso un ajuste del balance del BCE, basándonos en la experiencia de 2017.
No apueste a una reducción del BCE en junio
Por tanto, a juzgar por el comportamiento pasado del BCE, un anuncio para reducir las compras de bonos en la reunión de política de junio sería muy prematuro. Un escenario más probable es que una mejora de las previsiones de crecimiento e inflación del BCE provoque una discusión sobre qué hacer con las distintas partes del estímulo monetario del BCE: la flexibilización cuantitativa, los programas de financiación bancaria como los TLTRO, así como los tipos de interés de política. No obstante, será imposible que el Consejo de Gobierno del BCE alcance conclusiones sobre sus próximos pasos en la reunión de junio porque la propia naturaleza del objetivo de inflación del BCE podría cambiar pronto.
El BCE está actualmente llevando a cabo una revisión de su estrategia de política monetaria —la primera desde 2003— que tiene previsto completarse a finales de este año. Se espera algún ajuste del objetivo de inflación del BCE para permitir más flexibilidad, pero aún no está claro cómo será ese cambio. ¿Podría el BCE seguir el ejemplo de la Reserva Federal y pasar a un régimen de “objetivo de inflación promedio”, tolerando excesos de la meta de inflación tras periodos de inflación por debajo del objetivo?
El economista jefe del BCE, Philip Lane, señaló en marzo que “había una lógica muy sólida” en el nuevo enfoque de la Fed. También dijo que las “historias de inflación muy diferentes” en algunos países europeos pueden dificultar alcanzar un acuerdo sobre cualquier sistema que permita incluso periodos temporales de inflación más alta.2
Más recientemente, el gobernador del Banco de Finlandia, Olli Rehn —un miembro moderado del Consejo de Gobierno que fue considerado candidato a la actual presidencia del BCE— se manifestó a favor de que el BCE cambiara a un objetivo de inflación promedio al estilo de la Fed para Europa en una reciente entrevista con el Financial Times.3 Rehn señaló que un enfoque similar al de la Fed en busca del desempleo máximo “tiene sentido en el contexto actual de una tasa natural de interés más baja.” Rehn continuó describiendo la redacción actual del objetivo de inflación del BCE como que ha “generado una percepción de asimetría” de modo que “el 2 por ciento se percibe como un techo y eso está amortiguando las expectativas de inflación”.
Imaginamos que Jens Weidmann, del Bundesbank, se opondría vehementemente a cualquier movimiento para cambiar el objetivo de inflación del BCE para tolerar incluso un periodo temporal de inflación por encima del 2%. La inflación general alemana HICP ya alcanzó el 2.1% en abril, con más aumentos probables a medida que la economía alemana se reabra tras prolongados confinamientos. Sin embargo, incluso si Weidmann no se atrincherara contra cualquier “aflojamiento” del objetivo de inflación del BCE, la inminente conclusión de la revisión de la estrategia del BCE hace muy poco probable que cualquier cambio de política —como una reducción de compras— pueda anunciarse de forma creíble antes de entonces. Si se va a tolerar una inflación más alta, ¿para qué molestarse en reducir compras?
Más allá de la revisión de la estrategia de inflación, hay otros factores que podrían pesar en las deliberaciones del BCE sobre el próximo movimiento de política monetaria:
Endurecimiento de la política en China: China – el mayor socio comercial de Europa – ha visto que sus responsables políticos comienzan a frenar el crecimiento del crédito y el gasto fiscal, tras permitir un auge del endeudamiento en 2020 para ayudar a impulsar el crecimiento durante la pandemia. Nuestra medida del impulso crediticio en China adelanta la tasa de crecimiento anual de las exportaciones europeas a China por alrededor de nueve meses (Gráfico 7), y está avisando de una desaceleración drástica de las exportaciones en la segunda mitad de este año. Esto representa un riesgo a la baja para el crecimiento de la zona del euro, particularmente en países que exportan más a China como Alemania.
Desaceleración del crecimiento de los préstamos: La tasa de crecimiento anual del conjunto de la concesión de crédito bancario en la zona del euro alcanzó un máximo del 12.2% en febrero y ahora ha bajado al 10.9% (Gráfico 8). Gran parte del debilitamiento se ha producido en Alemania y Francia, países que habían registrado una gran utilización de la financiación bancaria subsidiada a través de los TLTRO del BCE. Los incentivos de precios establecidos por el BCE para el último programa de TLTRO fueron muy atractivos, y parece que los bancos alemanes y franceses aprovecharon la financiación barata para aumentar la actividad de préstamo. Esto hace que la interpretación económica de los datos de préstamos bancarios sea más desafiante para el BCE, especialmente con el crecimiento de los préstamos en Italia —y el uso de TLTRO— acelerándose ahora.
Gráfico 7
Señales de alarma para la demanda de exportaciones europeas
Señales de advertencia para la demanda de exportaciones europeas
Señales de advertencia para la demanda de exportaciones europeas
Gráfico 8
Los TLTRO del BCE se están centrando en Italia
Las LTRO del BCE se están centrando en Italia.
Las LTRO del BCE se están centrando en Italia.
Gasto del NGEU: Como se mencionó antes, se espera que los desembolsos del NGEU de €750bn (también conocido como “fondo de recuperación”) comiencen a finales de este año, pendiente la aprobación por parte de la UE de las propuestas de inversión de los gobiernos. Los fondos del NGEU están destinados a financiar iniciativas que puedan impulsar el crecimiento económico futuro, como inversiones en programas digitales y verdes. La mayoría de los países de la zona del euro ya han presentado sus propuestas, encabezadas por la solicitud de Italia de €192bn.
Gráfico 9
El NGEU dará un gran impulso al crecimiento europeo durante los próximos cinco años
Perspectivas del BCE: Caminando sobre cáscaras de huevo
Perspectivas del BCE: Caminando sobre cáscaras de huevo
Gráfico 10
El impacto del NGEU se concentrará en la primera fase
El impacto del NGEU se concentrará al principio.
El impacto del NGEU se concentrará al principio.
Un estudio reciente de S&P Global concluyó que las inversiones del NGEU podrían aumentar el crecimiento agregado de la zona del euro entre 1.3 y 3.9 puntos porcentuales, de forma acumulada, entre 2021 y 2026 (Gráfico 9).4 Ese mismo estudio también señaló que los impactos del gasto estarán concentrados en los próximos dos años (Gráfico 10). El gobierno italiano cree que la inversión del NGEU podría duplicar la anémica tasa de crecimiento tendencial de Italia hasta el 1.5%. Muchos funcionarios del BCE han señalado que el NGEU es el tipo de estímulo fiscal estructural que hace menos necesario mantener una política monetaria altamente acomodaticia. Sin embargo, hasta que las propuestas del NGEU no se finalicen y las cantidades finales aprobadas no se desembolsen, el BCE no podrá ajustar sus previsiones económicas para tener en cuenta más inversión pública.
Dadas todas estas incertidumbres inmediatas, incluida la capacidad de Europa para reabrir con éxito tras los confinamientos por la pandemia, no vemos un escenario plausible en el que el Consejo de Gobierno del BCE pueda concluir en la reunión de política de junio que era necesario un cambio inmediato en las herramientas y la orientación de la política monetaria actual.
Conclusión: Los temores de los inversores de que el BCE pueda seguir al Banco de Canadá y al Banco de Inglaterra y comenzar a reducir sus compras de bonos antes de lo esperado – quizás ya en la reunión de política del próximo mes – están fuera de lugar.
Probables próximos movimientos del BCE e implicaciones para la inversión
Aunque es poco probable un anuncio de reducción en junio por parte del BCE, es bastante posible algún indicio sobre un movimiento futuro. El BCE es conocido por preparar a los mercados con mucha antelación ante cualquier cambio de política, por lo que la declaración oficial tras la reunión de junio —así como la rueda de prensa de la presidenta del BCE, Lagarde— podría contener pistas sobre lo que el BCE hará a continuación.
Gráfico 11
La flexibilización del BCE adopta muchas formas
La flexibilización del BCE adopta muchas formas
La flexibilización del BCE adopta muchas formas
Cabe la posibilidad de que en junio se debata qué pasará con el Programa de Compras de Emergencia Pandémica (PEPP), que está previsto que finalice el próximo marzo. Consideramos más probable que el tema se plantee en la reunión de política de septiembre, cuando habrá más claridad sobre el éxito de la reapertura de la economía europea y sobre el tamaño final aprobado de los fondos NGEU, lo que determinará la necesidad de mantener un programa de compras de activos introducido por el shock del COVID-19.
Sin duda existen muchas opciones de política entre las que el BCE puede elegir cuando decida reducir la acomodación.
Hay varios tipos de interés de política que podrían ajustarse. Aunque es probable que cuando el BCE intente subir los tipos por próxima vez, el primer tipo en moverse sea el tipo de depósito a la noche, que actualmente está en -0.5% y representa el “suelo” para los tipos de interés a corto plazo en Europa (Gráfico 11).
Sin embargo, las subidas de tipos no se producirán antes de que se reduzcan o deshagan las herramientas del balance, lo que significa que las compras de activos se reducirán primero. Los participantes del mercado son bien conscientes de ese orden de opciones de política, ya que actualmente en la curva de swaps de tipo overnight europea (OIS) se descuenta una trayectoria muy plana para los tipos de interés a corto plazo.
La diferencia entre las tasas a plazo en las curvas OIS y los swaps de IPC puede usarse como un proxy para la valoración a futuro en mercado de las tasas de interés reales. Actualmente, la tasa de política real implícita por el mercado para el BCE se espera que se mantenga entre -2% y -1% durante la próxima década (Gráfico 12). Dicho de otro modo, los mercados están descontando una trayectoria muy plana para los tipos de política del BCE que permanecerán por debajo de la inflación esperada durante los próximos diez años.
Aunque la tasa real natural de interés en Europa probablemente sea muy baja dado el bajo crecimiento tendencial, una tasa real tan baja como -2% descuenta muchas malas noticias estructurales para la economía europea. En comparación, la última estimación del NY Fed de la tasa real natural (r-star) para Europa —calculada en el 2T/2020 antes de que la volatilidad económica en torno a la pandemia hiciera la estimación de r-star menos fiable— fue positiva en +0.6%.
La prolongada trayectoria de expectativas de tasas reales negativas en Europa explica en gran medida la persistencia de rendimientos reales negativos en la curva de rendimiento de referencia del gobierno alemán. En pocas palabras, hay poca creencia de que el BCE alguna vez pueda articular un ciclo de subidas de tipos completo —un resultado con el que los inversores de renta fija japoneses están muy familiarizados.
Dada la preocupación constante del BCE por el nivel del euro y su papel en el impacto sobre el crecimiento y las expectativas de inflación europeas, los mercados tienen razón al pensar que será difícil para el BCE subir los tipos mucho sin provocar una apreciación no deseada de la divisa. No es coincidencia que el euro haya estado consistentemente infravalorado en términos de paridad de poder adquisitivo (PPP) desde que el BCE pasó a una política de tipos de interés negativos en 2014 (Gráfico 13).
Gráfico 12
Los mercados esperan tasas reales negativas en Europa durante la próxima década
Los mercados esperan tasas reales europeas negativas durante la próxima década
Los mercados esperan tasas reales europeas negativas durante la próxima década
De cara al futuro, el BCE deberá ser prudente al señalizar cualquier cambio en la política monetaria, incluida una reducción de compras, que obligue a los mercados a revisar al alza la trayectoria futura de los tipos de interés europeos y dé un fuerte impulso al euro.
Gráfico 13
Los bajos tipos del BCE mantienen al euro infravalorado
Bajas tasas del BCE mantienen al euro infravalorado
Bajas tasas del BCE mantienen al euro infravalorado
Eso significa que los rendimientos reales de los bonos europeos probablemente seguirán profundamente negativos durante al menos la segunda mitad de 2021, con cualquier aumento adicional del rendimiento nominal procedente de mayores expectativas de inflación (Gráfico 14). Esto limitará cuánto más pueden subir los rendimientos de los bonos europeos desde los niveles actuales.
Gráfico 14
Resumen de la estrategia de bonos europeos
Resumen de la estrategia de bonos europeos
Resumen de la estrategia de bonos europeos
Seguimos creyendo que los rendimientos de los bonos del núcleo europeo se comportarán con una “beta de bajo rendimiento” respecto a los rendimientos del Tesoro estadounidense durante al menos la segunda mitad de 2021 y probablemente hasta 2022, cuando esperamos que la Fed comience a reducir sus compras de bonos. Por tanto, mantenemos nuestra recomendación estratégica de sobreponderar los bonos gubernamentales del núcleo europeo frente a los bonos del Tesoro de EEUU en las carteras globales de bonos. Simplemente vemos mayores probabilidades de que se produzca una reducción en EEUU que en Europa, y que la Fed sea más propensa a ejecutar posteriores subidas de tipos tras la reducción que el BCE.
Seguimos recomendando una postura de duración moderadamente por debajo del índice de referencia dentro de carteras dedicadas de bonos europeos, aunque si el rendimiento del bund alemán a 10 años sube significativamente a territorio positivo, probablemente consideraríamos aumentar nuestra exposición de duración europea sugerida.
También mantenemos nuestra sobreponderación recomendada en bonos europeos ligados a la inflación, ya que los diferenciales breakeven en Alemania, Francia e Italia son los únicos que permanecen por debajo de su valor justo en nuestra suite de modelos de valoración globales.
En crédito europeo, seguimos recomendando sobreponderar productos con spread frente a bonos soberanos. Esto incluye bonos gubernamentales italianos y españoles, así como deuda corporativa tanto investment grade como high yield. El momento de volverse más bajista en esos mercados será cuando el BCE comience a reducir sus compras de activos, ya que los spreads de crédito tienden a ensancharse durante los periodos en que el crecimiento del balance del BCE se está desacelerando (Gráfico 15).
Esperamos que cuando el BCE finalmente decida reducir compras, la cifra neta de TLTROs probablemente se mantenga cerca de los niveles actuales (introduciendo nuevos TLTROs para reemplazar a los que expiran). Esto garantizará que los costes de financiación en los países más frágiles, como Italia, no se disparen por el doble efecto de la reducción de la compra de bonos italianos por parte del BCE y el acceso disminuido a la financiación bancaria barata del BCE.
Una última nota – estamos introduciendo una nueva operación en nuestra cartera Tactical Overlay en la página 19 esta semana, como forma de contrarrestar la valoración del mercado de un BCE más agresivo. Una subida de 10 puntos básicos – el tamaño más probable de cualquier primer intento del BCE por subir los tipos – ya está descontada en la curva OIS alrededor de mediados de 2023. Para finales de 2023, casi 25 puntos básicos de subidas están descontados en las curvas de tipos a plazo. No esperamos que el BCE suba los tipos en 2023, pero incluso si se incrementaran, es improbable que se entreguen 25 puntos básicos acumulados en seis meses. Por tanto, recomendamos abrir una posición larga en el contrato de futuros Euribor a 3 meses de diciembre de 2023 a un precio de entrada de 100.27 (Gráfico 16).
Gráfico 15
La reducción del BCE sería mala noticia para el crédito europeo
El tapering del BCE sería una mala noticia para el crédito europeo
El tapering del BCE sería una mala noticia para el crédito europeo
Gráfico 16
Tomar posición larga en futuros Euribor dic/2023
Comprar futuros Euribor dic/2023
Comprar futuros Euribor dic/2023
Conclusión: Lo último que desea ver el BCE es el repunte del euro y de los rendimientos de los bonos italianos que seguramente seguiría a cualquier movimiento para comenzar de forma preventiva a reducir la acomodación monetaria en respuesta a un crecimiento y una inflación europeos más rápidos. Mantenemos nuestras recomendaciones actuales sobre bonos europeos: sobreponderar Europa dentro de las carteras globales de renta fija - favoreciendo a los soberanos y corporativos periféricos frente a la deuda gubernamental de los países del núcleo - y, además, sobreponderar los bonos ligados a la inflación en Francia, Italia y Alemania, donde los breakevens están infravalorados.
Robert Robis, CFA Jefe de Estrategia de Renta Fija rrobis@bcaresearch.com
Notas al pie
1 NAIRU es un acrónimo de la expresión inglesa "Non-Accelerating Inflation Rate of Unemployment" (tasa de desempleo que no acelera la inflación).
2 Los comentarios de Lane proceden de una entrevista de amplio alcance con el Financial Times publicada el 16 de marzo de 2021, que puede consultarse aquí: https://www.ft.com/content/2aa6750d-48b7-441e-9e84-7cb6467c5366
3 Los comentarios de Rehn se publicaron a principios de este mes, el 9 de mayo, y pueden consultarse aquí: https://www.ft.com/content/05a12645-ceb2-4cd5-938e-974b778e16e0
4 El informe de S&P Global, titulado “Next Generation EU Will Shift European Growth Into A Higher Gear”, puede consultarse aquí: https://www.spglobal.com/ratings/en/research/articles/210427-next-generation-eu-will-shift-european-growth-into-a-higher-gear-1192994
Recomendaciones
La cartera recomendada por GFIS frente al índice de referencia personalizado
Perspectiva del BCE: Caminando sobre cáscaras de huevo
Perspectiva del BCE: Caminando sobre cáscaras de huevo
Duración
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Rendimientos de bonos globales
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