Global

Puntos destacados El acuerdo comercial interino de "fase 1" alcanzado la semana pasada representa un avance significativo hacia una distensión en la guerra comercial entre China y EE. UU. Independientemente de lo que ocurra después en las negociaciones del Brexit, se evitará una salida dura. Mantener posición larga en la libra. Es probable que el crecimiento de los beneficios en EE. UU. sea plano en el tercer trimestre, en contraste con las expectativas "bottom-up" de una caída interanual. El crecimiento de los beneficios debería repuntar a medida que el crecimiento global vuelva a acelerarse hacia fin de año. Un crecimiento global más fuerte presionará a la baja al dólar estadounidense. Mantener sobreponderación en acciones globales respecto a los bonos en un horizonte de 12 meses. Las acciones cíclicas deberían comenzar a superar a las defensivas. El sector financiero finalmente tendrá su momento de gloria. Vientos favorables del comercio En nuestra Perspectiva estratégica del cuarto trimestre publicada hace dos semanas, argumentamos que las acciones globales habían entrado en una fase de "demuéstramelo", lo que significa que sería necesaria evidencia tangible de una desescalada en la guerra comercial y una recuperación del crecimiento global para que los índices bursátiles subieran.1  Recibimos algunas noticias positivas en el frente comercial el pasado viernes. A cambio de suspender la subida prevista de aranceles del 15 de octubre del 25% al 30% sobre $250 mil millones de importaciones chinas, China acordó comprar entre $40 y $50 mil millones de dólares de productos agrícolas estadounidenses por año, mejorar el acceso al mercado para las empresas de servicios financieros de EE. UU. y aumentar la transparencia en la gestión del tipo de cambio. Admitimos que aún queda mucho por hacer. El texto del acuerdo aún no se ha finalizado. Ambas partes apuntan a concluir el pacto para la cumbre de la APEC en Santiago, Chile, los días 16 y 17 de noviembre. Teniendo en cuenta que quedan sin resolver una serie de cuestiones clave, incluyendo qué tipo de mecanismos de cumplimiento y resolución se incluirán en el acuerdo, son posibles más retrasos o incluso un colapso en las conversaciones. El acuerdo interino pactado la semana pasada también aplaza la espinosa cuestión de cómo manejar las protecciones de propiedad intelectual a una "fase 2" de las negociaciones programada para comenzar poco después de que se cierre la "fase 1". Según la independiente y bipartidista Comisión sobre el robo de la propiedad intelectual estadounidense, los productores de EE. UU. pierden entre $225 y $600 mil millones anuales por el robo de PI.2 China a menudo ha sido considerada entre los peores infractores. Dada la importancia del tema de la PI, será necesario un progreso significativo para asegurar que no se introduzcan aranceles del 15% sobre aproximadamente $160 mil millones de importaciones chinas el 15 de diciembre. Trump quiere un acuerdo A pesar de los muchos obstáculos que quedan, los acontecimientos de la semana pasada aumentan significativamente las probabilidades de una distensión en la guerra comercial de 18 meses. Como autoproclamado "maestro negociador", el presidente Trump ha puesto en juego su credibilidad al describir las negociaciones como un "festival de amor", llamar al pacto comercial "el mayor y mejor acuerdo jamás hecho para nuestros grandes y patrióticos agricultores" y decir que tiene "poca duda" de que se alcanzará un acuerdo final. Al igual que hizo con el sucesor del TLCAN, el USMCA —un acuerdo que es sustantivamente similar al que reemplazó— es probable que Trump pase a modo de promoción, pregonando el nuevo acuerdo "tremendo" que ha negociado en nombre del pueblo estadounidense. Desde el punto de vista político, esto tiene perfecto sentido. Con razón o sin ella, los votantes valoran más a Trump por su manejo de la economía que por cualquier otra cosa (Gráfico 1). Una guerra comercial prolongada socavaría la economía estadounidense y, por tanto, dañaría las perspectivas de reelección de Trump. Gráfico 1 Trump recibe calificaciones relativamente altas por su manejo de la economía, pero no por mucho más Kumbaya Kumbaya Gráfico 2 Las empresas chinas no están soportando la mayor parte de los aranceles Kumbaya Kumbaya A pesar de sus afirmaciones en sentido contrario, la evidencia sugiere firmemente que son los consumidores estadounidenses, más que las empresas chinas, quienes están pagando la mayor parte de los aranceles. Gráfico 2 muestra que los precios de importación de EE. UU. desde China apenas han disminuido, aun cuando las tasas arancelarias sobre las importaciones chinas han aumentado. En la medida en que las últimas rondas de aranceles se centran en bienes chinos para los que hay poca competencia en EE. UU. o en terceros países, la capacidad de los productores chinos para repercutir el coste de los aranceles solo aumentará. Si se implementaran todas las subidas de aranceles anunciadas, la tasa arancelaria efectiva sobre las importaciones chinas subiría desde alrededor del 15% a finales de agosto hasta un máximo del 25% en diciembre (Gráfico 3). Tal tasa arancelaria reduciría los ingresos disponibles de los hogares estadounidenses en más de $100 mil millones de dólares, borrando la mayor parte de las ganancias de los recortes fiscales de 2017. Trump no puede permitir que la guerra comercial llegue a ese punto. Gráfico 3 Las sucesivas rondas de aranceles han empezado a acumularse Las sucesivas rondas de aranceles han empezado a acumularse. Las sucesivas rondas de aranceles han empezado a acumularse. ¿China adoptará una postura dura? Un riesgo para una resolución favorable de la guerra comercial es que China vea cada vez más a Trump como desesperado por cerrar un acuerdo. Esto podría llevar a los chinos a adoptar una postura dura en las negociaciones. Aunque no se puede descartar este riesgo, lo atenuamos por tres razones: Primero, aunque los exportadores chinos han podido mantener cierto poder de fijación de precios durante la guerra comercial, los volúmenes comerciales han sufrido, con las exportaciones a EE. UU. cayendo casi un 22% interanual en septiembre. Segundo, como han demostrado las sanciones paralizantes contra ZTE, China sigue siendo muy dependiente de las tecnologías estadounidenses. Esto le da a Trump mucha palanca en las negociaciones comerciales. Gráfico 4 ¿Quién ganará la nominación demócrata de 2020? Kumbaya Kumbaya Tercero, como al propio Trump le gusta decir, a China le resultará más fácil negociar con él durante su primer mandato que en un segundo. Esperar que Trump perdiera su intento de reelección podría haber tenido sentido para China hace unos meses cuando Joe Biden iba por delante en las encuestas; pero ahora que Elizabeth Warren ha emergido como la favorita para asegurar la nominación demócrata, esa esperanza se ha desvanecido (Gráfico 4). Como señalamos hace varias semanas, es probable que China encuentre a Warren no menos problemática en asuntos comerciales que a Trump.3  Todo esto sugiere que China, al igual que Trump, buscará formas de enfriar las tensiones comerciales en las próximas semanas. ¿Avance en el Brexit? Cuando se cierra esta edición, las perspectivas de un acuerdo del Brexit han mejorado. Aunque los detalles aún no se han publicado, el acuerdo propuesto pondría efectivamente a Irlanda del Norte en una verdadera superposición cuántica donde está tanto en el mercado común europeo como en el Reino Unido al mismo tiempo. Esta hazaña se conseguiría manteniendo a Irlanda del Norte dentro de la jurisdicción política del Reino Unido pero aún alineada con las normas regulatorias de la UE. Las negociaciones aún podrían torcerse. A pesar de la garantía del primer ministro Boris Johnson de que logró "un gran nuevo acuerdo", el socio de coalición de los conservadores, el Partido Unionista Democrático de Irlanda del Norte, todavía está reteniendo su apoyo al pacto. El líder laborista Jeremy Corbyn también ha rechazado el acuerdo, diciendo que es aún peor que el pacto originalmente propuesto por Theresa May. Independientemente de lo que ocurra en los próximos días, seguimos pensando que se evitará un Brexit duro. A lo largo de todo el calvario del Brexit, hemos sostenido que no existía suficiente apoyo político dentro de la clase dirigente británica para un Brexit sin acuerdo. Esa convicción solo se ha reforzado a medida que los datos de opinión han revelado que una mayor proporción de votantes elegiría permanecer en la UE si se celebrara otro referéndum (Gráfico 5). Hemos mantenido una posición larga en la libra frente al euro desde el 3 de agosto de 2017. La operación ha ganado un 6.6% en este periodo. Los inversores deberían mantener esta posición. Basándonos en los diferenciales de tasas de interés reales, GBP/EUR debería cotizar cerca de 1.30 en lugar del nivel actual de 1.16 (Gráfico 6). Esperamos que el cruce se mueva hacia su valor justo a medida que disminuyan aún más los riesgos de un Brexit duro. Gráfico 5 Angustia por el Brexit: un caso de arrepentimiento por Brexit Angustia por el Brexit: Un caso de Bremorse Angustia por el Brexit: Un caso de Bremorse Gráfico 6 Importante potencial alcista en la libra Potencial Alcista Sustancial en la Libra Potencial Alcista Sustancial en la Libra   Mejoran las perspectivas de crecimiento global Gráfico 7 La desaceleración del crecimiento ha sido más pronunciada en los datos blandos La desaceleración del crecimiento ha sido más pronunciada en los datos suaves La desaceleración del crecimiento ha sido más pronunciada en los datos suaves Gráfico 8 La producción manufacturera se recupera en medio del desplome del ISM La producción manufacturera se recupera en medio de la caída del ISM La producción manufacturera se recupera en medio de la caída del ISM Una distensión en la guerra comercial y una resolución de la saga del Brexit deberían ayudar a sostener el crecimiento global. La debilidad en los datos económicos ha sido mucho más pronunciada en las medidas denominadas "blandas", como las encuestas empresariales, que en las medidas "duras" como la producción industrial (Gráfico 7). Notablemente, la producción manufacturera estadounidense se ha estabilizado en los últimos tres meses, aun cuando el índice manufacturero ISM se ha desplomado (Gráfico 8). A medida que el sentimiento se recupere, los datos blandos deberían mejorar. Las condiciones financieras globales se han relajado significativamente en los últimos cinco meses, en gran parte gracias al giro acomodaticio de la mayoría de los bancos centrales (Gráfico 9). El número neto de bancos centrales que recortan tasas suele adelantar al PMI manufacturero global entre 6 y 9 meses (Gráfico 10). Además, la decisión de la Fed de volver a comprar bonos del Tesoro aumentará la liquidez en dólares, contribuyendo así a unas condiciones financieras más laxas. Gráfico 9 Condiciones financieras más fáciles impulsarán el crecimiento global Condiciones financieras más favorables impulsarán el crecimiento mundial Condiciones financieras más favorables impulsarán el crecimiento mundial   Gráfico 10 Los efectos de la relajación de la política monetaria deberían filtrarse pronto a la economía Los efectos de la flexibilización de la política monetaria deberían llegar pronto a la economía. Los efectos de la flexibilización de la política monetaria deberían llegar pronto a la economía. Un estímulo chino reforzado también debería ayudar a activar el crecimiento global. El crecimiento del dinero y del crédito en China superó las expectativas en septiembre. El PBoC ha estado recortando los requisitos de reservas, lo que ha contribuido a reducir las tasas interbancarias. Es probable que se realicen nuevos recortes a la facilidad de financiación a medio plazo durante el resto de este año. Los cambios en el crecimiento del crédito chino adelantan al crecimiento global en aproximadamente nueve meses (Gráfico 11). Gráfico 11 El crédito chino debería apoyar la recuperación del crecimiento global El crédito chino debería respaldar la recuperación del crecimiento mundial El crédito chino debería respaldar la recuperación del crecimiento mundial Mantener sobreponderación en acciones globales Aunque el camino para finalizar un acuerdo de "fase 1" a tiempo para la cumbre de la APEC probablemente será accidentado, reiteramos nuestra recomendación de que los inversores sobreponderen acciones globales frente a bonos en un horizonte de 12 meses. Esperamos mejorar la valoración de las acciones de mercados emergentes (EM) y europeas en las próximas semanas una vez que veamos más evidencia de que el crecimiento global está tocando fondo. En última instancia, la trayectoria de las acciones dependerá de lo que ocurra con los beneficios. La temporada de resultados en EE. UU. comenzó esta semana. Hasta la semana pasada, los analistas esperaban que las EPS del S&P 500 disminuyeran un 4.6% en el tercer trimestre respecto al mismo trimestre del año anterior, según datos compilados por FactSet. Tenga en cuenta, sin embargo, que el crecimiento de las EPS ha superado las estimaciones en alrededor de cuatro puntos porcentuales desde 2015 (Gráfico 12). Por tanto, una apuesta razonable es que los beneficios estadounidenses se mantendrán planos este trimestre, superando una baja barrera de expectativas. Gráfico 12 Las EPS reales generalmente han superado las estimaciones Kumbaya Kumbaya Gráfico 13 Los beneficios y el PIB nominal tienden a moverse al unísono Las ganancias y el crecimiento del PIB nominal tienden a moverse al unísono Las ganancias y el crecimiento del PIB nominal tienden a moverse al unísono El hecho de que el 83% de las 63 empresas del S&P 500 que han informado beneficios hasta ahora hayan superado las estimaciones —mejor que la media histórica del 64%— respalda la opinión de que las estimaciones actuales para el tercer trimestre son demasiado pesimistas. Mirando hacia adelante, el crecimiento de los beneficios debería mejorar a medida que se acelere el crecimiento del PIB nominal (Gráfico 13). Las acciones europeas y de mercados emergentes generalmente superan al referente global cuando el crecimiento global mejora (Gráfico 14). Esto se debe a la naturaleza más cíclica de sus mercados bursátiles. Además, como moneda contracíclica, el dólar tiende a debilitarse en un entorno de crecimiento más rápido. Un dólar más débil beneficia de manera desproporcionada a las acciones cíclicas (Gráfico 15).   Gráfico 14 Las acciones de EM y de la zona euro suelen superar cuando mejora el crecimiento global Las acciones de los mercados emergentes y de la zona del euro suelen tener un mejor rendimiento cuando mejora el crecimiento global. Las acciones de los mercados emergentes y de la zona del euro suelen tener un mejor rendimiento cuando mejora el crecimiento global. Gráfico 15 Las acciones cíclicas superarán si el dólar se debilita Las acciones cíclicas tendrán mejor desempeño si el dólar se debilita Las acciones cíclicas tendrán mejor desempeño si el dólar se debilita Incluiríamos a los financieros en nuestra definición de sectores cíclicos. A medida que mejore el crecimiento global, los rendimientos de los bonos a largo plazo aumentarán en el margen. Dado que los bancos centrales no tienen prisa por subir las tasas, las curvas de rendimiento se empinarán. Esto impulsará los beneficios bancarios y los precios de las acciones (Gráfico 16). Las acciones cíclicas están actualmente bastante baratas en comparación con las defensivas (Gráfico 17). Del mismo modo, las acciones no estadounidenses son relativamente baratas en comparación con sus homólogas estadounidenses, incluso si se ajusta por diferencias en la composición sectorial entre regiones. Mientras que las acciones estadounidenses cotizan a 17.5 veces las ganancias a futuro, las acciones internacionales cotizan a un PER a futuro más atractivo de 13.7. La combinación de mayores rentabilidades por beneficios y tipos de interés más bajos en el extranjero implica que la prima de riesgo de la renta variable es aproximadamente dos puntos porcentuales más alta fuera de Estados Unidos (Gráfico 18). Gráfico 16 Curvas de rendimiento más empinadas beneficiarán a los financieros Curvas de rendimiento más pronunciadas beneficiarán al sector financiero Curvas de rendimiento más pronunciadas beneficiarán al sector financiero Gráfico 17 Las acciones cíclicas son más atractivas que las defensivas Las acciones cíclicas son más atractivas que las defensivas Las acciones cíclicas son más atractivas que las defensivas   Gráfico 18 La prima de riesgo de la renta variable es bastante alta, especialmente fuera de EE. UU. La prima de riesgo de las acciones es bastante alta, especialmente fuera de Estados Unidos. La prima de riesgo de las acciones es bastante alta, especialmente fuera de Estados Unidos. Esperamos mejorar la valoración de las acciones de mercados emergentes (EM) y europeas en las próximas semanas una vez que veamos más evidencia de que el crecimiento global está tocando fondo.   Peter Berezin, Jefe de Estrategia Global Estrategia Global de Inversiones peterb@bcaresearch.com Notas al pie 1Consulte Estrategia Global de Inversiones, “Perspectiva estratégica del cuarto trimestre de 2019: un mercado 'muéstrame',” con fecha 4 de octubre de 2019. 2 “Actualización del Informe de la Comisión sobre el Robo de la Propiedad Intelectual: El informe de la Commission on the Theft of American Intellectual Property,” The National Bureau of Asian Research, 2017. 3Consulte Global Investment Strategy Weekly Report, “Elizabeth Warren y los mercados,” con fecha 13 de septiembre de 2019. Estrategia & tendencias del mercado Modelo MacroQuant y puntajes subjetivos actuales Kumbaya Kumbaya Recomendaciones estratégicas Operaciones cerradas

Pervasive global policy uncertainty continues to fuel USD safe-haven demand. This keeps the Fed’s broad trade-weighted dollar index for goods close to record highs, which continues to stifle oil demand. At present, we do not expect this pervasive uncertainty to dissipate. For this reason, we are lowering our oil-demand growth expectation slightly for this year and next. Our estimate of global supply growth is slightly lower for this year and next, as well; we continue to expect OPEC 2.0 to maintain production discipline and for capital markets to restrain U.S. shale-oil growth.1 Our price forecast for 4Q19 is $66/bbl on average, an estimate that includes a risk premium reflecting continued tension in the Persian Gulf. Our updated supply-demand balances for 2020 reduce our Brent price forecast to $70/bbl versus our earlier expectation of $74/bbl. We continue to expect WTI to trade $4.00/bbl below Brent next year. Highlights Energy: Overweight. The Trump administration likely will not renew Chevron’s waiver to operate in Venezuela when it expires October 25. This raises the likelihood the country’s oil output will fall below 300k b/d, down from the 650k b/d we currently estimate.2 Production could revive next year, if Russian or Chinese firms step in to fill the void. This is not certain, however, as the U.S. is pressing both to end their support for the Maduro regime. Separately, the Aramco IPO could occur as early as November, according to press reports. Base Metals: Neutral. Copper treatment and refining charges in Asia are staging a recovery, clocking in at $56.70/MT at the end of last week, according to Metal Bulletin’s Fastmarkets. The MB index fell to a record low of $49.20/MT in late August. Precious Metals: Neutral. Gold volatility remains elevated – standing at 15.1% p.a. on the COMEX – as markets continue to process news re a partial easing of tensions in the Sino-US trade war. Geopolitical tensions, which now encompass Turkey-US relations, remain elevated. Ags/Softs: Underweight. Uncertainty around a partial deal involving ag exports from the U.S. to China remains high, as negotiators deliberately minimize expectations of a successful outcome. The big sticking point appears to be whether U.S. tariffs on Chinese imports due to kick in in December will be removed. Feature Uncertainty arising from global economic policy risk continues to dominate commodity markets. This has been the case going on three years. While it is ubiquitous, it is difficult to isolate. In earlier research, we noted the tightening of global financial conditions – largely the result of the Fed’s rates normalization policy, which resulted in four rate hikes last year, and China’s deleveraging policy – were responsible for the sharp slowing of oil demand seen in 2H18-1H19.3 Recently concluded research allows us to extend our earlier thesis to account for the effect of pervasive global policy uncertainty over the past three years, which has dominated our analysis of commodity markets generally, oil in particular. To wit: We find a strong, positive correlation between uncertainty, as measured by the Baker-Bloom-Davis Global Economic Policy Uncertainty (GEPU) index, and the Fed's USD broad trade-weighted index for goods (TWIBG) from January 2017 to now (Chart of the Week).4 Chart of the WeekUSD Absorbs Global Policy Uncertainty USD Absorbs Global Uncertainty Sudden policy shifts have, over the past three years, resulted in a steady increase in the level of the GEPU index. Prior to 2017, the correlations between the GEPU index and the USD TWIBG were running at 33% and 63% for the periods 2000 to 2016 and 2010 to 2016, the post-GFC period for y/y returns. However, as right- and left-wing populism gained ground globally and monetary policy generally became more “data dependent” and ad hoc at the Fed, ECB and BoJ, the GEPU and USD TWIBG indices became highly correlated, surpassing 90% (Chart 2).5 This period saw the U.S. become more and more assertive vis-à-vis trade and foreign policy, particularly in re China, Iran and Venezuela, which caused those states to implement their own policy responses. In addition, as monetary policy generally became increasingly accommodative, central banks – and policy analysts – became less certain about the effects of their policies on the broader economy (e.g., the Fed shifting away from rates normalization, the ECB’s re-launching of QE, and the BoJ’s interest-rate targeting regime). Chart 2Co-Movement In GEPU, USD TWIBG Often, commodity markets were forced to adjust to sudden policy changes – e.g., the imposition of trade tariffs against China, or the granting of waivers to Iran’s eight largest importers in November 2018 just before oil-export sanctions were re-imposed. Sudden policy shifts have, over the past three years, resulted in a steady increase in the level of the GEPU index. Increasing uncertainty translated into a steadily increasing USD TWIBG, with safe-haven demand for dollars rising, as the Chart of the Week indicates. To date, we have not decomposed the drivers of monetary conditions, particularly in re central-bank accommodation versus global economic policy uncertainty on the evolution of the USD. The GEPU index hit a record high in August 2019, while the USD TWIBG hit a record in September 2019. It is possible the effects of general policy uncertainty could be cumulative – as earlier uncertainties remain unresolved and new ones are added to the global mix (e.g., US-Turkey foreign-policy tensions now have been added to other geopolitical risks). It is entirely possible global monetary policy easing – particularly from the Fed – is accommodating safe-haven demand accompanying higher uncertainty. If the Fed were to tighten while uncertainty remains elevated the USD could rally sharply and impact commodity demand even more. Persistent USD Strength Lowers Oil Price Forecast Based on our analysis, the effects of the uncertainty we observe in the USD above are transmitted to GDP globally, which feeds through to commodity demand. As the USD strengthens, it raises the local-currency cost of commodities and the cost of servicing USD-denominated debt ex-US. In addition, on the supply side, a stronger dollar lowers local production costs at the margin, which stokes deflation globally.  All else equal, these effects push oil prices lower by reducing demand and increasing supply at the margin. On the back of a stronger USD and persistent uncertainty, we are once again lowering our estimate of global demand growth. This is most pronounced in EM economies (Chart 3), but there are feedback effects into DM in the form of reduced trade volumes, which hits manufacturing economies like Germany harder than service-dominated economies like the US. On the back of a stronger USD and persistent uncertainty, we are once again lowering our estimate of global demand growth to 1.13mm b/d this year and 1.40mm b/d in 2020 (Chart 4). This is down slightly from 1.2mm b/d this year and 1.5mm b/d next year. In line with the U.S. EIA, we also lowered our estimate of 2018 demand, which has the effect reducing the level of demand we expect in 2019 and 2020. Chart 3Local-Currency Oil Costs Are High Chart 4BCA Research Supply-Demand Balances We maintain our expectation fiscal and monetary stimulus globally will revive demand, but, given the deleterious effects of global uncertainty and its effects on demand via the USD, we are moderating our position some, as the downward adjustment to consumption indicates. On the supply side, we expect KSA’s output to be fully restored by November, and for production in the Kingdom to average 9.9mm b/d in October and November. We are expecting overall OPEC 2.0 output growth of 250k b/d on average in the 2Q20 to 4Q20 interval, down from our previous growth estimate of 500k b/d. In the US, we expect shale-oil output to grow 900k b/d in 2020, versus 1.3mm b/d in 2019, which will leave overall U.S. crude output at 13.3mm b/d next year on average, as capital-market constraints continue to act as a governor on total output (Chart 5). Chart 5U.S. Shale-Oil Output Will Remain Capital-Constrained Overall, we expect global supply to finish 2019 at 100.8mm b/d and at 102.3mm b/d next year, which is down slightly from our earlier estimates (Table 1). Even with demand moderating, we expect inventories to continue to draw this year and into 3Q20 before they resume building, as the combination of OPEC 2.0 production discipline and capital markets constrain output (Chart 6). Chart 6OECD Oil Inventories On Track To Draw Table 1 Investment Implications Continued voluntary and involuntary production restraint will allow global inventories to draw despite slightly lower demand. Given our supply-demand expectations, we forecast Brent will trade lower next year, at $70/bbl on average versus our earlier expectation of $74/bbl. This is ~ $10/bbl above the median consensus. We continue to expect WTI to trade $4.00/bbl below Brent next year. Continued voluntary and involuntary production restraint will allow global inventories to draw despite slightly lower demand, which will keep Brent and WTI forward curves backwardated next year (WTI was in a slight carry earlier this week, while Brent was backwardated). We would caution that any resolution of the profound uncertainty currently dogging global markets could unleash pent-up demand that would sharply rally commodities generally, and oil in particular. This could take the form of a broad trade agreement that ends the Sino-US trade war – an unlikely, but not impossible,  turn of events – or an unexpected reduction in tensions in the Persian Gulf, again, unlikely but not impossible. Bottom Line: Resolution of global policy uncertainty would revive commodity demand, as safe-haven USD demand gives way to higher consumer spending, renewed growth in global trade and investment. Until then, uncertainty will continue to hamper commodity demand growth, particularly for oil.   Robert P. Ryan, Chief Commodity & Energy Strategist rryan@bcaresearch.com Hugo Bélanger, Senior Analyst Commodity & Energy Strategy HugoB@bcaresearch.com   Footnotes 1      OPEC 2.0 is the moniker we coined for the producer coalition formed at the end of 2016 to regain control of production following the disastrous market-share war launched by OPEC in 2014, which took Brent prices from above $100/bbl to $26/bbl by early 2016.  The coalition is led by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) and Russia. 2      Please see Venezuelan oil output could be halved without Chevron waiver extension: analysts, posted by S&P Global Platts October 14, 2019.  3      Please see our report entitle Central Bank Easing Key To Oil Prices, published September 5, 2019.  It is available at ces.bcaresearch.com. 4      This GEPU is a monthly GDP-weighted index of newspaper headlines containing a list of words related to three categories – “economy,” “policy” and “uncertainty.”  Newspapers from 20 countries representing almost 80% of global GDP (on an exchange-weighted basis) are scoured monthly to create the index.  Please see GEPU and Baker-Bloom-Davis for additional information. 5      Both series are plotted as percent changes y/y in Chart 2. For the 2017 - 2019 period, the coefficient of determination for this model is 0.81 using a regression of the USD on the GEPU.  There was no statistically significant relationship between them either from 2000 to 2016, or from 2010 to 2016.  Insert SOFTS text here Investment Views and Themes Recommendations Strategic Recommendations Tactical Trades TRADE RECOMMENDATION PERFORMANCE IN 2019 Q3 Commodity Prices and Plays Reference Table Trades Closed in 2019 Summary of Closed Trades

Analysis on Turkey is available below. Highlights A dovish Fed or robust U.S. growth does not constitute sufficient conditions for a bull market in EM. China’s business and credit cycles are much more important factors for EM than those of the U.S. A recovery in the Chinese economy and global manufacturing is not imminent. The common signal reverberating from various financial markets is that the risks to the global business cycle are still skewed to the downside. Feature Current investor perceptions of emerging markets are mixed. Some expect EM to benefit greatly from low U.S. interest rates. These investors view even a partial trade deal between the U.S. and China as sufficient for EM to embark on a bull market. BCA’s Emerging Markets Strategy team disagrees with this narrative. We deliberated the significance of the U.S.-China confrontation to EM in our September 19 report; therefore, we will not go over this subject here. Rather, in this report we discuss some of the more common misconceptions surrounding EM currently, and infer what these mean for investment strategies. Perception 1: The share of resource sectors (materials and energy) in the EM equity benchmark has declined substantially. This along with the expanded role of consumers and consumer stocks (Alibaba, Tencent and Baidu) in EM economies and equity markets has made their share prices less exposed to the global trade cycle and commodities prices. Reality: It is true that in many EM bourses, the weight of consumer stocks has been growing. Nevertheless, their financial markets in general, and equity markets in particular, remain very sensitive to the global trade cycle and commodities prices. Chart I-1 illustrates that the aggregate EM equity index has historically been and continues to be strongly correlated with the global basic materials stock index. The latter includes mining, steel and chemical companies. Global materials stocks also exhibit a very strong correlation with Chinese banks’ share prices. Moreover, global materials stocks also exhibit a very strong correlation with Chinese banks’ share prices (Chart I-2). The rationale for the high correlation is that both mainland banks’ profits and global demand for basic materials are driven by a common factor: China’s business cycle. Chart I-1EM And Global Materials Stocks Move Together Chart I-2Chinese Bank And Global Materials Share Prices Are Highly Correlated For example, construction in China is contracting (Chart I-3), which entails both higher NPLs for Chinese banks and lower demand for basic materials. China accounts for about 50% of global consumption of industrial metals, cement and many other basic materials. Finally, EM ex-China bank stocks also correlate strongly with global basic materials share prices. The basis is as follows: Many emerging economies export raw materials, and commodities price fluctuations impact their business cycle, exports and exchange rates. Chart I-3China: Construction Activity Is Contracting Chart I-4High-Yielding EM: Currencies And Local Bond Yields Historically, in high-yielding EM markets, currency depreciation has led to higher interest rates and lower bank share prices, and vice versa (Chart I-4). Lately, EM bond yields have not risen in response to EM currency depreciation. However, we believe this correlation will soon be re-established if EM currencies continue drifting lower.  In short, China’s money/credit cycles drive not only the mainland’s business cycle, banking profits and NPLs, but also global trade and commodities prices. The latter two - via their impact on exchange rates and in turn interest rates - have historically explained credit and domestic demand cycles in high-yielding EM. Perception 2:  EM stocks are a high-beta play on the S&P 500, i.e., EM equities outperform when the S&P 500 rallies, and vice versa. Reality: Since 2012, the beta for EM equity versus the S&P 500 has often been below one (Chart I-5). Furthermore, since 2012, EM share prices often failed to outpace their DM peers during global equity rallies. Indeed, EM relative equity performance versus DM, as well as the EM ex-China currency total return index, have been closely tracking the relative performance of global cyclicals versus global defensive stocks (Chart I-6). Chart I-5EM Equities Beta To The S&P 500 Chart I-6Global Cyclicals-To-Defensives Equity Ratio And EM   In short, EM equities and currencies have been, and will remain, sensitive to the global business cycle rather than the S&P 500. Since 2012, the latter has - on several occasions - decoupled from the global manufacturing and trade cycles. Perception 3:  EM stocks, currencies and fixed-income markets are very sensitive to U.S. interest rates. Hence, a dovish Fed will lead to EM currency appreciation.  Reality: Chart I-7 reveals that EM currencies, total returns on EM local currency bonds in U.S. dollar terms and EM sovereign credit spreads do not exhibit a strong relationship with U.S. Treasury yields. U.S. interest rate expectations have a much smaller impact on EM financial markets than commonly perceived by the investment community.  Overall, U.S. interest rate expectations have a much smaller impact on EM financial markets than commonly perceived by the investment community.  Chart I-7EM And U.S. Bond Yields: No Stable Correlation Chart I-8China Cycle And EM Stocks Led U.S. Bond Yields On the contrary, the declines in U.S. bond yields in both 2015/16 and in 2018/19 were due to the growth slowdown that emanated from China/EM. The top panel of Chart I-8 illustrates that Chinese import growth rolled over in December 2017, yet U.S. bond yields rolled over in October 2018. What is more, EM share prices have been leading U.S. bond yields in recent years, not the other way around (Chart I-8, bottom panel). Perception 4:  If the U.S. avoids a recession, EM risk assets will recover. Chart I-9EM Profits Are Driven By Chinese Not U.S. Business Cycle Reality: EM per-share earnings contracted in 2012-2014 and in 2019, despite reasonably robust growth in U.S. final demand (Chart I-9, top panel). This suggests that even if the U.S. economy avoids a recession, that will not be a sufficient condition to be bullish on EM. EM corporate profits are highly driven by China’s business cycle. The bottom panel of Chart I-9 illustrates that mainland domestic industrial orders have been the key driver of EM corporate profit cycles since 2008. Perception 5:  EM equities, fixed-income markets and currencies are cheap. Reality: EM stocks are not cheap. They are fairly valued. Equity sectors with very poor fundamentals have very low multiples. Hence, they are “cheap” for a reason. These include Chinese banks, state-owned enterprises in various countries and resource companies. Equity segments with robust fundamentals are overpriced. Given that Chinese banks, state-owned enterprises in various countries, resource companies, and cyclical businesses have very large market caps, EM market-cap based equity valuation ratios are low – i.e., they appear cheap.  To remove the impact of these large market cap segments, we constructed and have been publishing the following valuation ratios: median, 20% trimmed mean and equal-sub-sector weighted (Chart I-10). Each of these is calculated based on the average of trailing and forward P/E ratios, price-to-book value, price-to-cash earnings and price-to-dividend ratios. EM equities relative to DM are not cheap either. Chart I-11 demonstrates the same ratios – median, 20% trimmed-mean and equal-sub-sector weighted values for EM versus DM. Chart I-10EM Equities Are Not Cheap Chart I-11Relative To DM EM Stocks Are Not Cheap Further, when valuations are not at extremes as in the case of EM equities at the moment, the profit cycle holds the key to share price performance over a 6 to 12-month horizon. EM earnings are presently contracting in absolute terms, and underperforming DM EPS. Two currencies that offer value are the Mexican peso and Russian ruble. Chart I-12EM Local Yields Are Low In Absolute Terms And Relative To U.S. In the fixed-income space, EM local bond yields are very low in absolute terms and relative to U.S. Treasury yields (Chart I-12). EM sovereign and corporate spreads are not wide either. As to exchange rates, the cheapest currencies are those with the worst fundamentals, such as the Argentine peso, Turkish lira and South African rand. The majority of other EM currencies are not very cheap. Two currencies that offer value are the Mexican peso and Russian ruble. Yet foreign investors are very long these currencies, and a combination of lower oil prices and portfolio outflows from broader EM will weigh on these exchange rates as well. Takeaways And Investment Strategy Chart I-13EM Currencies And Industrial Metals Prices EM risk assets and currencies exhibit the strongest correlation with global trade and commodities prices. Chart I-13 indicates that the EM ex-China currency total return index closely tracks commodities prices. This corroborates the messages from Chart I-1 on page 1 and Chart I-6 on page 4.  China’s business and credit cycles are much more important for EM than those of the U.S. A dovish Fed or strong U.S. growth are not sufficient reasons to bet on an EM bull market. A recovery in the Chinese economy and global manufacturing is not imminent. Individual EM countries’ domestic fundamentals such as return on capital, inflation, banking system health, competitiveness and politics drive individual EM performance. On these accounts, the outlook varies among EM. Readers can find analyses on specific EM economies in our Countries In-Depth page. Asset allocators should continue underweighting EM stocks, credit and currencies versus their DM counterparts.  Absolute-return investors should outright avoid EM, or trade them on the short side. Within the EM equity space, our overweights are Mexico, Russia, Central Europe, Korea ex-tech, Thailand and the UAE. Our underweights are South Africa, Indonesia, Philippines, Hong Kong, Turkey and Colombia. The path of least resistance for the U.S. dollar is up. Continue shorting the following basket of EM currencies versus the dollar: ZAR, CLP, COP, IDR, MYR, PHP and KRW. We are also short the CNY versus the greenback. As always, the list of our country allocations for local currency bonds and sovereign credit markets is available at the end of our reports – please refer to page 16. Take Cues From These Markets We suggest investors take cues from the following financial market signals. They are unequivocally sending a downbeat message for global growth and risk assets: The ratio between Sweden and Swiss non-financial stocks in common currency terms is heading south (Chart I-14). Swedish non-financials include many companies leveraged to the global industrial cycle, while Swiss non-financials are dominated by defensive stocks. Hence, the persistent decline in this ratio presages a continued deterioration in the global industrial sector. Where is the next defense line for this ratio? To reach its 2002 and 2008 nadirs, it will need to drop by another 10%. In the interim, investors should maintain a defensive posture. Chart I-14A Message From Swedish And Swiss Equities Chart I-15A Breakdown In The Making? U.S. FAANG stocks appear to be cracking below their 200-day moving average. The relative performance of global cyclical versus global defensive stocks is relapsing below the three-year moving average that served as a support last December (Chart I-15). U.S. FAANG stocks appear to be cracking below their 200-day moving average (Chart I-16). If this support gives, the next one will be about 17% below current levels. Finally, U.S. high-beta share prices are on the verge of a breakdown (Chart I-17). The next technical support is 10% below current levels. Chart I-16FAANG Are On The Support Line Chart I-17U.S. High-Beta Stocks Are On The Edge Bottom Line: The common message reverberating from these financial markets corroborates our fundamental analysis that a global business cycle recovery is not imminent, and that global risk assets in general, and EM financial markets in particular, are at risk of selling off further. Arthur Budaghyan Chief Emerging Markets Strategist arthurb@bcaresearch.com   Turkey: Is The Mean-Reversion Rally Over? Turkish financial markets have rebounded to their respective falling trend lines (Chart II-1). Are they set to break out or is a setback looming? Chart II-1Back To Falling Trend Chart II-2TRY Is Cheap Pros The economy has undergone a considerable real adjustment and many excesses have been purged: The current account balance has turned positive as imports have collapsed. Going forward, lower oil prices are likely to help the nation’s current account dynamics. The lira has become cheap (Chart II-2).  According to the real effective exchange rate based on unit labor costs, the currency is one standard deviation below its fair value. Core and headline inflation have fallen, allowing the central bank to cut interest rates aggressively. However, the exchange rate still holds the key: if the currency depreciates anew, local bonds yields will rise and the ability of the central bank to reduce borrowing costs further will diminish. Finally, private credit and broad money growth have decelerated substantially and are contracting in inflation-adjusted terms (Chart II-3). Chart II-3Money & Credit Have Bottomed Chart II-4Banks Have Been Aggressively Buying Government Bonds The recent gap between broad money and private credit growth has been due to commercial banks buying government bonds (Chart II-4). When a commercial bank purchases a security from non-banks, a new deposit/new unit of money supply is created. Banks’ purchases of government bonds en masse have capped domestic bond yields. However, if pursued aggressively, such monetary expansion could weigh on the currency’s value.   Cons Presently, potential sources of macro vulnerability in Turkey are: Foreign debt obligations (FDOs) – which are calculated as the sum of short-term claims, interest payments and amortization over the next 12 months – are at $168 billion, which is sizable. The annual current account surplus has reached only $4 billion and is sufficient to cover only 2.5% of FDOs, assuming the capital and financial account balance will be zero. Clearly, Turkey needs to both roll over most of its foreign debt coming due and attract foreign capital to finance a potential expansion in its imports if its domestic demand is to recover. Critically, $20 billion of net FX reserves, excluding gold, swap lines with foreign central banks and net of domestic banking and non-banking corporations’ foreign exchange deposits, are not adequate either to cover foreign debt obligations. Even though headline and core inflation measures have fallen, wage inflation remains rampant (Chart II-5). If wage inflation does not drop substantially very soon, rapidly rising unit labor costs will feed into inflation leading to negative ramifications for the exchange rate. This is especially crucial in Turkey given President Erdogan has undermined the central bank’s credibility and is resorting to populist measures to revive his popularity. Finally, Turkish banks remain under-provisioned. Currently, the banking regulator is requiring banks to boost their non-performing loans (NPL) ratio to 6.3% of total loans.This a far cry from the 2001 episode when the NPL ratio shot up to 25% (Chart II-6).   Even though interest rates rose much more in 2001 than last year, the private credit penetration in the economy was very low in the early 2000s. A higher credit penetration usually implies weaker borrowers have borrowed money and heralds a higher NPL ratio. Typically, following a credit boom and bust, it is natural for the NPL ratio to exceed 10%. We do not think Turkish banks stocks, having rallied a lot from their lows, are pricing in such a scenario. Chart II-5Surging Wages Are A Risk Chart II-6NPL Ratio Is Unrealistic Investment Recommendation We recommend both absolute-return investors and asset allocators not to chase Turkish financial markets higher. Renewed market volatility lies ahead. Given we expect foreign capital outflows from EM, Turkish companies and banks will encounter difficulties in rolling over their external debt and attracting foreign capital into domestic markets. This will produce a new downleg in the exchange rate. In turn, currency depreciation will weigh on performance of local bonds as well as sovereign and corporate credit. Stay underweight.   Andrija Vesic, Research Analyst andrijav@bcaresearch.com Footnotes Equities Recommendations Currencies, Credit And Fixed-Income Recommendations