Fabricantes de automóviles

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Today we are also publishing a Special Report titled Chinese Auto Demand: Time For A Recovery? Highlights India is the third-largest world consumer of crude oil. Hence, fluctuations in its oil consumption is a non-negligible factor behind global oil prices. India’s petroleum demand growth is slowing cyclically due to the domestic demand slump and a dramatic drop in vehicle sales. This, combined with China’s ongoing slowdown in petroleum product demand, will have a non-trivial impact on oil prices in the next six months. From a structural perspective, India’s long-term demand growth for petroleum is decelerating as well. Feature India’s petroleum products consumption growth is slowing. Chart 1India Is The World's Third Largest Crude Oil Consumer India is the world’s third-largest consumer of crude oil, guzzling 5% of global consumption (Chart 1). Hence, fluctuations in India’s crude oil/petroleum consumption is a non-negligible factor affecting global oil prices. India’s petroleum products consumption growth is slowing. This comes on top of China’s ongoing petroleum demand deceleration. Together, the two countries account for 19% of the world’s oil intake. Therefore, deceleration in their oil consumption growth will have a considerable impact on the outlook for global oil demand growth. A Pronounced Cyclical Oil Demand Slump Indian petroleum consumption growth has decelerated significantly on the back of slumps in Indian domestic spending and economic activity (Chart 2). Please click on this link for an in-depth analysis on the domestic demand slump in India. Chart 2Indian Petroleum Consumption Growth Has Been Dwindling Specifically, vehicle purchases and industrial sectors have been hit hard. These sectors are critical for Indian petroleum consumption, since transportation demand accounts for 50% and industrial activity for around 25% of total petroleum consumption (Chart 3). Indian vehicle sales have been in freefall. Chart 3Transportation & Industry Guzzle The Most Fuel In India Chart 4Indian Vehicle Sales Are In Deep Contraction Indian vehicle sales have been in freefall. Chart 4 shows passenger car sales are shrinking at 30% and sales of two and three-wheeler units are contracting at 20% from a year ago. Moreover, commercial vehicles and tractor unit sales are falling at annual rates of 35% and 10%, respectively. Chart 5 illustrates that the number of registered vehicles is expanding at a lower rate than before – i.e., its second derivative has turned negative. This signals a further growth slowdown in gasoline and diesel consumption. We use the second derivative in this analysis because registered vehicles are a stock variable. However, we are trying to explain changes in petroleum consumption which is a flow variable. Therefore, the second derivative of a stock variable (the number of registered cars on the road) explains the first derivative of a flow variable (the growth rate of oil consumption). Looking ahead, vehicle sales will remain in the doldrums because of a lack of financing. In particular, the impulse on auto loans issued by commercial banks is negative (Chart 6). Chart 5Slowing Growth Of Vehicles On The Road = Weaker Pace Of Fuel Consumption Chart 6Indian Banks: Negative Vehicle Loan Impulse More worrisome is the ongoing turmoil in India’s non-bank finance sector (NBFCs), which has also significantly hit auto sales. In the past, the NBFC sector played a major role in funding Indian auto purchases. For instance, according to the ICRA, an independent rating agency in India, NBFCs have helped fund the purchases of 65% of two-wheelers, 30% of passenger cars and around 55% of commercial vehicles – both new and used. Given these non-bank finance companies are currently facing formidable funding and liquidity pressures amid rising NPLs (Chart 7), they are being forced to shrink their balance sheets. This is damaging to auto sales. Please click here for an in-depth analysis on the Indian banking and non-bank finance sectors. Chart 7Major Asset-Liability Mismatches Among Indian Non-Bank Finance Sector Chart 8India's Capex Has Been Weak Turning to the industrial sector, overall Indian capital spending has been weak. India’s real gross fixed capital formation has rolled over, the number of capex projects underway is nosediving and both capital goods imports and production are contracting by 7% and 12% on an annual basis (Chart 8). Falling industrial activity has taken a toll on the consumption growth of petroleum products with industrial applications, such as bitumen, naphtha and petroleum coke, etc. The growth rate in demand for these products is dropping — a significant development since they account for 25% of overall petroleum consumption in India.1  Bottom Line: India’s petroleum consumption growth has been slowing drastically from a cyclical perspective. And Moderating Structural Oil Demand Growth It appears there are structural factors at play that will also reduce India’s long-term demand for petroleum. On top of the cyclical demand slowdown, it appears there are structural factors at play that will also reduce India’s long-term demand for petroleum: Chart 9Impressive Efficiency Gains In India's Vehicle Fleet The fuel efficiency of India’s vehicle fleet is markedly improving (Chart 9). Additionally, since 2015-16 the Indian government has been proactively pursuing new emission/fuel efficiency standards. For instance, emissions standards for new passenger vehicles will fall to 4.2 L/100 KM by 2023 down from its current level of 4.6 L/100 KM. This will lead to a 7% reduction in auto fuel consumption. While this is not a large reduction, the government has the scope to implement even stricter standards since Indian car makers are easily meeting these targets. Finally, the Indian government has been aggressively promoting electric vehicles (EVs) as an alternative to traditional autos. It has made the advancement of this sector a priority. Ownership of EVs is currently negligible in India. However, the government is pushing for EVs to make up 30% of vehicle sales by 2030. In addition, it has been providing incentives such as sales tax cuts and subsidies to the sector. Finally, Mahindra and Tata Motors are already establishing a lead in the EV industry and are developing new EV models in collaboration with foreign automakers.  Bottom Line: The pace of India’s structural demand for petroleum will also be downshifting. Oil Inventory Not A Critical Factor Chart 10China: Oil Inventory Drives Oil Imports Inventory accumulation and destocking can play an important role in oil price fluctuations. For example, inventory accumulation plays a key role in driving Chinese crude oil imports (Chart 10). There is a dearth of data on Indian oil inventories to make a strong inference about its de- and re-stocking cycles. However, we have the following observations: India has the capacity to store 5.33 million tons worth of strategic oil reserves - equivalent to around 10 days of its crude oil consumption. It is not clear whether or not these reserves are at full capacity. However, even if we assume they are only 50% full and the government decides to fill its reserves all at once, this would require the importation of an additional 2.67 million tons of oil, equivalent to only 1.2% of Indian crude oil imports and 0.05% of global crude oil demand. This is a negligible amount, and is unlikely to have any impact on global oil prices. Furthermore, while the Indian government is planning to expand its storage capacity by an extra 6.5 million tons, this will only take place in the next six to eight years. Thus, it will not meaningfully affect oil imports in the medium term. Chart 11India: Oil Consumption Drives Oil Imports Finally, India’s crude oil imports are strongly correlated with its petroleum final consumption (Chart 11). Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that Indian consumption – not the oil inventory cycle – is relevant for crude imports, and by extension for oil prices. Bottom Line: India’s petroleum product and crude oil inventory fluctuations are too small to influence the nation’s crude imports and hence global oil prices. Investment Conclusions From a cyclical perspective, Indian final demand for crude oil has been weakening. A major re-acceleration in economic growth and hence oil demand is not imminent. We discuss the outlook for China’s auto sales in a separate report published today. Together India and China consume 19% of world oil, and therefore a deceleration in their oil consumption growth will have a non-trivial impact on the pace of global oil demand growth. Chart 12Expansion Pace Of Vehicles On The Road Has Downshifted In India & China Our estimations for annual growth in cars on the road (excluding 2-wheelers) has dropped to 5.8% in India and 10.5% in China (Chart 12). This entails a slower pace of oil demand growth than in the past. Besides, if one rightly assumes petroleum consumption per car is declining for structural reasons due to technological advancements by car manufacturers and enforcement of stricter efficiency standards by governments, oil consumption growth will be considerably slower going forward relative to the past 20 years. Together India and China consume 19% of world oil, and therefore a deceleration in their oil consumption growth will have a non-trivial impact on the pace of global oil demand growth. This presents a major risk for crude prices in the next 6 months or so. Beyond the cyclical horizon, the long-term demand outlook for oil is also downbeat. Please note that this is the view of BCA’s Emerging Markets Strategy team, and differs from that of BCA’s house view, which is bullish on oil. Chart 13India’s Relative Equities Performance Benefits From Lower Oil Prices In turn, low oil prices are positive for the relative performance of Indian stocks versus the EM equity benchmark (Chart 13). This was among the primary reasons why we upgraded the allocation to this bourse within an EM equity portfolio to neutral from underweight on September 26, 2019. In absolute terms, the outlook for Indian share prices remains downbeat, as discussed in the same report. Finally, to express our negative view on oil prices, we are reiterating our short oil and copper / long gold position recommended on July 11, 2019. Industrial commodities such as copper and oil will continue to underperform gold prices in the medium term (the next six months). Ayman Kawtharani, Editor/Strategist ayman@bcaresearch.com   Footnotes 1      Diesel consumption will also be impacted. While the latter is mostly consumed by the transportation sector in India, diesel does have some industrial applications as well. Equities Recommendations Currencies, Credit And Fixed-Income Recommendations

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Highlights A recovery in Chinese auto sales is not imminent. Car sales will likely stage only a rate-of-change improvement, moving from deep to mild contraction or stagnation over the next three-to-six months. Low-speed electric vehicles are a cheap substitute for regular low-end cars. Their production requires fewer inputs and parts compared to cars. Hence, their rising penetration will be negative for economic activity at the margin. Auto ownership will continue to rise in China in the years to come. However, this does not necessitate rising car sales. In fact, auto ownership can increase with car sales contracting in each consecutive year. This scenario represents a major risk to auto stock prices. Feature Chart 1Chinese Auto Sales: An Extended Downturn Chinese automobile sales have been deep under water for 15 consecutive months. The magnitude of the contraction has been even worse than the one that occurred in 2008-‘09. Annualized sales1 have declined from a peak of nearly 30 million units in June 2018 to 26 million this September (Chart 1). To put this 4-million-unit decline into perspective, only about 5 million units of automobiles were produced in Germany last year. Given the already long and deep contraction, does this mean Chinese auto sales and production are about to stage an imminent recovery? Although a revival sometime next year is plausible, we are not positive in the near term. Car sales will stage a rate-of-change improvement only, moving from deep to mild contraction or stagnation (i.e. zero growth) the next three to six months (Chart 1, bottom panel). Gauging The Demand Outlook Chart 2Marginal Propensity To Spend Is Falling Reluctance to purchase a car and curtailed financing are the causes of the deep auto sales contraction in China. The factors that have weighed on consumers’ willingness to purchase cars remain intact. First, our indicator for household marginal propensity to spend continues to fall, indicating no immediate signs of a turnaround (Chart 2). Cyclically, decelerating economic activity is weighing on income expectations, prompting consumers to delay their discretionary spending. Besides, the growth rate of disposable income per capita is at the lower end of its historical range and is falling in real (inflation-adjusted) terms (Chart 3). In addition, Chinese households are more leveraged now than their U.S. counterparts (Chart 4). Their debt levels have reached over 120% of annual disposable income. Chart 3Real Disposable Income Growth Is Weakening Chart 4Chinese Households Are Increasingly Indebted   Meanwhile, the U.S.-China confrontation continues to foster uncertainty among consumers and businesses in the Middle Kingdom. Although some sort of agreement was reached last week, the future of longer-term U.S.-China relations remains highly uncertain. Hence, the potential “phase-one” trade agreement is unlikely to shift Chinese consumers’ and businesses’ overall cautious sentiment. These factors will continue to weigh on consumers’ purchasing behavior, especially on big-ticket items like automobiles. Reluctance to purchase a car and curtailed financing are the causes of the deep auto sales contraction in China. Second, Chinese auto financing penetration rate – measured as the proportion of autos bought using borrowed funds – has risen from 20% in 2014 to about 48%2 last year. This remains well below the 70%-plus penetration rate in major western countries (the U.S., Germany and France), but is not far from the 50% rate in Japan. The rapid increase in the use of auto financing has facilitated auto sales in China over the past several years. Financing for auto purchases has been provided by banks via loans and credit cards, dealer/manufacturer loans and peer-to-peer lending (P2P). While banks contribute about 40% of auto financing and auto dealers/manufacturers account for about 30%, the peer-to-peer platform has become the third major source of auto loans in recent years. Chart 5Limited Auto Financing From Peer-To-Peer Platforms However, since early last year, bankruptcies and closures of P2P platforms have significantly reduced available auto financing. P2P financing continues to shrink, further depressing loans for auto purchases (Chart 5). Third, there is an ongoing structural decline in consumers’ willingness to purchase cars due to greater traffic congestion, limited parking and improved public transportation. In addition, greater use of ride-sharing and car-sharing services, which the government is aiming to promote, will also continue to reduce the need to buy a car. Concerning government incentives for auto buyers, auto sales have failed to recover, so far this year, despite policy support and significant auto price cuts (Box 1). Although the government recently loosened some restrictive auto sales policies in certain cities,3 the scale was much smaller than what was done earlier this year. As in any market, production decisions are driven by sales, not inventories. Box 1 Policy Support And Auto Price Cut During January-September 2019 Since late January, Chinese authorities have released a set of pro-auto-consumption measures aimed at spurring auto sales. These measures include the approval of 100,000 new license plates in Guangzhou province and an additional 80,000 in Shenzhen. Since May, auto dealers in China have slashed prices of their Emission Standard 5 cars in order to liquidate inventories, as 15 provinces/provincial level cities have been implementing the new emissions standards since July 1, 2019 – one year earlier than the national implementation deadline. According to the law, vehicles that do not meet the new standard will not be allowed to be sold or registered once the new standard is implemented. Another pertinent question to address is whether inventories can be used to identify a bottom in this industry. This is difficult to gauge in China, as inventories at different stages of the supply chain are currently sending conflicting signals. Manufacturers’ inventories have dropped to low levels (Chart 6). Yet, dealers’ inventories remain elevated according to the newly released inventory data for September (Chart 7). Chart 6Auto Manufacturers Inventories Are Low... Chart 7...But Dealers Inventories Remain Elevated   Chart 8Auto Demand Drives Production As in any market, production decisions are driven by sales, not inventories. The chain reaction always starts from demand: rising sales lead to rising production. Producers do not typically ramp up output when sales are falling, even if inventories are low (Chart 8). Without a strong and durable rise in demand, manufacturers will not significantly increase their inventories. In short, low car inventories among manufacturers could lead to a short-term rise in output. A sustainable and lasting recovery in production, however, is contingent on a cyclical revival in auto sales. Bottom Line: A cyclical recovery in auto sales is not imminent in the next three-to-six months. A Threat From A Cheap Substitute In many small cities (from Tier 3 to Tier 6 cities), towns and villages where auto buyers are more sensitive to prices, consumers are opting to purchase low-speed electric vehicles (LSEVs) – a cheap substitute for regular autos. Last year, LSEV makers sold about 1.5 million units in China, accounting for about 6% of passenger vehicle sales for the year. In comparison, even with massive government subsidies, total new energy vehicle (NEV, mainly including pure electric vehicles and plug-in hybrids) sales only reached 1.2 million units in 2018, 20% lower than LSEV sales. In many small cities, towns and villages consumers are opting to purchase low-speed electric vehicles (LSEVs) – a cheap substitute for regular autos. LSEVs are small, short-range electric vehicles (three- or four-wheeled cars) with top driving speeds below 80km per hour and with a similar look to regular cars.4 They have much lower technical and safety standards: LSEVs are not considered automobiles by the country’s motor vehicle management system. Consequently, official auto production and sales data released by authorities do not include LSEV figures. Chart 9Significant Output Expansion In Low-Speed Electric Vehicles Technically, these vehicles are within some sort of grey area of Chinese regulations, but that has not stopped the industry's remarkable growth. Shandong province accounts for about 40% of the country’s LSEV output. The dramatic LSEV production expansion in the province gives a glimpse into the booming LSEV industry in China (Chart 9). Last year’s LSEV production drop was due to the government’s tightening of LSEV output policies and greater competition from small-size pure electric vehicles, which benefited from government subsidies. Both factors have diminished this year due to policy changes and the termination of subsidies for the small-size pure electric vehicle. Looking forward, consumers will continue purchasing LSEVs as a substitute for lower-end cars. They will have negative effect on low-end car sales, especially when household budgets tighten. Table 1 lays out the main differences between an LSEV and a lower-end passenger car. Clearly, the most attractive feature of an LSEV is its price, which can be as cheap as 10,000 RMB (less than US$2,000) with a big proportion of LSEVs ranging from 20,000 RMB to 30,000 RMB. In comparison, prices of lower-end passenger vehicles in general range from 50,000RMB to 80,000 RMB, more expensive than LSEVs. As nearly half of Chinese households already own an automobile, the potential of future auto sales clearly lies in lower-income households. However, the 2018 NBS household survey showed the annual household disposable income for the lowest 60% percentile rural households was lower than the low-end price of regular auto – 50,000 RMB (US$ 7,050) (Chart 10). In comparison, a much cheaper LSEV will be affordable for them. Given that they are inferior goods, LSEVs could become even more attractive at times of weak disposable income growth. In addition to cheap prices, Box 2 reveals other attractive features that will make LSEVs the most convenient and affordable form of transportation for many potential auto buyers. This will also help promote the popularity of the LSEVs in small cities and rural areas. Table 1The Comparison Between LSEVs And Lower-End Passenger Cars Chart 10Low-Speed Electric Vehicles: Affordable For Lower-Income Households   Further, this year’s regulatory changes are also favorable for the LSEV industry (Box 3). This marked a clear policy reversal from last year when the government executed a crackdown on LSEV production and issued a policy prohibiting new capacity of LSEVs. Box 2 The Non-Price Reasons For The Increasing Popularity Of The LSEVs The LSEV is more convenient as it is easy to drive and to park because of its small size. The drive range of 100 km per charge of the battery is sufficient for a person who only uses it to go to work or pick up the kids from school. It is particularly useful in small cities and rural areas where the public transportation network is poor. The speed of 40-60 km per hour is also fast enough to drive in small cities and rural area where there are not much road traffic and the roads are often designed for low driving speed. LSEVs also have the benefit of being able to charge from home electrical outlets, eliminating the need to use public charging/fueling infrastructure. Box 3 Policy On LSEV Industry: More Favorable In 2019 Than In 2018 In March, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology announced that by 2021 the national standards of the “Technical Conditions of Four-Wheel Low-Speed Electric Vehicles” would be established. This will eventually bring the LSEV market under the government’s supervision while giving LSEV makers two years to improve their technology. This will help improve the quality and safety measures of LSEVs. In May and June, over 20 cities started to issue car plates for LSEVs and approved of the LSEVs right to be on the road. This signals that the government is aiming to regulate the LSEV sector in a positive way, rather than simply banning production. Bottom Line: Cheap LSEVs will be a low-cost substitute for regular low-end cars. Their production requires fewer inputs and parts compared to cars. Hence, their rising penetration will be negative for economic activity at the margin. What About NEV Demand? New Electric Vehicle (NEV) sales were a bright spot among all categories of auto sales in China last year, with year-on-year growth of 62%. However, NEV sales growth has decelerated considerably this year as the government began cutting subsidies (Chart 11). NEV sales will remain under pressure. Table 2 shows the timeline of China’s NEV subsidy exit plan, which was released in late March. The subsidy is set to be phased out by 2021. Chart 11New Electric Vehicle Sales Growth Will Slow But Remain Positive Table 2The China’s New Electric Vehicle Subsidy Exit Plan   In comparison to last year, there will be no subsidy at all for pure electric vehicles (PEVs) with recharge mileage of 250 kilometers and lower. This will make it more difficult for mini-PEVs to compete with LSEVs with respect to price. For PEVs with recharge mileage of 250 kilometers and above, the subsidy has also been cut significantly. However, we still expect NEV demand growth to remain positive. The government will continue to maintain zero sales tax on NEVs until the end of 2020. This gives it a major advantage over non-NEV vehicles, which carry the 10% sales tax. In addition, NEVs are exempt from license restrictions on car sales and time or area restrictions on on-road autos, in cities where such policies apply. This is an attractive privilege for car buyers to consider. Current NEVs that can achieve recharge mileage of 300-450 kilometers, sell at a price of RMB 100,000 to RMB 150,000 per unit. They are both affordable and appealing for upper-middle-income and high-income urban households who prefer either green options or energy cost savings. The recharge mileage is sufficient for most daily use, and prices are in line with prices of traditional gasoline or diesel cars. If and as auto sales fail to stage a notable recovery in the next several months, Chinese auto stock  prices will likely break down. Bottom Line: With the gradual phasing out of subsidies, the period of exponential NEV sales growth is over. Nevertheless, NEV demand growth will likely remain positive. Investment Implications Chart 12Chinese Auto Stock Prices Could Break Down There are three pertinent investment implications to consider. First, Chinese auto stock prices in the domestic A-share market have dropped by 60% from their 2017 highs, and have lately been moving sideways (Chart 12). Notably, these listed automakers’ per-share earnings have plunged, and the companies have cut dividends by more than the drop in their share prices (Chart 13). As a result, their trailing P/E ratio has risen and the dividend yield has dropped (Chart 14). This implies that investors are looking through the current sales contraction and expecting an imminent recovery. Chart 13A Major Contraction In Corporate Earnings And Dividends Chart 14Rising Trailing P/E And Falling Dividend Yield   If and as auto sales fail to stage a notable recovery in the next several months, these share prices will likely break down. Second, petroleum demand growth from the transportation sector will be decelerating in China over the coming years. Rising NEV sales as a share of total auto sales, substituting autos for LSEVs and a slower pace of growth in the number of vehicles on roads imply diminishing demand for gasoline in the coming years (Chart 15). Today BCA’s Emerging Markets Strategy service is also publishing a Special Report discussing India’s demand for oil. The report argues for slowing growth in Indian oil demand. Combined, China and India make up 19% of the world’s oil consumption (slightly lower than the 21% accounted for by the U.S.), and weaker demand growth in these economies is negative for oil prices. Third, investors should differentiate between a long-term economic view and investment strategy. We do not disagree with the economic viewpoint that auto ownership will rise in China in the years to come. But this will happen even if auto sales decline on an annual basis over the next 10 years. Chart 16 illustrates this point: if annual auto sales drop by 2% during each consecutive year over the next decade, and the scrap rate is around 3%, car ownership, defined as the share of households owning one car, will continue to rise from the current 50% level, reaching 80% by 2030. Chart 15Falling Growth In Existing Vehicles Entails Slower Growth In Gasoline Demand Chart 16Stimulation: Car Ownership Can Rise With Shrinking Auto Sales   Nevertheless, such a scenario – a 2% annual drop in car sales in each consecutive year over the next decade - is bearish for automakers’ share prices. Any stock price is very sensitive to long-term growth expectations for corporate earnings.5 A 2% recurring annual drop in car sales will be disastrous for auto stock valuations. This is a case when the long-term economic view on rising prosperity and car ownership in China stands in contrast with a negative investment outcome for the auto sector and its shareholders. Ellen JingYuan He, Associate Vice President ellenj@bcaresearch.com   Footnotes 1      Sales of total automobiles, including passenger vehicles and commercial vehicles. 2      From Chinese Banking Association Report on June 18, 2019. https://www.china-cba.net/Index/show/catid/14/id/26688.html 3      Guangzhou further added 10,000 car plates open to the public while Guiyang eliminated cap on new-vehicle sales. 4      https://www.wsj.com/video/big-in-china-tiny-electric-cars/CF7E986A-7C70-4EE3-8F7B-441621F10C94.html 5      The reason is that both interest rates and earnings long-term growth rate are present in the denominator of any cash flow discount model (Stock Price = Expected Dividends / (Interest rate – Earnings long-term growth rate)). Hence, they have the potential to affect share prices exponentially while dividends/profits are present in the numerator so their impact on equity prices is linear.

Aspectos destacados PRONÓSTICOS DEL MERCADO Perspectiva estratégica del cuarto trimestre de 2019: un mercado "muéstrame" Por favor, proporcione únicamente el texto traducido en su respuesta, sin comentarios ni formato adicional. Perspectiva estratégica del cuarto trimestre de 2019: un mercado "muéstrame" Por favor, proporcione únicamente el texto traducido en su respuesta, sin comentarios ni formato adicional. Estrategia de inversión: Los mercados han entrado en una fase de “muéstrame”. Serán necesarios mejores datos económicos y avances significativos en las negociaciones comerciales para que las acciones suban de forma sostenible. Creemos que se producirán ambas condiciones previas. Hasta entonces, los activos de riesgo podrían sufrir presión. Asignación global de activos: Los inversores deberían sobreponderar acciones frente a bonos en un horizonte de 12 meses, pero mantener posiciones de efectivo por encima de lo normal en el corto plazo como cobertura contra riesgos a la baja. Renta variable: Las acciones de mercados emergentes y europeas superarán al resto una vez que el crecimiento global toque fondo. Los sectores cíclicos, incluidos los financieros, también comenzarán a superar a los defensivos cuando el ciclo de crecimiento cambie. Bonos: Los bancos centrales permanecerán dovish, pero los rendimientos subirán modestamente por un crecimiento global más fuerte. Favorezca el crédito corporativo high-yield sobre los bonos gubernamentales. Divisas: Como moneda contracíclica, el dólar estadounidense debería alcanzar su pico más adelante este año. Materias primas: Los precios del petróleo y de los metales industriales subirán. Los precios del oro han entrado en una fase de consolidación, pero deberían brillar de nuevo a finales del próximo año o en 2021 cuando la inflación finalmente se dispare. Destacado Estimado cliente, En lugar de este informe, ofrecí un seminario web el lunes 7 de octubre a las 10:00 AM EDT, en el que analicé los principales temas y perspectivas de inversión que, en mi opinión, se desarrollarán durante el resto del año y más allá. Atentamente, Peter Berezin, estratega global jefe   I. Perspectiva macro global Una fase de prueba para la economía mundial La economía mundial ha llegado a una encrucijada crítica. El crecimiento se ha ralentizado desde principios de 2018, alcanzando lo que muchos considerarían una “velocidad de estancamiento”. Este es el punto en el que la debilidad económica empieza a alimentarse a sí misma, pudiendo desencadenar una recesión. ¿Empeorará la desaceleración del crecimiento? Nuestra hipótesis es que no. Las condiciones financieras globales se han relajado significativamente en los últimos cuatro meses, gracias en parte al giro dovish de la mayoría de los bancos centrales. Condiciones financieras más laxas suelen ser favorables para el crecimiento global (Gráfico 1). Nuestro indicador líder global se ha recuperado, principalmente debido a una mejora marginal en los datos de los mercados emergentes (Gráfico 2). Gráfico 1 El alivio de las condiciones financieras impulsará el crecimiento global Condiciones Financieras Más Favorables Impulsarán el Crecimiento Global Condiciones Financieras Más Favorables Impulsarán el Crecimiento Global Gráfico 2 El LEI global se ha recuperado de sus mínimos Global LEI se ha alejado de sus mínimos Global LEI se ha alejado de sus mínimos     Una cuestión importante es si la debilidad en el sector manufacturero se extenderá al sector de servicios, mucho más grande. Hay alguna evidencia de que esto está ocurriendo, siendo la publicación de ayer del ISM no manufacturero, más débil de lo esperado, el último ejemplo. No obstante, la desaceleración de la actividad del sector servicios ha sido hasta ahora limitada (Gráfico 3). Incluso en Alemania, con su amplia base manufacturera, el PMI del sector servicios se mantiene en territorio expansivo. Esta es una diferencia clave con los periodos 2001/02 y 2008/09, cuando la actividad del sector servicios colapsó al mismo tiempo que la manufacturera. Gráfico 3A El sector servicios se ha debilitado menos que la industria (I) El sector de servicios se ha moderado menos que la industria manufacturera (I) El sector de servicios se ha moderado menos que la industria manufacturera (I) Gráfico 3B El sector servicios se ha debilitado menos que la industria (II) El sector servicios se ha moderado menos que la industria manufacturera (II) El sector servicios se ha moderado menos que la industria manufacturera (II) La desaceleración provocada por los automóviles Si se preguntara a la mayoría de los inversores las razones detrás de la desaceleración manufacturera, probablemente citarían la guerra comercial o la campaña de desapalancamiento de China. Ambas son razones válidas, pero hay un culpable menos conocido: el sector automotriz. Según WardsAuto, las ventas mundiales de automóviles cayeron más del 5% en la primera mitad del año, con diferencia la mayor caída desde la Gran Recesión (Gráfico 4). La producción disminuyó aún más. Gráfico 4 La debilidad del sector automotriz ha agravado la caída de la industria manufacturera La debilidad del sector automotriz ha exacerbado la desaceleración del sector manufacturero. La debilidad del sector automotriz ha exacerbado la desaceleración del sector manufacturero. Gráfico 5 La demanda de automóviles en EE. UU. se está recuperando La demanda de automóviles en EE. UU. se está recuperando La demanda de automóviles en EE. UU. se está recuperando   La debilidad en el sector automotriz mundial refleja una variedad de factores. Requisitos de emisiones más estrictos, incentivos fiscales que expiran, efectos rezagados de normas más estrictas para préstamos automotrices y las tensiones comerciales han desempeñado un papel. Además, la caída de los precios de la gasolina en 2015/16 probablemente adelantó algunas compras de automóviles. Esto sugiere que la desaceleración manufacturera mundial de 2015/16 pudo haber contribuido a sembrar las semillas de la actual. El hecho de que la producción de automóviles esté cayendo más rápido que las ventas es alentador porque significa que se están agotando los inventarios excedentes. Las normas de concesión de préstamos para automóviles en EE. UU. han comenzado a normalizarse, con los bancos informando de una demanda más fuerte de préstamos automotrices en la última Encuesta de Oficiales de Crédito Senior (Gráfico 5). En China, las ventas de automóviles han tocado fondo después de haber caído hasta un 14% a principios de este año (Gráfico 6). La tasa de propiedad de automóviles en China es una quinta parte de la de EE. UU., una cuarta parte de la de Japón y un tercio de la de Corea (Gráfico 7). Dado el bajo punto de partida, es probable que las ventas de automóviles chinas reanuden su tendencia secular al alza. Gráfico 6 El sector automotriz en China está encontrando un suelo El sector automotriz en China está encontrando un suelo El sector automotriz en China está encontrando un suelo Gráfico 7 China: perspectivas estructurales favorables para los automóviles China: La perspectiva estructural para los autos es alentadora China: La perspectiva estructural para los autos es alentadora   La guerra comercial: ¿Hacia una détente? Gráfico 8 Un ciclo manufacturero de tres años bastante regular Un ciclo de fabricación de tres años bastante regular Un ciclo de fabricación de tres años bastante regular Los ciclos manufactureros suelen durar alrededor de tres años: 18 meses de crecimiento desacelerado seguidos por 18 meses de crecimiento al alza (Gráfico 8). En la medida en que el PMI manufacturero global alcanzó su pico en la primera mitad de 2018, deberíamos estar cerca del final de la actual contracción. Por supuesto, mucho depende de los desarrollos en política. Al cierre de esta edición, se han reanudado las negociaciones de alto nivel entre EE. UU. y China. Si bien es imposible predecir el resultado de estas conversaciones, parece que ambas partes tienen incentivos para desescalar el conflicto comercial. Los votantes valoran mucho más a Trump por su gestión de la economía que por cualquier otra cosa, incluida su gestión de las negociaciones comerciales con China (Gráfico 9). Una guerra comercial prolongada dañaría el crecimiento de EE. UU. y debilitaría la bolsa. Ambos factores socavarían las perspectivas de reelección de Trump. Gráfico 9 Trump recibe calificaciones razonablemente altas por su gestión de la economía, pero no por mucho más Perspectiva estratégica para el cuarto trimestre de 2019: un mercado "Muéstrame Perspectiva estratégica para el cuarto trimestre de 2019: un mercado "Muéstrame Gráfico 10 ¿Quién ganará la nominación demócrata de 2020? Perspectiva estratégica del cuarto trimestre de 2019: un mercado 'muéstrame Perspectiva estratégica del cuarto trimestre de 2019: un mercado 'muéstrame China también quiere reforzar el crecimiento. Por difícil que haya sido para el liderazgo chino lidiar con Donald Trump, intentar asegurar un acuerdo comercial con él después de que sea reelegido sería aún más complicado. Esto sería especialmente cierto si Trump pensara que los chinos intentaron sabotear su candidatura a la reelección. Incluso si Trump llegara a perder la elección, no está claro que China termine con alguien más dócil en asuntos comerciales. ¿Realmente querría el gobierno chino negociar sobre normas medioambientales y derechos humanos con la presidenta Warren, sobre quien los mercados de apuestas ahora creen que tiene más posibilidades de convertirse en la candidata demócrata que Joe Biden (Gráfico 10)? La iniciativa de los demócratas para destituir al presidente Trump hace que una resolución comercial sea algo más probable. Primero, llama la atención sobre los dudosos negocios de Joe Biden (y su hijo) en Ucrania, lo que asesta un golpe al candidato estadounidense preferido por China. Segundo, hace que Trump esté más inclinado a querer dejar atrás el enfrentamiento con China para poder concentrar sus energías en asuntos internos. ¿Más estímulo chino? Estratégicamente, China tiene un fuerte incentivo para estimular su economía con el fin de apuntalar el crecimiento y ganar mayor influencia en las negociaciones comerciales. El impulso crediticio chino tocó fondo a finales de 2018. El impulso precede a la producción manufacturera nominal china y a la mayoría de los demás indicadores de actividad por unos nueve meses (Gráfico 11). Hasta ahora, la magnitud del alivio crediticio/fiscal de China está lejos de igualar el estímulo que se desató sobre la economía en 2015/16 y 2008/09. Esto se debe en parte a que las autoridades hoy están más preocupadas por niveles excesivos de deuda que entonces, pero también porque la economía está en mejor forma. El choque de la guerra comercial no ha sido ni de lejos tan grave como la Gran Recesión – recuerde que las exportaciones chinas a EE. UU. representan solo el 2,7% del PIB en términos de valor añadido. A diferencia de 2015/16, cuando China perdió más de 1 billón de dólares en reservas externas, las salidas de capital han permanecido contenidas en esta ocasión (Gráfico 12). Gráfico 11 El estímulo chino debería impulsar el crecimiento global El estímulo chino debería impulsar el crecimiento mundial El estímulo chino debería impulsar el crecimiento mundial Gráfico 12 China: sin salidas de capital importantes China: Sin grandes salidas de capital China: Sin grandes salidas de capital Los datos del PMI chino, mejores de lo esperado, publicados a principios de esta semana ofrecen un rayo de esperanza. No obstante, a la luz de los decepcionantes números de actividad de agosto, es probable que China aumente el ritmo del estímulo en los próximos meses. Las autoridades ya han reducido los requisitos de reservas bancarias. Esperamos que recorten las tasas de política monetaria en los próximos meses. También adelantará la emisión de bonos locales, lo que debería ayudar a impulsar el gasto en infraestructura. El crecimiento europeo debería mejorar Una recuperación del crecimiento global ayudará a Europa más adelante este año. Alemania, con su economía dependiente del comercio, se beneficiará más. Gráfico 13 Los diferenciales han disminuido en el sur de Europa Los diferenciales se han estrechado en todo el sur de Europa Los diferenciales se han estrechado en todo el sur de Europa Gráfico 14 Un crecimiento monetario más rápido presagia un buen crecimiento del PIB en la zona euro Un crecimiento más rápido de la masa monetaria augura un buen crecimiento del PIB en la zona del euro. Un crecimiento más rápido de la masa monetaria augura un buen crecimiento del PIB en la zona del euro. La caída de los diferenciales soberanos también debería respaldar al sur de Europa (Gráfico 13). El diferencial del bono italiano a 10 años respecto al bund alemán se ha estrechado casi un punto porcentual desde mediados de agosto, llevando el rendimiento del bono italiano a 10 años al 0,83%. Los bonos griegos a 10 años ahora rinden menos que los bonos del Tesoro de EE. UU. (el PMI manufacturero griego es actualmente el más fuerte del mundo). Con el BCE volviendo al mercado a comprar deuda soberana y corporativa, las tasas de interés deberían mantenerse bajas. El crecimiento del dinero en la zona euro, que adelanta el crecimiento del PIB, ya se ha acelerado (Gráfico 14). Los préstamos bancarios al sector privado deberían seguir acelerándose. Una modesta dosis de estímulo fiscal también ayudará. La Comisión Europea estima que el impulso fiscal en la zona euro aumentará en 0,5% del PIB en 2019 (Gráfico 15). Suponiendo, de manera conservadora, un multiplicador fiscal de uno, esto impulsaría el crecimiento de la zona euro en medio punto porcentual. Debido a los retrasos entre los cambios en la política fiscal y su impacto en la economía real, la mayor parte de las ganancias en el crecimiento del PIB ocurrirá durante el resto de este año y en 2020. Gráfico 15 El estímulo fiscal en la zona euro también impulsará el crecimiento El estímulo fiscal de la zona del euro también impulsará el crecimiento El estímulo fiscal de la zona del euro también impulsará el crecimiento Gráfico 17 Angustia por el Brexit: un caso de 'Bremorse' Angustia por el Brexit: Un caso de Bremorse Angustia por el Brexit: Un caso de Bremorse Gráfico 16 Reino Unido: la incertidumbre del Brexit está lastrando el crecimiento Reino Unido: la incertidumbre del Brexit lastra el crecimiento Reino Unido: la incertidumbre del Brexit lastra el crecimiento En el Reino Unido, la incertidumbre del Brexit continúa lastrando el crecimiento. La inversión empresarial en el Reino Unido se ha visto especialmente afectada (Gráfico 16). El primer ministro Boris Johnson sigue insistiendo en que sacará al Reino Unido de la UE con o sin acuerdo a finales de octubre. Nosotros restamos importancia a su fanfarronería. El Tribunal Supremo ya negó su intento de cerrar el Parlamento. El público está teniendo dudas sobre la conveniencia del Brexit (Gráfico 17). Aunque no tenemos una opinión firme sobre los giros exactos de la saga del Brexit, mantenemos que las probabilidades de un Brexit sin acuerdo son bajas. Esto es una buena noticia para el crecimiento del Reino Unido y para la libra. Japón: autogol Los recientes datos japoneses no han sido alentadores: los pedidos de máquinas-herramienta cayeron un 37% interanual en agosto. Las exportaciones se contrajeron más del 8%, con importaciones registrando una caída del 12%. La lectura del PMI de septiembre expuso un mayor deterioro en la manufactura, con el índice cayendo a 48.9 desde 49.3 en agosto. Además, la producción industrial se contrajo más de lo esperado en agosto, cayendo un 1% respecto al mes anterior y cerca del 5% interanual. La incertidumbre en torno a las negociaciones comerciales EE. UU.-China, así como las propias tensiones de Japón con la vecina Corea del Sur, también han pesado sobre la economía japonesa. La actividad industrial japonesa mejorará a finales de este año a medida que el crecimiento global se recupere. Pero el gobierno no ha ayudado a las perspectivas de crecimiento al aumentar el impuesto al consumo el 1 de octubre. Si bien varias compensaciones mitigarán el efecto total de la subida impositiva, sigue suponiendo un endurecimiento injustificado de la política fiscal. El PIB nominal apenas ha aumentado desde principios de los años 90. Lo que Japón necesita son políticas que aumenten la renta nominal. Esas políticas reflacionarias podrían ser la única forma de estabilizar la ratio deuda/PIB sin empujar a la economía de nuevo a una espiral deflacionaria.1  EE. UU.: resistiendo Gráfico 18 EE. UU. tiene una menor participación de la industria manufacturera que la mayoría de las demás economías desarrolladas Perspectiva estratégica para el cuarto trimestre de 2019: un mercado de "muéstrame Perspectiva estratégica para el cuarto trimestre de 2019: un mercado de "muéstrame La economía de EE. UU. se ha comportado relativamente bien durante la última desaceleración económica global, en parte porque la manufactura representa una menor proporción del PIB que en la mayoría de las otras economías (Gráfico 18). Según el modelo GDPNow de la Fed de Atlanta, el PIB real se encamina a crecer a un ritmo cercano a la tendencia del 1.8% en el tercer trimestre (Gráfico 19). El consumo personal aumentará alrededor de un 2.5%, después de haber crecido un 4.6% en el segundo trimestre. El gasto del consumidor debería mantenerse robusto, respaldado por el aumento de los salarios. La tasa de ahorro personal también permanece elevada, lo que debería ayudar a amortiguar a los hogares ante cualquier choque adverso (Gráfico 20).   Gráfico 19 El crecimiento de EE. UU. se ha debilitado, pero sigue cerca de la tendencia Perspectiva estratégica para el cuarto trimestre de 2019: un mercado "muéstrame Perspectiva estratégica para el cuarto trimestre de 2019: un mercado "muéstrame La inversión residencial finalmente parece estar girando la esquina. Los inicios de viviendas, los permisos de construcción y las ventas de viviendas han aumentado. Dada la estrecha relación entre las tasas hipotecarias y la construcción de viviendas, la actividad de construcción debería acelerarse en los próximos trimestres (Gráfico 21). La baja oferta y las bajas tasas de vacancia, el aumento de la formación de hogares y la accesibilidad razonable auguran bien para el mercado inmobiliario (Gráfico 22). Gráfico 20 La tasa de ahorro tiene (mucho) margen para caer, según la relación histórica con la riqueza La tasa de ahorro tiene (mucho) margen para bajar, a juzgar por la relación histórica con la riqueza La tasa de ahorro tiene (mucho) margen para bajar, a juzgar por la relación histórica con la riqueza Gráfico 21 La vivienda en EE. UU. se recuperará La vivienda en EE. UU. se recuperará La vivienda en EE. UU. se recuperará Gráfico 22 Vivienda en EE. UU.: sobre una base sólida Vivienda en EE. UU.: Sobre una base sólida Vivienda en EE. UU.: Sobre una base sólida Gráfico 23 Los planes de inversión de EE. UU. han caído desde sus máximos, pero están lejos de niveles recesivos Los planes de capex de EE. UU. han retrocedido desde sus máximos, pero distan mucho de niveles recesivos. Los planes de capex de EE. UU. han retrocedido desde sus máximos, pero distan mucho de niveles recesivos. En contraste con la inversión residencial, la inversión empresarial sigue lastrada por la recesión manufacturera, un dólar fuerte y la incertidumbre de la política comercial. Los pedidos básicos de bienes duraderos disminuyeron en agosto. Las encuestas sobre intenciones de capex también se han debilitado, aunque siguen muy por encima de niveles recesivos (Gráfico 23). El índice ISM manufacturero alcanzó su nivel más bajo desde julio de 2009 en septiembre. Los componentes internos del informe no fueron tan malos como el titular. El componente pedidos nuevos/inventarios, que adelanta al ISM por dos meses, volvió a territorio positivo. La débil lectura del ISM también contrasta con el más optimista PMI manufacturero Markit de EE. UU., que subió a su nivel más alto desde abril. Estadísticamente, el PMI de Markit hace un mejor trabajo en seguir las medidas oficiales de la producción manufacturera, los pedidos fabriles y el empleo en EE. UU. que el ISM. En conjunto, es probable que la economía de EE. UU. experimente un crecimiento modestamente más fuerte a finales de este año, a medida que la recesión manufacturera global llegue a su fin, mientras que el fuerte gasto del consumidor y un mercado inmobiliario en mejora refuercen la demanda interna. II. Mercados financieros Asignación global de activos Los mercados han entrado en una fase de “muéstrame”. Serán necesarios mejores datos económicos y avances significativos en las negociaciones comerciales para que las acciones suban de forma sostenible. Por ello, los inversores deberían mantener posiciones de efectivo mayores de lo normal por el momento para protegerse contra riesgos a la baja. Gráfico 24 Las acciones superarán a los bonos si el crecimiento se recupera Las acciones superarán a los bonos si el crecimiento se recupera Las acciones superarán a los bonos si el crecimiento se recupera Afortunadamente, cualquier retroceso en los precios de los activos de riesgo probablemente será temporal. Si las tensiones comerciales disminuyen y el crecimiento global se recupera más adelante este año, como esperamos, las acciones y los productos de spread deberían superar con creces a los bonos gubernamentales en un horizonte de 12 meses (Gráfico 24). Admitimos que hay muchas cosas que podrían trastocar esta recomendación optimista a 12 meses: el crecimiento global podría seguir deteriorándose; la guerra comercial podría intensificarse; shocks de oferta podrían hacer que los precios del petróleo vuelvan a dispararse; el Reino Unido podría acabar saliendo de la UE en un escenario de “Brexit duro”; y, por último, Elizabeth Warren u otro candidato de la izquierda radical podría acabar convirtiéndose en el próximo presidente de EE. UU. La pregunta clave para los inversores hoy es si estos riesgos ya están completamente descontados en los mercados financieros. Creemos que sí. Gráfico 25 muestra nuestras estimaciones de la prima de riesgo de la renta variable global (ERP), calculada como la diferencia entre el rendimiento por beneficios y el rendimiento real de los bonos. Nuestros cálculos sugieren que las acciones siguen pareciendo bastante baratas en comparación con los bonos. Gráfico 25A Las primas de riesgo de acciones siguen siendo bastante altas (I) Las primas de riesgo de la renta variable siguen siendo bastante altas (I) Las primas de riesgo de la renta variable siguen siendo bastante altas (I) Gráfico 25B Las primas de riesgo de acciones siguen siendo bastante altas (II) Primas de Riesgo de Renta Variable Siguen Siendo Bastante Altas (II) Primas de Riesgo de Renta Variable Siguen Siendo Bastante Altas (II) Se podría protestar que la ERP es alta solo porque los rendimientos de los bonos ultra bajos de hoy reflejan perspectivas de crecimiento muy pobres. Hay algo de verdad en esa afirmación, pero no tanto como se podría pensar. Si bien el crecimiento del PIB tendencial ha caído en EE. UU. durante la última década, los rendimientos de los bonos han descendido aún más. La brecha entre el crecimiento potencial del PIB nominal de EE. UU., según estima la Oficina de Presupuesto del Congreso, y el rendimiento del Tesoro a 10 años se acerca a dos puntos porcentuales, el más alto desde 1979 (Gráfico 26). Gráfico 26 Los rendimientos de los bonos han caído más que el crecimiento tendencial del PIB nominal Los rendimientos de los bonos han caído más que el crecimiento nominal tendencial del PIB Los rendimientos de los bonos han caído más que el crecimiento nominal tendencial del PIB A nivel global, la tendencia del crecimiento del PIB apenas ha cambiado desde 1980, en gran medida porque los mercados emergentes de más rápido crecimiento ahora constituyen una mayor parte de la economía mundial (Gráfico 27). Para las grandes empresas multinacionales, el crecimiento global, más que el crecimiento doméstico, es la medida más relevante del impulso económico. Medición de los rendimientos futuros de la renta variable Una ERP alta simplemente indica que las acciones son atractivas en términos relativos respecto a los bonos. Para estimar el rendimiento prospectivo de las acciones en términos absolutos, se debe observar el nivel absoluto de las valoraciones. Gráfico 27 La tendencia del crecimiento global se ha mantenido estable gracias al mayor crecimiento de los mercados emergentes gráfico 27 La tendencia del crecimiento global se ha mantenido estable gracias a los mercados emergentes de más rápido crecimiento. La tendencia del crecimiento global se ha mantenido estable gracias a los mercados emergentes de más rápido crecimiento. Gráfico 28 S&P 500: todo el aumento de los márgenes se ha producido en el sector tecnológico S&P 500: Todo el aumento de los márgenes se ha producido en el sector de TI S&P 500: Todo el aumento de los márgenes se ha producido en el sector de TI Como argumentamos en un informe reciente titulado “¿TINA al rescate?”,2 el rendimiento por beneficios puede usarse como proxy del rendimiento total real esperado de la renta variable. Empíricamente, la evidencia parece confirmarlo: desde 1950, el rendimiento por beneficios de las acciones estadounidenses ha promediado 6.7%, en comparación con un rendimiento total real del 7.2%. Hoy, el ratio PE trailing y el forward para las acciones estadounidenses se sitúan en 21.1 y 17.4, respectivamente. Usando un promedio simple de ambos como guía para rendimientos futuros, las acciones estadounidenses deberían ofrecer un rendimiento total real a largo plazo del 5.2%. Si bien esto está por debajo de su media histórica, sigue siendo un rendimiento bastante aceptable. Se podría argumentar que este cálculo sobreestima los rendimientos prospectivos de la renta variable porque el rendimiento por beneficios de EE. UU. está temporalmente inflado por márgenes de beneficio anormalmente altos. El problema con este argumento es que prácticamente todo el aumento de los márgenes del S&P 500 se ha producido en un solo sector: tecnología. Fuera del sector tecnológico, los márgenes del S&P 500 no están lejos de su media histórica (Gráfico 28). Si los márgenes elevados del sector tecnológico reflejan cambios estructurales en la economía global —como la aparición de empresas “winner-take-all” que se benefician de potentes efectos de red y poder de fijación de precios monopolístico— podrían permanecer elevados en el futuro previsible.   Asignación regional y sectorial de renta variable El rendimiento por beneficios es aproximadamente dos puntos porcentuales mayor fuera de EE. UU., lo que sugiere que las acciones no estadounidenses superarán a sus pares estadounidenses a largo plazo. En el espacio de mercados desarrollados, Alemania, España y Reino Unido parecen especialmente baratas. En el ámbito de los mercados emergentes, China, Corea y Rusia destacan por estar muy atractivamente valoradas (Gráfico 29). A nivel sectorial, las acciones cíclicas parecen más atractivas que las defensivas (Gráfico 30). Gráfico 29 Las acciones de EE. UU. parecen caras en comparación con sus pares Perspectiva estratégica para el cuarto trimestre de 2019: un mercado "muéstrame Perspectiva estratégica para el cuarto trimestre de 2019: un mercado "muéstrame Gráfico 31 El crecimiento económico impulsa las acciones en un horizonte de 12 meses El crecimiento económico impulsa las acciones en un horizonte de 12 meses El crecimiento económico impulsa las acciones en un horizonte de 12 meses Gráfico 30 Las acciones cíclicas son más atractivas que las defensivas Las acciones cíclicas son más atractivas que las defensivas Las acciones cíclicas son más atractivas que las defensivas Gráfico 32 Las acciones de mercados emergentes y de la zona euro suelen superar cuando mejora el crecimiento global Las acciones de EM y de la Zona del Euro suelen tener un mejor rendimiento cuando mejora el crecimiento global. Las acciones de EM y de la Zona del Euro suelen tener un mejor rendimiento cuando mejora el crecimiento global. Las valoraciones son útiles principalmente como guía para los rendimientos a largo plazo. En un horizonte de, digamos, 12 meses, los factores cíclicos —es decir, lo que sucede con el crecimiento, las tasas de interés y los tipos de cambio— importan más (Gráfico 31). Afortunadamente, nuestras vistas cíclicas generalmente coinciden con nuestra evaluación de las valoraciones. Un crecimiento global más fuerte, un dólar más débil y precios de las materias primas en alza deberían beneficiar a las acciones cíclicas frente a las defensivas. En la medida en que los mercados de acciones de los mercados emergentes y europeos tienen una mayor inclinación hacia sectores cíclicos que las acciones estadounidenses, los primeros deberían terminar superando a los segundos (Gráfico 32). Incluiríamos a los financieros en nuestra lista de sectores a mejorar antes de fin de año una vez que el crecimiento global comience a reaccelerarse. La caída de los rendimientos ha perjudicado los beneficios bancarios (Gráfico 33). El lastre sobre los márgenes de interés netos debería retroceder a medida que los rendimientos empiecen a subir. Los bancos europeos, que actualmente cotizan a solo 7.6 veces ganancias forward, 0.6 veces valor contable y ofrecen un jugoso rendimiento por dividendo del 6.3%, podrían comportarse especialmente bien (Gráfico 34). Gráfico 33A Rendimientos de bonos más altos y curvas de rendimiento más empinadas beneficiarán a los financieros (I) Mayores rendimientos de los bonos y curvas de rendimiento más empinadas beneficiarán al sector financiero (I) Mayores rendimientos de los bonos y curvas de rendimiento más empinadas beneficiarán al sector financiero (I) Gráfico 33B Rendimientos de bonos más altos y curvas de rendimiento más empinadas beneficiarán a los financieros (II) Mayores rendimientos de los bonos y curvas de rendimiento más pronunciadas beneficiarán al sector financiero (II) Mayores rendimientos de los bonos y curvas de rendimiento más pronunciadas beneficiarán al sector financiero (II) Como ilustra el Gráfico 35, una apuesta por los financieros es similar a una apuesta por las acciones de valor. El crecimiento ha superado al value durante los últimos 12 años, pero es de esperar un cierto respiro para el value en los próximos 12 a 18 meses. Gráfico 34 Los bancos europeos son atractivos Los bancos europeos son atractivos Los bancos europeos son atractivos Gráfico 35 ¿Está el 'value' dando la vuelta? ¿Está el valor dando la vuelta? ¿Está el valor dando la vuelta?   Renta fija Gráfico 36A Los rendimientos deberían subir con un crecimiento más fuerte (I) Los rendimientos deberían aumentar con un crecimiento más robusto (I) Los rendimientos deberían aumentar con un crecimiento más robusto (I) Los bancos centrales dovish y, por el momento, la inflación todavía contenida ayudarán a mantener a raya los rendimientos de los bonos gubernamentales durante los próximos 12 meses. No obstante, los rendimientos subirán desde los niveles deprimidos actuales gracias a un crecimiento global más fuerte (Gráfico 36).     Gráfico 36B Los rendimientos deberían subir con un crecimiento más fuerte (II) Los rendimientos deberían aumentar con un crecimiento más sólido (II) Los rendimientos deberían aumentar con un crecimiento más sólido (II) Los rendimientos de los bonos tienden a subir o bajar dependiendo de si los bancos centrales ajustan las tasas más o menos de lo anticipado (Gráfico 37). Los inversores actualmente esperan que la Fed recorte las tasas otros 80 puntos básicos en los próximos 12 meses. Si bien creemos que la Fed reducirá las tasas en 25 puntos básicos el 30 de octubre, no anticipamos más recortes después de esa fecha. Los 75 puntos básicos acumulados en recortes durante este ciclo de relajación equivaldrán a la cantidad de alivio entregada durante las dos desaceleraciones intermedias de los años 90 (1995/96 y 1998). En conjunto, es probable que el rendimiento del Tesoro estadounidense a 10 años vuelva al rango bajo del 2% hacia mediados de 2020. Gráfico 37A Un crecimiento económico más fuerte ejercerá presión al alza sobre los rendimientos de los bonos gubernamentales (I) Un crecimiento económico más fuerte ejercerá presión al alza sobre los rendimientos de los bonos gubernamentales (I) Un crecimiento económico más fuerte ejercerá presión al alza sobre los rendimientos de los bonos gubernamentales (I) Gráfico 36B Un crecimiento económico más fuerte ejercerá presión al alza sobre los rendimientos de los bonos gubernamentales (II) Un crecimiento económico más fuerte ejercerá presión al alza sobre los rendimientos de los bonos del gobierno (II) Un crecimiento económico más fuerte ejercerá presión al alza sobre los rendimientos de los bonos del gobierno (II) Gráfico 38 Los rendimientos de los bonos gubernamentales de EE. UU. son más procíclicos que los rendimientos en el extranjero Los rendimientos de los bonos del gobierno de EE. UU. son más procíclicos que los rendimientos en el extranjero Los rendimientos de los bonos del gobierno de EE. UU. son más procíclicos que los rendimientos en el extranjero A diferencia de las acciones estadounidenses, que tienden a tener una beta baja comparadas con las acciones en el extranjero, los bonos estadounidenses poseen una beta alta. Esto significa que los rendimientos del Tesoro de EE. UU. suelen subir más que los rendimientos en el extranjero cuando los rendimientos de los bonos globales, en conjunto, aumentan, y caen más cuando los rendimientos globales disminuyen (Gráfico 38).  Además, los bonos del Tesoro de EE. UU. rinden actualmente menos que otros mercados de bonos una vez que se tienen en cuenta los costes de cobertura de divisa (Tabla 1). Si los rendimientos de EE. UU. subieran más que los del extranjero durante los próximos 12 a 18 meses, esto restaría aún más rentabilidad a los bonos del Tesoro. Como resultado, los inversores deberían infraponderar los Treasuries dentro de una cartera global de bonos gubernamentales. Un crecimiento global más fuerte debería mantener a raya los diferenciales de crédito corporativo. Los estándares de concesión de préstamos para préstamos comerciales e industriales en EE. UU. han vuelto a terreno de relajación, lo cual suele ser alcista para el crédito corporativo (Gráfico 39). Según nuestros estrategas de bonos de EE. UU., los diferenciales corporativos high-yield y, en menor medida, los diferenciales de grado de inversión calificados como Baa, siguen siendo más amplios de lo que justifican los fundamentos económicos (Gráfico 40).3 Los bonos de grado de inversión mejor calificados, en contraste, ofrecen menos valor relativo. Tabla 1 Mercados de bonos en el mundo desarrollado Perspectiva estratégica para el cuarto trimestre de 2019: un mercado de "muéstrame Perspectiva estratégica para el cuarto trimestre de 2019: un mercado de "muéstrame Gráfico 39 La relajación de los estándares de préstamo augura bien para el crédito corporativo Normas de Préstamo Más Flexibles Son una Buena Señal para el Crédito Corporativo Normas de Préstamo Más Flexibles Son una Buena Señal para el Crédito Corporativo Gráfico 40 Empresas de EE. UU.: enfoque en crédito Baa y high-yield Empresas de EE. UU.: enfoque en Baa y crédito de alto rendimiento Empresas de EE. UU.: enfoque en Baa y crédito de alto rendimiento     Más allá de los próximos 18 meses, existe una alta probabilidad de que la inflación comience a moverse de forma material al alza. La tasa de desempleo en el G7 ha caído a mínimos de varias décadas (Gráfico 41). La proporción de economías desarrolladas que han alcanzado el pleno empleo ha alcanzado un nuevo máximo de ciclo (Gráfico 42). Por mucho que se hable de que la curva de Phillips está muerta, el crecimiento salarial se ha mantenido estrechamente correlacionado con el exceso de mano de obra (Gráfico 43). Gráfico 41 Las tasas de desempleo siguen tendiendo a la baja Las tasas de desempleo siguen disminuyendo Las tasas de desempleo siguen disminuyendo Gráfico 42 Mercados desarrollados: el pleno empleo alcanza nuevos máximos de ciclo Mercados desarrollados: pleno empleo alcanza nuevos máximos del ciclo Mercados desarrollados: pleno empleo alcanza nuevos máximos del ciclo Gráfico 43 La curva de Phillips está viva y vigente La curva de Phillips sigue viva y coleando La curva de Phillips sigue viva y coleando A medida que los salarios sigan subiendo, los precios empezarán a moverse al alza, lo que podría desencadenar una espiral salario-precio. La Fed, y eventualmente otros bancos centrales, tendrán que empezar a subir las tasas en ese momento. Una vez que las tasas entren en territorio restrictivo, las acciones caerán y los diferenciales de crédito se ampliarán. Podría producirse una recesión global en 2022. Divisas y materias primas Gráfico 44 El dólar es una moneda contracíclica El dólar es una moneda contracíclica El dólar es una moneda contracíclica El dólar estadounidense es una moneda contracíclica, lo que significa que tiende a moverse en la dirección opuesta al ciclo económico global (Gráfico 44). No tenemos una visión firme sobre la dirección del dólar en el corto plazo en este momento, pero esperamos que el billete verde comience a debilitarse hacia fin de año a medida que el crecimiento global empiece a recuperarse. EUR/USD debería aumentar hasta alrededor de 1.13 hacia mediados de 2020. GBP/USD subirá a 1.29. USD/CNY volverá a 7. USD/JPY probablemente se mantendrá estable, reflejando la naturaleza defensiva del yen y el lastre sobre el crecimiento japonés por la subida del impuesto al consumo. El dólar ponderado por el comercio continuará depreciándose hasta finales de 2021, tras lo cual un Fed más agresiva y una desaceleración del crecimiento global harán que el dólar vuelva a apreciarse. Durante el periodo en el que el dólar se debilite, los precios de las materias primas subirán (Gráfico 45). Gráfico 45 La debilidad del dólar beneficia a las materias primas La debilidad del dólar favorece a las materias primas La debilidad del dólar favorece a las materias primas Los estrategas de materias primas de BCA son particularmente alcistas sobre el petróleo en un horizonte de 12 meses (Gráfico 46). Ven los precios del Brent subiendo hasta 70 $/barril para final de este año y promediando 74 $/bbl en 2020, basándose en la expectativa de que un crecimiento global más fuerte y la disciplina en la producción reducirán los niveles de inventario petrolero. La capacidad de reserva de la OPEP –la diferencia entre lo que el cártel es capaz de producir y lo que realmente produce– está actualmente por debajo de su promedio histórico (Gráfico 47). Las reservas de crudo también han tendido a bajar dentro de la OCDE. Las propias reservas de Arabia Saudí han caído más del 40% desde su pico en 2015 (Gráfico 48). Gráfico 46 El déficit de oferta continuará Déficit de suministro continuará Déficit de suministro continuará Gráfico 47 Disponibilidad limitada de capacidad de reserva para compensar interrupciones Perspectiva estratégica del cuarto trimestre de 2019: un mercado "muéstrame Perspectiva estratégica del cuarto trimestre de 2019: un mercado "muéstrame Gráfico 48 Principales reservas estratégicas de petróleo Principales Reservas Estratégicas de Petróleo Principales Reservas Estratégicas de Petróleo Precios del petróleo más altos deberían beneficiar a monedas como el dólar canadiense, la corona noruega, el rublo ruso y el peso colombiano. Finalmente, unas palabras sobre el oro. Cerramos nuestra posición larga en oro el 29 de agosto con una ganancia del 20.5% en 20 semanas. Seguimos viendo el oro como una excelente cobertura a largo plazo contra una inflación más alta. En el corto plazo, sin embargo, el alza de los rendimientos de los bonos puede quitar impulso al oro, aunque un dólar más débil ayude al lingote en cierta medida. Reanudaremos nuestra posición larga en oro hacia finales del próximo año o en 2021 una vez que la inflación comience a despegar.   Peter Berezin, estratega global jefe Estrategia Global de Inversiones peterb@bcaresearch.com Notas al pie 1Consulte el Informe semanal de Estrategia Global de Inversiones, “¿Los altos niveles de deuda son deflacionarios o inflacionarios?” con fecha 15 de febrero de 2019. 2Consulte el Informe especial de Estrategia Global de Inversiones, “¿TINA al rescate?” con fecha 23 de agosto de 2019. 3Consulte el Informe semanal de Estrategia de Bonos de EE. UU., “Los inversores en bonos corporativos no deberían enfrentarse a la Fed,” con fecha 17 de septiembre de 2019. Estrategia & tendencias del mercado Modelo MacroQuant y puntuaciones subjetivas actuales Perspectiva estratégica para el cuarto trimestre de 2019: un mercado "muéstrame Perspectiva estratégica para el cuarto trimestre de 2019: un mercado "muéstrame Operaciones tácticas Recomendaciones estratégicas Operaciones cerradas

Aspectos destacados El crecimiento europeo y global se recuperará en el cuarto trimestre, pero la recuperación carecerá de longevidad. Bonos: Espere que los rendimientos de los bonos suban modestamente, especialmente aquellos rendimientos que están profundamente en territorio negativo. Mantener infraponderación de los bunds alemanes en una cartera de bonos europea o global. Monedas: Las monedas con rendimiento cero/negativo tienen más por ganar, y nuestra preferencia sigue siendo el yen. Renta variable: una lucha entre crecimiento y valoración dejará al índice amplio de renta variable en un canal lateral. Pero con el rendimiento más alto, prefiera acciones frente a bonos. Sectores de renta variable: Las apuestas cíclicas fuera de China rendirán más que las apuestas en China. Continúe sobreponderando bancos frente a recursos y/o industriales. Regiones de renta variable: Continúe sobreponderando el Eurostoxx 50 frente al Shanghai Composite y/o el Nikkei 225. Artículo La comodidad y la incomodidad no son absolutas, son relativas. Mete tu mano en agua fría, y si se siente cómoda o incómoda depende de dónde venga tu mano. Si tu mano venía de la temperatura ambiente, el agua fría se sentirá incómoda. ¡Pero si tu mano venía de un cubo de hielo, el agua fría se sentirá como una bendición! El mismo principio se aplica a cómo nosotros, y los mercados financieros, percibimos el crecimiento económico a corto plazo. Después de una fuerte expansión, una tasa de crecimiento moderada del 1 por ciento se siente incómoda. Pero después de una contracción económica, un crecimiento del 1 por ciento se siente muy agradable. Esto conduce a dos puntos importantes: A corto plazo, el mercado se preocupa menos por la tasa de crecimiento per se, y más por si la tasa de crecimiento se está acelerando o desacelerando. Cuando se trata de los impulsores del crecimiento a corto plazo – los rendimientos de los bonos, el crédito y el precio del petróleo – debemos centrarnos no en sus cambios, sino en sus impulsos, es decir, los cambios en sus cambios. Esto se debe a que son los impulsos de los rendimientos de los bonos, del crédito y del precio del petróleo los que impulsan las aceleraciones y desaceleraciones del crecimiento económico, a menudo con un tiempo de adelanto útil de unos meses. El Gráfico de la semana combinado con Gráfico I-1–Gráfico I-4 no deberían dejarle ninguna duda. En la zona del euro, Estados Unidos y China, los impulsos del rendimiento interno de los bonos a 6 meses han precedido a sus impulsos de crédito domésticos a 6 meses con una precisión casi perfecta. Gráfico de la semana El crecimiento del crédito se recuperará en el cuarto trimestre, luego se desvanecerá El crecimiento del crédito se recuperará en el cuarto trimestre y luego se desvanecerá. El crecimiento del crédito se recuperará en el cuarto trimestre y luego se desvanecerá. Gráfico I-2 El impulso del rendimiento de los bonos en la zona del euro precede a su impulso de crédito El impulso del rendimiento de los bonos de la zona del euro anticipa su impulso crediticio El impulso del rendimiento de los bonos de la zona del euro anticipa su impulso crediticio Gráfico I-3 El impulso del rendimiento de los bonos en EE. UU. precede a su impulso de crédito El impulso del rendimiento de los bonos de EE. UU. anticipa su impulso crediticio El impulso del rendimiento de los bonos de EE. UU. anticipa su impulso crediticio Gráfico I-4 El impulso del rendimiento de los bonos en China precede a su impulso de crédito El impulso de la rentabilidad de los bonos en China adelanta al impulso del crédito El impulso de la rentabilidad de los bonos en China adelanta al impulso del crédito Basado en esta precisión casi perfecta, los impulsos de crédito en la zona del euro y en EE. UU. deberían rebotar brevemente en el cuarto trimestre. Pero espere mucha menos recuperación, si la hay, en China. Mientras que los rendimientos de los bonos se han desplomado en la zona del euro y en EE. UU., resultando en impulsos de crédito favorables, se han movido mucho menos en China. De hecho, el impulso del rendimiento de los bonos a 6 meses de China se ha estado moviendo más hacia territorio de viento en contra en los últimos meses (Gráfico I-5). Gráfico I-5 Los impulsos del rendimiento de los bonos fueron vientos de cola en la zona del euro y EE. UU., pero no en China Los impulsos de los rendimientos de los bonos fueron vientos a favor en la zona del euro y en EE. UU., pero no en China Los impulsos de los rendimientos de los bonos fueron vientos a favor en la zona del euro y en EE. UU., pero no en China Se desprende que una recuperación del crecimiento del crédito en el cuarto trimestre tendrá su origen en Europa y EE. UU. más que en China. Desde una perspectiva táctica, esto favorecerá las apuestas cíclicas fuera de China frente a las apuestas en China. Pero al entrar en la primera parte de 2020, espere que los impulsos de crédito se desvanezcan en todas las principales economías, a menos que los rendimientos de los bonos caigan ahora de forma muy pronunciada en todas partes. Invertir por impulso Mucha gente aún encuentra confuso que sean los impulsos – y no los cambios – de los rendimientos de los bonos, del crédito y del precio del petróleo los que impulsan las aceleraciones y desaceleraciones del crecimiento económico. Para resolver esta confusión, aclaremos el punto. Los impulsos de crédito en la zona del euro y en EE. UU. deberían rebotar brevemente en el cuarto trimestre.  Un descenso en el rendimiento de los bonos provocará nuevos préstamos. Por ejemplo, una determinada caída en el rendimiento de los bonos de EE. UU., digamos 0,5 por ciento, provocará un determinado aumento en el número de solicitudes de hipoteca (Gráfico I-6). El nuevo endeudamiento añadirá demanda, es decir, generará crecimiento. Pero en el periodo siguiente, una nueva caída del rendimiento de los bonos de 0,5 por ciento generará el mismo nuevo endeudamiento adicional y la misma tasa de crecimiento. El punto crucial es que, si la caída en el rendimiento de los bonos es la misma, el crecimiento no se acelerará. Gráfico I-6 Una determinada caída en el rendimiento de los bonos desencadena un determinado aumento en el nuevo endeudamiento Una caída determinada en la rentabilidad del bono provoca un aumento determinado en el nuevo endeudamiento. Una caída determinada en la rentabilidad del bono provoca un aumento determinado en el nuevo endeudamiento. El crecimiento se acelerará sólo si la primera caída del 0,5 por ciento en el rendimiento de los bonos es seguida por una caída mayor, digamos del 0,6 por ciento, es decir, un impulso de viento a favor. Contrariamente e intuitivamente, el crecimiento desacelerará si la primera caída del 0,5 por ciento es seguida por una caída menor, digamos del 0,4 por ciento, es decir, un impulso de viento en contra. No culpe a los automóviles de la recesión alemana Gráfico I-7 La producción de automóviles alemana se recuperó en el tercer trimestre La Producción Alemana De Automóviles Se Recuperó En El Tercer Trimestre La Producción Alemana De Automóviles Se Recuperó En El Tercer Trimestre Si la economía alemana se contrae en el tercer trimestre y entra así en una recesión técnica, la respuesta instintiva será culpar a los problemas de la industria del automóvil. Pero la evidencia no respalda esa historia. La producción de automóviles nuevos en Alemania se recuperó en el tercer trimestre (Gráfico I-7). Surge la pregunta: si no son los automóviles, ¿cuál es el verdadero culpable de la desaceleración? La respuesta probable es que Alemania sufrió recientemente un fuerte viento en contra debido al impulso del precio del petróleo. Alemania tiene uno de los volúmenes de tráfico por carretera por unidad de PIB más altos del mundo, solo por detrás de EE. UU. (Tabla I-1). Una posible explicación de la alta intensidad de tráfico de Alemania es que, al igual que EE. UU., Alemania es una economía descentralizada con múltiples ‘hubs and spokes’ que requieren mucho cruce de tráfico. Pero a diferencia de EE. UU., el transporte alemán depende en gran medida de las importaciones de petróleo, que tienden a ser no sustituibles y de demanda altamente inelástica al precio. A medida que el valor de las importaciones alemanas de petróleo aumenta al mismo ritmo que el precio del petróleo, las exportaciones netas de Alemania disminuyen, lastrando el crecimiento. Tabla I-1 Alemania tiene una intensidad de tráfico por carretera muy alta El crecimiento repuntará en el cuarto trimestre, pero se debilitará en 2020. El crecimiento repuntará en el cuarto trimestre, pero se debilitará en 2020.   La conclusión es que el impulso del precio del petróleo tiene una gran influencia en las aceleraciones y desaceleraciones del crecimiento a corto plazo de Alemania. El periodo de seis meses que terminó alrededor de junio de 2019 constituyó un severo impulso en contra. Esto se debe a que un aumento del 30 por ciento en el precio del petróleo en ese periodo siguió a una caída del 40 por ciento en el periodo de seis meses anterior, lo que equivale a un impulso en contra del 70 por ciento.1  Alemania tiene uno de los volúmenes de tráfico por carretera por unidad de PIB más altos del mundo. Teniendo en cuenta los retrasos típicos de unos meses, este severo impulso en contra fue un contribuyente importante a la reciente desaceleración de Alemania. Las oscilaciones en el impulso a 6 meses del precio del petróleo han explicado las oscilaciones en el crecimiento económico a 6 meses de Alemania con una precisión inquietante (Gráfico I-8). La buena noticia es que el severo impulso en contra del precio del petróleo se ha aliviado, permitiendo una recuperación del crecimiento económico alemán durante el cuarto trimestre. Gráfico I-8 El impulso del precio del petróleo explica las oscilaciones del crecimiento alemán El impulso del precio del petróleo explica las oscilaciones del crecimiento alemán El impulso del precio del petróleo explica las oscilaciones del crecimiento alemán No obstante, una supuesta recuperación podría anularse por una carta inesperada: el ‘impulso de riesgo geopolítico’. Para ser claros, esto no es un impulso en el sentido técnico, pero es un concepto similar: ¿están aumentando o disminuyendo el número de posibles eventos extremos? Para el cuarto trimestre, nuestra respuesta subjetiva es que están disminuyendo. En Europa, la formación de una nueva coalición de gobierno en Italia ha eliminado la política italiana como un posible evento extremo por el momento. Mientras tanto, asumimos que la ley Benn-Burt en el Reino Unido ha sido redactada lo suficientemente bien como para eliminar un posible Brexit sin acuerdo el 31 de octubre. En otros lugares, la guerra comercial EE. UU./China y las tensiones en Oriente Medio probablemente permanecerán en estasis durante el cuarto trimestre.  Cómo posicionarse para el cuarto trimestre Tras un decepcionante tercer trimestre para el crecimiento global y europeo, esperamos una recuperación en el cuarto trimestre. Pero, por el momento, no tenemos convicción de que el impulso de la recuperación lo lleve profundamente en 2020. Posiciónese para el cuarto trimestre de la siguiente manera:  Espere una recuperación en el cuarto trimestre. Bonos: Espere que los rendimientos de los bonos suban modestamente, especialmente aquellos rendimientos que están profundamente en territorio negativo. Mantener infraponderación de los bunds alemanes en una cartera de bonos europea o global. Monedas: Las monedas con rendimiento cero/negativo tienen más por ganar, y nuestra preferencia sigue siendo el yen. Con una desenlace del Brexit, la libra podría ser la que más se mueva y nuestra intuición es al alza. Pero esperamos más claridad antes de apretar el gatillo. Renta variable: una lucha entre crecimiento y valoración dejará al índice amplio de renta variable en el rango lateral en el que ha existido durante los últimos dos años (Gráfico I-9). Pero con un rendimiento mayor que los bonos, las acciones son la clase de activo preferida en este feo concurso. Sectores de renta variable: Las apuestas cíclicas fuera de China rendirán más que las apuestas en China. Continúe sobreponderando bancos frente a recursos y/o industriales. Regiones de renta variable: Continúe sobreponderando el Eurostoxx 50 frente al Shanghai Composite y/o el Nikkei 225 (Gráfico I-10). Gráfico I-9 Las acciones globales no han avanzado en dos años Las acciones globales no han ido a ninguna parte en dos años. Las acciones globales no han ido a ninguna parte en dos años. Gráfico I-10 Mantener sobreponderación en Europa ##br## frente a China Mantener la sobreponderación: Europa frente a China Mantener la sobreponderación: Europa frente a China   Sistema de trading fractal* El reciente repunte en el precio del níquel se debe a temores sobre la interrupción del suministro, concretamente a una prohibición de exportación indonesia. Sin embargo, la amplitud del rally parece técnicamente estirada. Lo expresaríamos como un par-operación frente al oro: largo en oro / corto en níquel. Gráfico I-11 Níquel VS. Oro Níquel VS. Oro Níquel VS. Oro Fije un objetivo de beneficio del 11 por ciento con una pérdida por parada simétrica. Para cualquier inversión, el seguimiento excesivo de tendencias y el pensamiento de grupo pueden alcanzar un punto natural de inestabilidad, en el cual la tendencia establecida es muy probable que se rompa con o sin un catalizador externo. Una señal de alerta temprana es que la dimensión fractal de la inversión se aproxima a su límite inferior natural. De forma alentadora, este desencadenante ha identificado de forma consistente movimientos contrarios a la tendencia de diversas magnitudes en todas las clases de activos. Las reglas del modelo de trading fractal posteriores al 9 de junio de 2016 son: Cuando la dimensión fractal se aproxima al límite inferior tras una inversión que ha estado en una tendencia establecida, es un posible desencadenante para una reversión de la tendencia provocada por la liquidez. Por lo tanto, abra una posición contraria a la tendencia. El objetivo de beneficio es una reversión de un tercio del movimiento precedente de 13 semanas. Aplique una pérdida por parada simétrica. Cierre la posición en el objetivo de beneficio o en la pérdida por parada. De lo contrario, cierre la posición después de 13 semanas. Use el múltiplo de tamaño de posición para controlar el riesgo. El tamaño de la posición será menor para posiciones más arriesgadas. * Para más detalles, por favor consulte el European Investment Strategy Special Report “Fractals, Liquidity & A Trading Model,” del 11 de diciembre de 2014, disponible en eis.bcaresearch.com. Dhaval Joshi, Director de Estrategia de Inversión Europea dhaval@bcaresearch.com Notas al pie 1 Los pasos de 6 meses en el precio del crudo WTI fueron $74.15, $45.21 y $58.24. El primer cambio equivalió a una disminución del 40 por ciento y el segundo cambio equivalió a un aumento del 30 por ciento. Así que el impulso a 6 meses fue del 70 por ciento. Modelo de trading fractal Recomendaciones cíclicas Recomendaciones estructurales Operaciones fractales cerradas Operaciones Operaciones cerradas Rendimiento de activos Divisa y bono Sector de renta variable Renta variable por país Indicadores Rendimientos de bonos Gráfico II-1 Indicadores a vigilar - Rendimientos de bonos Indicadores a vigilar - Rendimientos de los bonos Indicadores a vigilar - Rendimientos de los bonos Gráfico II-2 Indicadores a vigilar - Rendimientos de bonos Indicadores a vigilar - Rendimientos de los bonos Indicadores a vigilar - Rendimientos de los bonos Gráfico II-3 Indicadores a vigilar - Rendimientos de bonos Indicadores a Vigilar - Rendimientos de los Bonos Indicadores a Vigilar - Rendimientos de los Bonos Gráfico II-4 Indicadores a vigilar - Rendimientos de bonos Indicadores a Vigilar - Rendimientos de los Bonos Indicadores a Vigilar - Rendimientos de los Bonos   Tipo de interés Gráfico II-5 Indicadores a vigilar - Expectativas de tipos de interés Indicadores a vigilar - Expectativas de las tasas de interés Indicadores a vigilar - Expectativas de las tasas de interés Gráfico II-6 Indicadores a vigilar - Expectativas de tipos de interés Indicadores a Vigilar - Expectativas de Tasas de Interés Indicadores a Vigilar - Expectativas de Tasas de Interés Gráfico II-7 Indicadores a vigilar - Expectativas de tipos de interés Indicadores a vigilar - Expectativas sobre las tasas de interés Indicadores a vigilar - Expectativas sobre las tasas de interés Gráfico II-8 Indicadores a vigilar - Expectativas de tipos de interés Indicadores a vigilar - Expectativas de tasas de interés Indicadores a vigilar - Expectativas de tasas de interés  

Highlights While a self-fulfilling crisis of confidence that plunges the global economy into recession cannot be excluded, it is far from our base case. Provided the trade war does not spiral out of control, it is highly likely that global equities will outperform bonds over the next 12 months. The auto sector has been the main driver of the global manufacturing slowdown. As automobile output begins to recover later this year, so too will global manufacturing. Go long auto stocks. As a countercyclical currency, the U.S. dollar will weaken once global growth picks up. We expect to upgrade EM and European equities later this year along with cyclical equity sectors such as industrials, energy, and materials. Financials should also benefit from steeper yield curves. We still like gold as a long-term investment. However, the combination of higher bond yields and diminished trade tensions could cause bullion to sell off in the near term. As such, we are closing our tactical long gold trade for a gain of 20.5%. Feature “The Democrats are trying to 'will' the Economy to be bad for purposes of the 2020 Election. Very Selfish!” – @realDonaldTrump, 19 August 2019 8:26 am “The Fake News Media is doing everything they can to crash the economy because they think that will be bad for me and my re-election” – @realDonaldTrump, 15 August 2019 9:52 am Bad Juju Chart 1Spike In Google Searches For The Word Recession President Trump’s remarks, made just a few days after the U.S. yield curve inverted, were no doubt meant to deflect attention away from the trade war, while providing cover for any economic weakness that might occur on his watch. But does the larger point still stand? Google searches for the word “recession” have spiked recently, even though underlying U.S. growth has remained robust (Chart 1). Could rising angst induce an actual recession? Theoretically, the answer is yes. A sudden drop in confidence can generate a self-fulfilling cycle where rising pessimism leads to less private-sector spending, higher unemployment, lower corporate profits, weaker stock prices, and ultimately, even deeper pessimism. Two things make such a vicious cycle more probable in the current environment. First, the value of risk assets is quite high in relation to GDP in many economies (Chart 2). This means that any pullback in equity prices or jump in credit spreads will have an outsized impact on financial conditions.   Chart 2The Total Market Value Of Risk Assets Is Elevated Chart 3Not Much Scope To Cut Rates Second, policymakers are currently more constrained in their ability to react to adverse shocks, such as an intensification of the trade war, than in the past. Interest rates in Europe and Japan are already at zero or in negative territory (Chart 3). Even in the U.S., the zero-lower bound constraint – though squishier than once believed – remains a formidable obstacle. Chart 4 shows that the Federal Reserve has cut rates by over five percentage points, on average, during past recessions. It would be impossible to cut rates by that much this time around if the U.S. economy were to experience a major downturn.   Chart 4The Fed Is Worried About The Zero Bound Fiscal stimulus could help buttress growth. However, both political and economic considerations are likely to limit the policy response. While China is stimulating its economy, concerns about excessively high debt levels have caused the authorities to adopt a reactive, tentative approach. Japan is set to raise the consumption tax on October 1st. Although a variety of offsetting measures will mitigate the impact on the Japanese economy, the net effect will still be a tightening of fiscal policy. Germany has mused over launching its own Green New Deal, but so far there has been a lot more talk than action. President Trump floated the idea of cutting payroll taxes, only to abandon it once it became clear that the Democrats were unwilling to go along. On The Positive Side Despite these clear risks, we are inclined to maintain our fairly sanguine 12-to-18 month global macro view. There are a number of reasons for this: First, the weakness in global manufacturing over the past 18 months has not infected the much larger service sector (Chart 5). Even in Germany, with its large manufacturing base, the service sector PMI remains above 50, and is actually higher than it was late last year. This suggests that the latest global slowdown is more akin to the 2015-16 episode than the 2007-08 or 2000-01 downturns. Chart 5AThe Service Sector Has Softened Much Less Than Manufacturing (I) Chart 5BThe Service Sector Has Softened Much Less Than Manufacturing (II) Second, manufacturing activity should benefit from a turn in the inventory cycle over the remainder of the year. A slower pace of inventory accumulation shaved 90 basis points off of U.S. growth in the second quarter and is set to knock another 40 basis points from growth in the third quarter, according to the Atlanta Fed GDPNow model. Excluding inventories, U.S. GDP growth would have been 3% in Q2 and is tracking at 2.7% in Q3 – a fairly healthy pace given the weak global backdrop (Chart 6). Chart 6The U.S. Economy Is Still Holding Up Well Outside the U.S., inventories are making a negative contribution to growth (Chart 7). In addition to the official data, this can be seen in the commentary accompanying the Markit manufacturing surveys, which suggest that many firms are liquidating inventories (Box 1). Falling inventory levels imply that sales are outstripping production, a state of affairs that cannot persist indefinitely. Third, and related to the point above, the automobile sector has been the key driver of the global manufacturing slowdown. This is in contrast to 2015-16, when the main culprit was declining energy capex. According to Wards, global vehicle production is down about 10% from year-ago levels, by far the biggest drop since the Great Recession (Chart 8). The drop in automobile production helps explain why the German economy has taken it on the chin recently. Chart 7Inventories Are Making A Negative Contribution To Growth Chart 8Auto Sector: The Culprit Behind The Manufacturing Slowdown Importantly, motor vehicle production growth has fallen more than sales growth, implying that inventory levels are coming down. Despite secular shifts in automobile ownership preferences, there is still plenty of upside to automobile usage. Per capita automobile ownership in China is only one-fifth of what it is in the United States, and one-fourth of what it is in Japan (Chart 9). This suggests that the recent drop in Chinese auto sales will be reversed. As automobile output begins to recover later this year, so too will global manufacturing. Investors should consider going long automobile makers. Chart 10 shows that the All-Country World MSCI automobiles index is trading near its lows on both a forward P/E and price-to-book basis, and sports a juicy dividend yield of nearly 4%.1 Chart 9The Automobile Ownership Rate Is Still Quite Low In China Chart 10Auto Stocks Are A Compelling Buy   Fourth, our research has shown that globally, the neutral rate of interest is generally higher than widely believed. This means that monetary policy is currently stimulative, and will become even more accommodative as the Fed and a number of other central banks continue to cut rates. Remember that unemployment rates have been trending lower since the Great Recession and have continued falling even during the latest slowdown, implying that GDP growth has remained above trend (Chart 11). As diminished labor market slack causes inflation to rebound from today’s depressed levels, real policy rates will decline, leading to more spending through the economy.  Chart 11Unemployment Rates Keep Trending Lower The Trade War Remains The Biggest Risk The points discussed above will not matter much if the trade war spirals out of control. It is impossible to know what will happen for sure, but we can deduce the likely course of action based on the incentives that both sides face. President Trump has shown a clear tendency in recent weeks to try to de-escalate trade tensions whenever the stock market drops. This is not surprising: Despite his efforts to deflect blame for any selloff on others, he knows full well that many voters will blame him for losses in their 401(k) accounts and for slower domestic growth and rising unemployment. What about the Chinese? An increasing number of pundits have warmed up to the idea that China is more than willing to let the global economy crash if this means that Trump won’t be re-elected. If this is China’s true intention, the Chinese will resist making any deal, and could even try to escalate tensions as the U.S. election approaches. It is an intriguing thesis. However, it is not particularly plausible. U.S. goods exports to China account for 0.5% of U.S. GDP, while Chinese exports to the U.S. account for 3.4% of Chinese GDP. Total manufacturing value-added represents 29% of Chinese GDP, compared to 11% for the United States. There is no way that China could torpedo the U.S. economy without greatly hurting itself first. Any effort by China to undermine Trump’s re-election prospects would invite extreme retaliatory actions, including the invocation of the War Powers Act, which would make it onerous for U.S. companies to continue operating in China. Even if Trump loses the election, he could still wreak a lot of havoc on China during the time he has left in office. Moreover, as Matt Gertken, BCA’s Chief Geopolitical Strategist, has stressed, if Trump were to feel that he could not run for re-election on a strong economy, he would try to position himself as a “War President,” hoping that Americans rally around the flag. That would be a dangerous outcome for China.  Chart 12Would China Really Be Better Off Negotiating With A Democrat As President? In any case, it is not clear whether China would be better off with a Democrat as president. The popular betting site PredictIt currently gives Elizabeth Warren a 34% chance of winning, followed by Joe Biden with 26%, and Bernie Sanders with 15% (Chart 12). This means that two far-left candidates with protectionist leanings, who would stress environmental protection and human rights in their negotiations with China, have nearly twice as much support as the former Vice President. All this suggests that China has an incentive to de-escalate the trade war. Given that Trump also has an incentive to put the trade war on hiatus, some sort of détente between the U.S. and China, as well as between the U.S. and other players such as the EU, is more likely than not. Investment Conclusions Provided the trade war does not spiral out of control, it is very likely that global equities will outperform bonds over the next 12 months. Since it might take a few more months for the data on global growth to improve, equities will remain in a choppy range in the near term, before moving higher later this year. As we discussed last week, the equity risk premium is quite high in the U.S., and even higher abroad, where valuations are generally cheaper and interest rates are lower (Chart 13).2 Chart 13AEquity Risk Premia Remain Quite High (I) Chart 13BEquity Risk Premia Remain Quite High (II) The U.S. dollar is a countercyclical currency (Chart 14). If global growth picks up later this year, the greenback should begin to weaken. European and emerging market stocks have typically outperformed the global benchmark in an environment of rising global growth and a weakening dollar (Chart 15). We expect to upgrade EM and European equities – along with more cyclical sectors of the stock market such as industrials, materials, and energy – later this year. Chart 14The U.S. Dollar Is A Countercyclical Currency Chart 15EM And Euro Area Equities Usually Outperform When Global Growth Improves     Thanks to the dovish shift by central banks around the world, government bond yields are unlikely to return to their 2018 highs anytime soon. Nevertheless, stronger economic growth should lift long-term yields at the margin, causing yield curves to steepen (Chart 16). Steeper yield curves will benefit beleaguered bank stocks. Chart 16Stronger Economic Growth Should Lift Long-Term Bond Yields, Causing Yield Curves To Steepen Finally, a word on gold: We still like gold as a long-term investment. However, the combination of higher bond yields and diminished trade tensions could cause bullion to sell off in the near term. As such, we are closing our tactical long gold trade for a gain of 20.5%. Peter Berezin, Chief Global Strategist Global Investment Strategy peterb@bcaresearch.com   Box 1 Evidence of Inventory Liquidation In The Manufacturing Sector Footnotes 1 The top ten constituents of the MSCI ACWI Automobiles Index are Toyota (22.6%), General Motors (7.8%), Daimler (7.3%), Honda Motor (6.2%), Ford Motor (5.7%), Tesla (4.8%), Volkswagen (4.8%), BMW (3.8%), Ferrari (3.0%), Hyundai Motor (2.4%). 2 Please see Global Investment Strategy Special Report, “TINA To The Rescue?” dated August 23, 2019. Strategy & Market Trends MacroQuant Model And Current Subjective Scores Tactical Trades Strategic Recommendations Closed Trades

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Highlights Korean stocks are facing downside risks over the next several months. Exports will continue to contract on falling semiconductor prices and retrenching global demand. Growth deceleration and low inflation will lead the central bank to cut rates in 2019. Within an EM equity portfolio, we are downgrading Korean tech stocks from overweight to neutral but remain overweight the non-tech sector. We are booking gains on our strategic long positions in EM tech versus both the broader EM equity benchmark and materials. The KRW/USD exchange rate is at a critical technical juncture. Investors should wait to buy on a breakout and/or sell on a breakdown of the tapering wedge pattern. Feature   Decelerating and lately contracting South Korean exports have been a major drag on the economy and stock market (Chart I-1). The country is heavily reliant on manufacturing, with exports of goods contributing to nearly half of real GDP. Chart I-1Korean Stocks: Unsustainable Rebound? Although exports are currently shrinking, Korean domestic stock prices still rebounded. The rebound has mostly been driven by the information technology (tech) sector (Chart I-2). Is this recent rally justified by underlying fundamentals? Will share prices continue to rise in 2019? Our inclination is ‘no’ to both questions. There are still dark clouds on the horizon for both Korea’s business cycle and stock market. We are downgrading Korean tech stocks to neutral from overweight within a dedicated EM equity portfolio. However, we are maintaining our overweight in non-tech stocks relative to the EM equity benchmark. Lingering Risks In The Semiconductor Industry Korea’s dependence on the semiconductor sector has risen considerably in the past several years: Semiconductor exports have risen from under 10% to slightly above 20% of total goods exports (Chart I-3). As such, the outlook for semiconductor exports is a critical factor for future economic growth. Chart I-3Korea: Increasing Reliance On The Semiconductor Sector Table 1 lists the top 10 major exported goods from Korea, together contributing about 72% of total exports. Semiconductors are by far the largest component. Last year, overseas sales of semiconductors alone contributed to some 90% of growth in Korean exports, and about one-third of the country’s nominal GDP growth. Notably, Korea produces the largest quantity of DRAM and NAND memory chips in the world. Last year, Korean semiconductor companies accounted for about 70% of global DRAM and 50% of NAND flash global sales revenue. In 2019 Korean semiconductor exports will likely contract due to further deflation in DRAM and NAND memory prices (Chart I-4). Chart I-4Memory Prices Are Plunging The 2016-2017 surge in DRAM and NAND flash prices was due to supply shortages relative to demand. Last year, NAND prices plunged and DRAM prices began to fall as their supply-demand balances shifted to oversupply. This year, the glut will worsen. Demand Global demand for DRAM and NAND memory is slowing. Memory demand from the global smartphone sector – one important end-user market for DRAM and NAND memory chips – is contracting. According to the International Data Corporation (IDC), the global mobile phone sector is the biggest end-market for both DRAM and NAND memory chips, with nearly 40% market share in each. As major markets like China and advanced economies have entered the saturation phase of mobile-phone demand, global smartphone shipments are likely to decline further in 2019 (Chart I-5, top panel). Chart I-5Global Memory Demand Is Slowing DRAMeXchange1 expects global smartphone production volume for 2019 to fall by 3.3% from last year. In addition, the significant surge in bitcoin prices greatly boosted cryptocurrency mining activity in 2016-‘17 as miners quickly expanded their computing power. This contributed to strong DRAM demand and in turn higher semiconductor prices between June 2016 and May 2018. With the bust of bitcoin prices, this demand has vanished, which will further weigh on prices (Chart I-5, bottom panel). Supply High semiconductor prices in 2016-2017 boosted global production capacity expansion of DRAM and NAND memory chips. Based on data compiled by the IDC, global DRAM and NAND flash capacity expanded by 5.7% and 4.3% respectively in 2018 from a year earlier. As most of the global new capacity was added in the second half of 2018, the output of DRAM and NAND in 2019 will be higher than last year. Moreover, DRAM capacity will grow an additional 4% this year. Because of rising supply and slowing demand, both DRAM and NAND markets are in excess supply and have high inventories. DRAMeXchange forecasts that average DRAM prices will drop by at least another 20% in 2019, while NAND flash prices will fall another 10% from current levels. DRAM and NAND flash memory are the largest components of Korean tech producers. Yet they also sell many other tech products such as analog integrated circuits, LCD drivers, discrete circuits, sensors, actuators, and so on. Apart from the negative impact of declining global DRAM and NAND flash prices, the country’s semiconductor exports will also suffer from slowing demand in China in 2019. China, the biggest importer of Korean semiconductor products, has already shown waning demand. Its imports of electronic integrated circuits and micro-assemblies have contracted over the past two months in both value and volume terms (Chart I-6, top and middle panels). This mirrors a similar contraction in Korean semiconductor exports over the same period (Chart I-6, bottom panel). Chart I-6Weakening Chinese Semiconductor Demand Bottom Line: Korean semiconductor producers will likely face a contraction in their sales in 2019 due to weakening demand and deflating semiconductor prices. Diminishing Competitive Advantage Korea has been losing its competitive edge in key sectors like automobiles and smartphones. Even though the country remains highly competitive in the global semiconductor industry, it is beginning to show early signs of losing competitiveness there too. Improving competitiveness among other producers as well as a slowing pace of technological improvement and rising production costs are major reasons underlying Korea’s diminishing global competitiveness. Automobiles Korean auto manufacturers have lost market share in the global auto market. In China, the world’s biggest auto market, Korean brands’ market share has declined significantly in the past four years, losing out to both Japanese and German brands (Chart I-7, top three panels). Chart I-7Korea: Losing Market Shares In China's Auto Market Korean car companies have established auto manufacturing plants in China over the past decade. As a result, all Korean cars sold in China are produced within China, and automobile exports to China from Korea have fallen to zero (Chart I-7, bottom panel). Due to Korean auto manufacturers’ diminishing competitive advantage, Korean automobile production and exports peaked in 2012 in terms of volumes, and have been on a downtrend over the past seven years (Chart I-8, top panel). Chart I-8Further Decline In Korean Auto Output And Exports Is Possible While demand for Korean cars in the EU remains resilient, sales volumes in the U.S., China and the rest of world have been on a downward trajectory (Chart I-8, bottom three panels). Smartphones In the global smartphone market, Korea’s major smartphone-producing company – Samsung – has been in fierce competition with Chinese brands, and it seems to be losing the battle. Chart I-9 shows that while Samsung’s smartphone sales declined 8% year-on-year last year, smartphone sales from major Chinese smartphone producers (Huawei, Xiaomi, Oppo and Vivo) continued to grow at a pace of 20%. Chart I-9Korea: Losing Market Shares In Global Smartphone Market From 2012 to 2018, China’s share of global smartphone shipments rose from 6% to 39%. By comparison, Samsung’s share declined from 30% to 21% over the same period. Semiconductors Korean semiconductor companies – notably Samsung and SK Hynix – will likely remain the biggest producers in the memory market, given their advanced technology. However, there are still signs that Korean semiconductor companies will face increasing challenges in protecting their market share. Based on IDC data, Korean semiconductor companies’ share of global DRAM capacity will inch lower to 65% in 2019 from 65.4% in 2017, while their share of NAND capacity will decline to 53.8% from 57.5% during the same period. Meanwhile, China is focusing on boosting its self-sufficiency in terms of semiconductor production. At the moment there is still a three- to four-year technological gap between China and Korea in DRAM and NAND mass production, though the gap is likely to narrow. In the meantime, the U.S. will continue to create obstacles to prevent the rise of the Chinese semiconductor sector. However, these factors will only delay – not avert – the sector’s development and growth. We believe China will remain firmly committed to develop its semiconductor sector, particularly memory products, irrespective of the cost of investment necessary to do so. Similar to what has transpired in both automobile and smartphone production (Chart I-10), China will slowly increase its penetration in the semiconductor market with increasing capacity and a narrower technology gap over the next five to 10 years. After all, the world’s biggest semiconductor demand is in China. Chart I-10China: A Rising Star In Global Auto And Smartphone Market Significant increase in labor costs = falling export competitiveness for all sectors Korean President Moon Jae-in’s flagship economic policy, “income-led growth,” has resulted in dramatic increases in minimum wages since he took office in 2017, further damaging Korea’s competitiveness. The nation’s minimum wage was hiked by 7.3% in 2017, 16.4% in 2018 and will rise by another 11% to 8,350 KRW or $7.40 an hour, in 2019. As the president remains committed to meeting his campaign pledge of lifting the minimum wage to 10,000 KRW an hour, or about $8.90, this would require a further 20% increase in the next year or two. In addition, the government has also limited the maximum workweek to 52 hours since last July for businesses with more than 300 workers. Last month, the Cabinet further approved a revision bill whereby workers are eligible to receive an additional eight hours of wages every weekend for 40 hours of work that week. The new wage regulations have become a substantial burden on employers in all industries. The impact is more severe on small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). According a recent survey, about 30% of SMEs have been unable to pay workers due to the state-set minimum wage. It is also affecting large manufacturers. According to a joint statement released in late December by the Korea Automobile Manufacturers Association and the Korea Auto Industries Cooperative Association, local automakers’ annual labor cost burdens will increase by at least 700 billion won (US$630 million) a year. As for auto parts manufacturers, a skyrocketing financial burden due to the new policy may threaten their survival. In addition, despite the KORUS FTA agreement reached between Korea and the U.S. last September, Korean auto manufacturers still fear they will be subject to new tariffs in 2019. On February 17, the U.S. Commerce Department submitted a report about imposing tariffs on imported automobiles and auto parts to U.S. President Donald Trump, who will make a decision by May 18. Our Geopolitical Strategy Service (GPS) team believes the odds of U.S. administration imposing auto tariffs on imported cars from Korea are small as this will be against the KORUS FTA agreement.2 Our GPS team also believes Japan is less likely to suffer a tariff than the EU, and even if Japan suffers a tariff along with the EU, Japan will negotiate a waiver more quickly than the EU. In both cases, Korea is likely to sell more cars in the U.S., but it will continue to face strong competition from Japan. Bottom Line: In addition to weakening global demand, a deterioration in Korea’s competitive advantage, due in large part to improving competitiveness among other producers and rising domestic wages, will negatively affect Korean exports. What About Domestic Demand? Record fiscal spending in 2019 will boost public sector consumption considerably, offsetting weakening consumption in the private sector. As the new wage policy will likely result in more layoffs and additional shuttering of businesses, domestic retail sales growth will remain under pressure (Chart I-11). Hence, an unintended consequence of the government’s higher income policy will be weaker aggregate income and consumer spending growth. Chart I-11KOREA The New Wage Policy May Trigger More Layoffs And Weaken Retail Sales Manufacturing and service sector jobs, including wholesale and retail trade and hotels and restaurants, account for 17% and 23% of total employment, respectively. Of all sectors, these two lost the most employees in January from a year ago. Meanwhile, due to the government’s deregulation of loans in 2014, Korean household debt has increased at a much faster pace than nominal income growth (Chart 12, top panel). As a result, Korea’s household debt has rapidly risen to 86% of its GDP as of the end of the third quarter of last year, from 72% four years ago – (Chart I-12, bottom panel). Elevated household debt at a time of rising layoffs will increase consumer anxiety and weigh on household spending. Chart I-12High Household Debt Will Weigh On Spending In order to combat an economic downturn, the government last month approved a record 467 trillion won ($418 billion, 26.5% of the country’s 2018 GDP) budget for 2019, up 9.5% from last year. The last time the budget increased by such a big scale was in 2009, when spending rose 10.7% in the wake of the global financial crisis. In addition, the government will front-load spending – with 61% of the budget to be spent in the first half of 2019. Household spending and government expenditures account for 48% and 15% of real GDP, respectively, while exports equal about 50% of real GDP. Hence, the increase in fiscal spending will not entirely offset the contraction in exports and slowdown in consumer spending. This entails a considerable slowdown in economic growth in 2019. Bet On Monetary Easing With growth disappointing and both headline and core inflation well below 2% (Chart I-13), the central bank will cut rates in 2019. Chart I-13Bet On A Rate Cut So far, economic growth has decelerated in the past 10 months, and recent data shows no signs of recovery. The country’s manufacturing sector is in contraction, with manufacturing PMI holding below the 50 boom-bust line in January (Chart I-14). Meanwhile, South Korea's unemployment rate rose to a nine-year high in January, with most of the job losses in the manufacturing and construction sectors. Chart I-14Manufacturing Sector: Still In Contraction Saramin, a South Korean job search portal, surveyed 906 firms in South Korea last month, 77% of which expressed unwillingness to hire new employees due to higher labor costs and negative business sentiment. Retail sales volume growth recently tumbled to 2-3%, pointing to faltering domestic demand (Chart I-11 above, bottom panel). The fixed-income market is not pricing in a rate cut in 2019. Therefore, investors should consider betting on lower interest rates. Shrinking exports and rate cuts will likely undermine the Korean won. Bottom Line: Economic deceleration and low inflation will lead the central bank to cut interest rates in 2019. Investment Implications The following are our investment recommendations: Downgrade the Korean tech sector from overweight to neutral within the EM space. We are reluctant to downgrade to underweight because many other emerging markets and sectors within the EM universe have poorer structural fundamentals than Korean tech. The tech sector accounts for 38% of the MSCI Korea Index, and 27% of the KOSPI in terms of market value. The stock with the largest weight in the MSCI Korea equity index is Samsung Electronics, with a share of 25%, followed by SK Hynix, with a ~5% share. Both are very sensitive to semiconductor prices. Specifically, semiconductor sales accounted for 31% of Samsung’s revenue, but contributed 77% of Samsung’s operating profit last year (Table I-2). Falling prices reduce producers’ profits by more than falling volumes.3 Hence, profits of semiconductor producers in Korea and globally will shrink in 2019. This will lead to a substantial selloff in Korean tech stocks (Chart I-15). Chart I-15Falling Memory Prices Will Trigger A Sell-Off In Korean Tech Stocks Meanwhile, China accounts for 33% of Samsung’s revenue, making it the largest market (Chart I-16). The ongoing economic slump in China’s domestic demand implies weaker demand for Korean shipments to China, which account for 28% of its exports and 14% of its GDP. ​​​​​​​ We are booking gains on our strategic long position in the Korean tech sector versus the EM benchmark index first instituted on January 27, 2010. This trade resulted in a 136% gain (Chart I-17, top panel). Chart I-16Taking Profits On Our Overweight Tech Positions Consistently, we are also taking profits on our long EM tech / short EM materials stocks trade, a strategic recommendation initiated on February 23, 2010 that has yielded a 186% gain (Chart I-17, second panel). The basis for this strategic position was our broader theme for the decade of being long what Chinese consumers buy and short plays on Chinese construction, which we initiated on June 8, 2010.4 Stay overweight non-tech equities within the EM space. The fiscal stimulus will have a considerable positive impact on the economy. Besides, Korean non-tech stocks have been weak relative to the EM equity benchmark, and in a renewed EM selloff they could act as a low-beta play (Chart I-17, bottom panel). We initiated our long Korean non-tech sector versus the EM benchmark index on May 31, 2018, which has so far been flat. The KRW/USD exchange rate is at a critical technical juncture. Investors should wait and buy on a breakout or sell on a breakdown of the tapering wedge pattern. The KRW/USD has been in a tight trading range over the past eight months (Chart I-18) and is approaching a major breaking point – i.e., any move will be significant, which we expect will largely depend on the movement of the RMB/USD. Chart I-18Tapering Wedge Patterns The natural path for the RMB would have been depreciation versus the U.S. dollar. However, China may opt for a flat exchange rate versus the U.S. dollar given its promises to the U.S. within the framework of forthcoming trade agreements. We have been shorting the KRW versus an equally weighted basket of USD and yen since February 14, 2018. We continue to hold this trade for the time being. Investors should augment their positions if the KRW/USD breaks down or close this trade and go long the won if the KRW/USD breaks out of its tapering wedge pattern. With respect to fixed income, we continue to receive Korean 10-year swap rates as we expect interest rates to fall meaningfully. Local investors should overweight bonds versus stocks.   Ellen JingYuan He, Associate Vice President Emerging Markets Strategy ellenj@bcaresearch.com     Footnotes 1 DRAMeXchange, the memory and storage division of a technology research firm TrendForce, has been conducting research on DRAM and NAND Flash since its creation in 2000. 2 Please see the Geopolitical Strategy Weekly Report, "Trump's Demands On China", published April 4, 2018. Available at gps.bcaresearch.com. 3 Please see the Emerging Markets Strategy Weekly Report “Corporate Profits: Recession Is Bad, Deflation Is Worse”, dated January 28, 2016, available at www.bcaresearch.com 4 Please see the Emerging Markets Strategy Special Report “How To Play Emerging Market Growth In The Coming Decade”, dated June 8, 2010, available at www.bcaresearch.com. Equity Recommendations Fixed-Income, Credit And Currency Recommendations

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Highlights China’s recently released pro-auto-consumption policy will lead to a moderate 5-8% recovery in auto sales/production this year. However, the impact from the stimulus will be much less than the previous two episodes in 2009 and 2016. The value of Chinese auto sales is likely to increase by RMB 200 billion to 350 billion, which is about 0.2-0.4% of the country’s nominal GDP in 2018. New-energy cars will continue to gain market share with supportive policies. Meanwhile, domestic brand car manufacturers will likely benefit most from the upcoming recovery in the Chinese auto market, while American car producers will benefit the least. We recommend preparing to go long Chinese auto stocks in the domestic market in absolute terms, subject to the terms of a trade agreement with the U.S. In addition, we continue to overweight domestic consumer discretionary stocks versus the benchmark, and versus domestic consumer staples. Feature China is the world’s largest car producer and consumer – its domestic sales account for about 30% of global auto sales (Chart 1, top panel). The country experienced a 3% contraction in auto sales and production through last year, the first year of negative annual growth in 28 years. The contraction rapidly accelerated into the double digits over the past few months (Chart 1, bottom panel). Chart 1Chinese Auto Industry: Policy Stimulus = Recovery In 2019 As the auto sector is an important driver of China’s economic growth, whenever the industry has shown signs of weakness, the central government has typically implemented a series of supportive policies designed to stimulate the domestic auto market. The authorities successfully did this in 2009-2010 and 2016-2017. Late last month, they again announced a set of pro-auto-consumption policies. The question going forward is how effective these measures will be in boosting auto sales. We believe the recovery will be rather moderate compared with the 2009-2010 and 2016-2017 episodes. Chances are that the growth of auto sales and production will recover to 5-8% in 2019. As a result, we recommend preparing to go long Chinese auto stocks in absolute terms, subject to the terms of a trade agreement with the U.S. Cyclical And Secular Forces Shaping Auto Sales A comparison of the current auto market to the one that prevailed in 2009 and 2016 is helpful to gauge the extent of the strength of the pending auto sales recovery expected this year. Box 1 shows the recently released pro-auto-consumption plan by the Chinese government, which focuses on six aspects, including promoting auto replacement, NEV sales, auto sales in rural areas, pick-up truck sales, development of the second-hand car market, and auto sales in cities that have restricted auto sales policies.   BOX 1: China’s Stimulus Package For Domestic Auto Industry The recently released pro-auto-consumption plan by the Chinese government includes: Promoting auto replacement: Providing subsidies to consumers who scrap their older, higher-polluting cars for new, lower-emission or zero-emission cars; Encouraging NEV sales: Providing subsidies to advanced NEV sales and giving more privileges to new energy trucks; Promoting auto sales in rural areas: Providing subsidies to rural residents who scrap their tricycles to buy a truck with cylinder capacity equal or less than 3.5 tons, or a passenger car with cylinder capacity equal or less than 1.6L; Promoting pick-up truck sales: Widening access areas within cities for pick-up trucks; Accelerating the development of the second-hand car market: Allowing second-hand car trades across different cities and provinces; Loosening auto sales restrictions in cities that have restricted auto sales policies. Regarding the amount of subsidies, the government did not provide details.   Putting it all together, we believe that this time the impact from the stimulus will be much more muted than the previous two episodes in 2009 and 2016. First, there is no sales tax reduction measure in this round of stimulus. The most important driver for the auto market recovery in 2009 and 2016 was a sales tax reduction in passenger cars with cylinder capacity equal to or less than 1.6L from 10% to 5% (Chart 2). However, this time, there is no such cut. While the government is maintaining zero sales tax on new energy vehicles (NEV), the sales tax on all automobiles remains at 10% this year. Chart 2The Lessons From The 2009 And 2016 Episodes Second, domestic pent-up demand for automobiles is much lower than it was in both 2009 and 2016. The car ownership rate, defined as the number of passenger cars per 1000 households, has risen significantly to 453 in 2018 (Chart 3). This means that nearly half of Chinese households already own at least one car as of 2018. In comparison, the car ownership rate was only 91 in 2008 and 318 in 2015. Chart 3Less Pent-Up Demand For Autos In 2019 Than Before Third, Chinese households’ debt levels have surged in the past few decades, constraining their ability to purchase cars and other goods (Chart 4, top panel). While many investors compare the cross-country household debt burden relative to GDP, Chinese household debt has already risen to nearly 120% of households’ disposable income, surpassing the U.S. (Chart 4, bottom panel). Chart 4Increasing Households' Debt Burden Constrains Ability To Buy A Car Fourth, while the recent stimulus packages aim to promote auto sales in rural areas, the difficulty of getting auto loans is much higher for the average rural household than for the average urban household, as the former generally have much lower income levels. In addition, peer-to-peer lending, which has become a major source of auto loans in recent years due to lower lending standards compared with banks, has collapsed since last year (Chart 5). With tightening regulations, the difficulty of acquiring auto loans through peer-to-peer lending is currently higher than before. Chart 5Rising Difficulty To Get An Auto Loan Lastly, there has been a structural decline in consumers’ willingness to buy cars due to increasing traffic congestion, limited parking space and more advanced public transportation. Moreover, more mature car rental markets and the rising use of car-sharing services have also helped reduce the need to buy a car, to some extent. This is a major difference from 2009-2010 and 2016. In Chart 6, both falling households’ marginal propensity to consume and declining consumption loan growth suggest a decreasing willingness to consume among Chinese consumers. Chart 6Chinese Consumers: Falling Willingness To Consume With all the aforementioned cyclical and structural forces in place, the impact on domestic auto sales from the recent stimulus package will be smaller in 2019 than in 2009 and 2016. That said, these policies will still be supportive, and likely sufficient to lift auto sales from contraction back to positive growth this year. Estimating the magnitude of the impact remains challenging, however, due to lingering uncertainty about the size of government subsidies. Based on all six measures listed in Box 1, the scale of subsidies provided by the government will be the major determinant for auto sales growth in China in 2019. In general, the bigger the subsidies, the stronger the push on auto sales. In 2009, both the central government and local government provided subsidies for stimulating auto sales. This time, while the financing sources could still be both central and local governments, local governments’ ability to finance auto consumption stimulus is diminishing due to their much higher debt levels and weaker revenues from land sales than in the past. For now, our view is that the impact from the stimulus will be much less significant than the previous two episodes in 2009 and 2016. Auto sales growth was 4.7% and 3% in 2015 and 2017, respectively. With recently announced stimulus, we expect the growth will be higher than in those years. Bottom Line: We expect that the growth of Chinese auto sales/production volumes will rebound to 5-8% this year, much slower than the 45% growth seen in 2009 and 14% growth in 2016. With a similar growth rate in value terms, Chinese auto sales are likely to increase by RMB 200 to 350 billion, which is about 0.2-0.4% of the country’s 2018 nominal GDP. The Winners And Losers At 5-8%, growth will be equivalent to a 1.5-2 million-unit increase in domestic auto sales. This will lead to a similar increase in auto production, as most cars are domestically produced. In terms of fuel use, automobiles can be classified as gasoline cars, diesel cars and new-energy cars. Chart 7 shows that gasoline cars currently hold 84% market share. In terms of brand, automobiles can be categorized as Chinese brands, Japanese brands, German brands, American brands, Korean brands and others. Chart 8 shows their market structure, with Chinese brands currently accounting for 42% of total market share. As the Chinese auto market is set to have a moderate recovery this year, which kinds of cars will benefit most, and which will benefit least? Even though China plans to gradually reduce its subsidies on NEVs to zero in 2021, several factors suggest that NEVs will still be the biggest winner, taking more market share from both gasoline and diesel cars. The government is aiming to increase the NEV market share from 4.5% currently to 20% by 2025. Assuming total sales rise to 32 million units in 2025 from current levels of 28 million (about 2% annual growth), this would imply that NEV sales will surge to 6.4 million units from 1.3 million currently, which is equal to 26% annual growth over the next seven years (Chart 9). Chart 9NEV Sales: Plenty Of Upside In addition to governments continuing subsidies, the sales tax on NEVs will be held at zero until the end of 2020, a big advantage over non-NEV vehicles, which carry the 10% sales tax. In addition, in cities that have license restrictions on car sales or have time or area restrictions on on-road autos, NEVs are not constrained by such policies, which is an attractive privilege for car buyers to consider. For example, in Shanghai, it costs over 80,000 RMB to buy a license plate for a non-NEV car if the potential buyer is lucky enough to be selected by random draw. In comparison, buying a NEV allows the buyer to have a free license plate. Current NEVs can achieve recharge mileage of 300-450 kilometers, with a price of RMB 100,000 to RMB 150,000 per unit. While the recharge mileage is sufficient for most daily use, prices are no longer substantially higher than prices for traditional gasoline or diesel cars. Major global and local NEV producers are expanding their production in China. For example, Tesla last month started building its mega electric car manufacturing plant in Shanghai, which will initially produce 250,000 cars per year, and eventually ramp up to half a million. This will be about five times the number of vehicles the company currently produces in the U.S. Most NEVs that have been sold in China are Chinese-brand NEVs. However, with China further opening up its auto sector and allowing more foreign NEV producers to invest and produce cars in China, Chinese NEV producers will face increasing competition and may lose some market share to foreign NEV producers. Meanwhile, Chinese NEV-related supportive policies will likely benefit both local and foreign NEV producers as the government is determined to develop the domestic NEV market and encourage NEV sales. That said, local producers will still enjoy slightly more favorable policies than foreign ones. Given that the government is promoting smaller-engine passenger car sales in rural areas and encouraging the replacement of old diesel cars with NEVs, sales and production of gasoline cars may also increase slightly, while diesel cars are likely to rise the least. In terms of brand, Chinese and American brands lost share to Japanese and German brands last year. We believe Chinese brands will benefit most from this year’s government-led auto market recovery for two reasons (Chart 10, top panel): Chart 10Chinese Brands Will Benefit Most From This Year’s Policy Stimulus The authorities will likely favor local brand producers in terms of benefitting from the subsidies they give to car buyers. In addition, local brand cars in general have lower prices than foreign brands, which could be the most attractive feature for price-sensitive rural residents. In the meantime, as the government encourages local auto replacement, this may benefit Japanese and German brands (Chart 10, second and third panels), as buyers with replacement needs will likely upgrade their cars to ones of higher quality and better reputation. Among American cars, while we are positive on American NEV car sales in China, we still expect American cars to continue to lose market share due to weakening sales of American non-NEV car sales (Chart 10, bottom panel). American cars are generally more expensive than Chinese-brand cars, and they are often perceived as slightly lower quality than either Japanese or German brands. Moreover, the ongoing trade dispute may bias Chinese buyers against buying an American car. Bottom Line: We believe NEV producers and Chinese-brand car producers will benefit most from this year’s government-led auto market recovery. Investment Implications There are several important conclusions that stem from our research. First, while rebounding auto production will likely lift demand for many metals, housing construction is artificially supporting demand and is set to decelerate over the coming year (Chart 11). Consequently, we do not believe that accelerating auto production alone is a license to be long industrial metals over the coming year. Chart 11Weakening Property Market Weighs More On Commodity Market Second, within the equity space, we recommend that global investors prepare to go long domestic auto stocks on an absolute basis after the outcome of the U.S.-China trade talks emerges later this month. Rebounding auto production will likely lead to a cyclical improvement in auto producer earnings, which in combination with deeply oversold conditions bodes well for the 6-12 month outlook (Chart 12). Chart 12Look To Long Domestic Auto Stocks In An Absolute Term U.S. negotiators are seeking increased access to the Chinese auto market, which implies that the outcome of the negotiations carries some event risk for domestic producers (particularly if China’s concessions on this front turn out to be large). But our sense is that we are likely to recommend an outright long position favoring domestic automakers barring a trade deal with deeply negative implications for domestic producer market share. Third, our bullish bias towards Chinese auto producers and our constructive outlook for the home appliance market supports two of our existing trades favoring consumer discretionary stocks. Chart 13 highlights that production and sales volume for several home appliance products is depressed, and stands to benefit from a flurry of policy announcements late last month that were intended to support the industry. Chart 13Home Appliances: Rebound Soon On Stimulus As Well Both auto producers and home appliance manufacturers belong to the consumer discretionary sector, and we recommend maintaining a long domestic consumer discretionary position versus both the domestic benchmark and relative to consumer staples (both trades were initiated on November 141). While domestic consumer discretionary stocks are expensive vs. the domestic benchmark on a P/B basis (Chart 14), the sector’s relative P/E ratio is trading at the very low end of its historical range and the trade has eked out modest positive gains since initiation. Chart 14Remain Overweighting Consumer Discretionary Sector Our long discretionary / short staples trade has faired much worse, down 11% since initiation due to a significant rally in consumer staples stocks (rather than losses in the discretionary sector). We recommend that investors stick with the trade over the coming 6-12 months despite the loss, as Chart 15 highlights that the discretionary / staples trade could not be more extreme in terms of relative performance or valuation. Our bet is that this trade will reverse course in 2019, for a meaningful period, in response to a cyclical tailwind from policy. Chart 15Stay Long Discretionary / Short Staples   Ellen JingYuan He, Associate Vice President Emerging Markets Strategy EllenJ@bcaresearch.com   Footnotes 1 Please see BCA Research’s China Investment Strategy Special Report “Chinese Household Consumption: Full Steam Ahead?”, published November 14, 2018. Available at cis.bcaresearch.com. Cyclical Investment Stance Equity Sector Recommendations

Informe especial

As we near the end of an impressive year for equities, the relationship between price growth and earnings growth and how to best position a portfolio for 2018 bears some reflection. The purpose of this report, rather than take a position on inflation or growth, is to create a roadmap such that investors can allocate according to their expectations for both and also avoid potential pitfalls and embrace likely winners. Diagram 1Four Quadrants Of Earnings And Inflation In framing our analysis, we will focus on the top half of a well-known growth/inflation matrix presented in Diagram 1 below (stay tuned for a follow-up Special Report when we examine the sector impacts of deflation). We have used S&P 500 earnings as our measure of growth for two reasons: first, they lead GDP and IP growth and second, they are most relevant in a discussion of S&P 500 sector allocations. While inflation and earnings growth tend to move together, this has not always been the case. We have identified six time periods in which inflation has been visibly rising (shaded in Chart 1) and compared it with S&P 500 EPS growth. The mean reverting nature of S&P 500 earnings growth makes discerning a pattern difficult but, more often than not, there is a positive correlation with rising inflation. Over the last 60 years S&P 500 earnings growth has averaged 7.6%, while core PCE prices increased on average by 3.3%. As shown in Table 1 below, S&P 500 earnings outpaced core inflation in four periods (indeed, they grew much faster) and fell behind in two periods. We thus place 1965-1971 and 1998-2002 in the top-left quadrant of our matrix (Stagflation) and 1973-1975, 1976-1981, 1987-1989 and 2003-2006 in the top-right (Boom Times). It is important to qualify that, for the purposes of this report, we are considering all periods in which inflation is increasing, not necessarily periods when it is elevated on an absolute basis. Chart 1Earnings And Inflation Usually Move Together... Table 1...But Not Always In our examination of inflation and sector winners last year1, we presented Table 2 below, now modified to tie sector earnings growth to relative share price performance. Breaking down sector performance in boom and bust periods is revealing. The first and most obvious observation is that stock performance tracks earnings growth in all periods, implying that fundamentals lead valuation, as they should. The second observation is that empirical evidence supports sector allocation theory in inflationary boom/bust periods. Table 2Sector Performance When Inflation Rises In theory, the best performing stocks in a stagflation environment would have low economic sensitivity but high pricing power. This is borne out with S&P health care being the top performing sector both from an earnings growth and, predictably, relative stock performance perspective. By contrast, the top performing boom time stocks should be the most economically sensitive yet still stores of value. In these periods, the top overall performer was energy which checks all the boxes. This year, we are expanding our analysis to the GICS2 sectors which have shared the same cyclical return profile as their GICS1 peers (Table 3). In the inflationary busts, defensive stocks including healthcare equipment and food & beverage outperformed. As expected, the inflationary booms saw traditional cyclical indices including energy and transportation outperform. Table 3GICS2 Sector Performance When Inflation Rises In the next section, we will take a deeper look at three of the GICS2 top and two bottom quartile performers when inflation is rising. Energy - (Currently Overweight) The S&P energy index has been a stellar performer in all six high inflation periods we have examined and has the highest average return of all GICS2 sectors. This is logical, considering the sector's revenue, profit and share price leverage to the underlying commodity. During periods of high inflation, all stores of value tend to increase and oil is no exception. An additional tailwind for energy prices with inflation is the associated elevated industrial production; the current synchronized global growth backdrop should sustain a healthy level of demand for energy. Keep in mind oil prices are an excellent gauge of global growth. In the context of a falling rig count and contracting oil stocks (Chart 2), energy prices and stocks seem likely to remain well bid, underpinning our overweight recommendation on the S&P energy index. Transportation - (Currently Overweight) Transportation can largely be summarized as S&P railroads (currently overweight) and S&P air freight & logistics (currently overweight) which together comprise 75% of the index. The index has been a very strong performer in periods of rising inflation, driven by coincident accelerating global trade volumes (Chart 3). Historically, global industrial production and both rail and air freight EPS have moved in tandem as relatively fixed supply drives pricing power firmly on the side of logistics providers (Chart 3). This pricing power allows the transportation to mitigate the usually coincidentally highly volatile energy price via oil surcharges, offsetting what is typically the largest input cost. Together, firming volumes and pricing gains support an outsized earnings outlook and our overweight recommendation in transportation. Chart 2Inflation, IP And Oil Prices Move Together Chart 3Rising Inflation Is A Boon To Global Trade Volume Health Care Equipment - (Currently Neutral) The S&P health care equipment index has consistently been an outperformer in each of the six high inflation impulse periods we analyzed. This is all the more interesting, considering it is the least cyclical of the top quartile relative performers. Health care equipment sales are largely driven by new facility construction which is, in turn, driven at least in part by consumer spending on health care. Consumer health care expenditure has a demonstrated propensity to follow (with significantly greater amplitude) overall inflation (Chart 4). Further, health care equipment is highly levered to global demand; the latter clearly rises hand in hand with inflation and should be EPS accretive to the former. Elevated relative valuations offsetting the positive operating environment keep us on the sidelines. Chart 4Health Care Spending Tracks Inflation Automotive - (Currently Underweight) Returns in the S&P automotive index are by far the most consistently negative when inflation is rising. Rising interest rates driving the costs of ownership higher, combined with the rational avoidance of a depreciating asset when stores of value are preferable, have historically impaired light vehicle sales as inflation climbs. In fact, the two have a tight negative correlation (Chart 5). In an industry where margins are razor thin at the best of times and fixed costs are relatively high, a shrinking top line implies significant profit contraction. Add on a highly geared balance sheet in a rising rate environment and the ingredients are all in place for underperformance. The current environment echoes this analysis; inventories are still elevated despite manufacturer incentives hitting their highest level in history and seven-year auto loans becoming the norm, something unheard of in previous cycles. Chart 5Inflation And Auto Sales Are Inversely Correlated Utilities - (Currently Underweight) Utilities, as the prototypical defensive sector, have unsurprisingly performed poorly as inflation is rising. Rising inflation expectations go hand in hand with rising bond yields (Chart 6); as a fixed-income proxy, utilities are likely to be subject to the same drubbing as the bond market when yields rise. Further, surging global trade is a notable boon to the three outperformers previously highlighted with their exceptional international exposure; utilities are a domestic-only investment and are bound to underperform. Overall, we recommend an underweight position in utilities. Chart 6Inflation Is A Headwind To Fixed Income Proxies Chris Bowes, Associate Editor U.S. Equity Strategy chrisb@bcaresearch.com 1 Please see BCA U.S. Equity Strategy Weekly Report, "Equity Sector Winners And Losers When Inflation Climbs," dated December 5, 2016, available at uses.bcaresearch.com.

Highlights Beige Book highlights disconnect between inflation words and inflation data. Peak in auto sales is not a harbinger of recession. Capital spending still trending higher. Inflation and inflation surprise will need to move higher before Fed hikes again. Big disconnect between 10-year yield and our fair value model. Feature Disconnect On Inflation Chart 1Beige Book Monitors Support##BR##Fed's Outlook On Economy And Inflation The Beige Book released on September 6 supports the Fed's base case outlook for the economy and inflation. It also keeps the Fed on track to begin trimming its balance sheet in September and boost rates by another 25 basis points in December if the CPI and PCE inflation readings turn higher. Our quantitative approach to the qualitative data in the Beige Book points to an acceleration in GDP and inflation, less business unease from a rising U.S. dollar, and ongoing improvement in real estate, both commercial and residential (Chart 1). At 64%, the BCA Beige Book Monitor was still near its cycle highs in September, providing further confirmation that economic growth was sturdy in the first two months of Q3. The Fed noted that "the information included in the report was primarily collected before Hurricane Harvey made landfall on the Gulf Coast." However, there was a mention of the storm's clout based on preliminary assessments of business and banking contacts across several districts. The U.S. dollar should not be much of an issue in the Q3 earnings season, according to the Beige Book. The greenback seems to have faded as a concern for small businesses and bankers, in sharp contrast with 2015 and early 2016 when Beige Book references to a strong dollar surged. The Q3 earnings reporting season will provide corporate managements with another forum to discuss the currency's impact on their operations. The 2% decline in the dollar over the past 12 months suggests that the dollar may even provide a small lift to Q3 results (Chart 1, panel 4). Remarkably, business uncertainty over government policy (fiscal, regulatory and health) has moved lower in 2017. The implication is that the business community is largely ignoring the lack of progress by Washington policymakers on Trump's agenda (Chart 1, panel 5). Echoing the market's disagreement with the Fed on inflation, the big disconnect in the Beige Book showed up in the number of inflation words (Chart 1, panel 3). Expressions of inflation dipped between the July and September reports. That said, a wide disconnect remains between the elevated inflation mentions and the soft readings on CPI and PCE. In the past, increased references to inflation have led measured inflation by a few months, suggesting that the CPI and core PCE may soon turn up. Bottom Line: The Beige Book backs the Fed's assertion that the economy will expand around 2% this year and inflation will mount in the coming months, supporting a gradual removal of policy accommodation. Policy uncertainty in Washington and worries over the dollar seem to be fading. The divide between the quantity of inflation words in the Beige Book and measured inflation remains unresolved. Neither the soft data in the Beige Book nor the hard data on the economy suggest that an economic downturn is nigh. Recession Not Imminent Some investors have concluded that the peak in auto sales, a key component of consumer spending on durable goods, suggests that a recession is imminent (Chart 2). We take a different view. Zeniths in consumer durable goods, followed closely by consumer services, were primary harbingers of economic downturns in the post-WWII period. However, expenditures on autos, light trucks and other durables tend to peak seven quarters before the onset of recession. Consumer spending on nondurable goods and services provide less of a warning, topping out just five and four quarters out, respectively. The implication for investors is that the peak in auto sales suggests that a recession is still several years away (Chart 3, panels 1-4). Chart 2Vehicle Sales May##BR##Have Peaked Chart 3Consumer Spending And##BR##Housing Prior To Recessions Housing investment provides an even earlier indication that a recession is on the horizon (Chart 3, panel-panel 5). Housing peaked 17 quarters before the start of the 2007 recession and 20 quarters, on average, before the onset of the 2001 and 1991 recession. Since the early 1960s, a crest in housing provided seven quarters of warning before a downturn commenced. While housing's contribution to overall economic growth plunged in Q2, we expect housing to provide fuel for the next few years as pent up demand from the depressed household formation rate since the GFC is worked off. The implication from our upbeat view on housing is that the next recession is still several years away. Bottom Line: We expect the next recession to be triggered by an over aggressive Fed, not by imbalances in one of more segments of the economy. It is premature to say that the economy is headed into recession based on a peak in auto sales. Stay long stocks versus bonds, but we recommend that clients be prudent, paring back any overweight positions and holding some safe-haven assets within diversified portfolios. Business Capital Spending Still Up Elevated readings on capex in the first half of the year should persist into the second half. Corporate managements may be postponing investment decisions until they have more clarity on federal tax policy and the Trump administration's plans for infrastructure investment. In short, corporations continue to struggle with how much and when to spend, rather than whether to invest at all. The key supports for sustained corporate spending stayed in place despite the soft July factory orders report and lackluster C&I loan growth. BCA's model for capex (based on non-residential fixed investment, small business optimism and the speculative-grade default rate) suggests lending is poised to climb on a 12-month basis (Chart 4) despite the softening of C&I loan growth since November 2016. Moreover, the 3.3% month-over-month (m/m) drop in factory orders in July masked an upward revision to orders in June and a substantial 1.0% m/m gain in core orders. Core shipments, which feed directly into GDP, rose 1.2% m/m in July. Almost all of the weakness in orders and shipments in July was linked to a 71% plunge in the volatile aircraft orders segment. BCA's research shows that sustainable capital spending cycles get underway only when businesses see evidence that consumer final demand is on the upswing. Consumer expenditures averaged an above-trend 2.7% in 1H. We anticipate that household spending will continue to improve in the second half of 2017.1 Moreover, recent readings on core durable goods orders and shipments show that the uptrend that began in mid-2016 persists, despite recent monthly wiggles in the data (Chart 5). Chart 4BCA Capex Model Points##BR##To Further Improvement Chart 5Capital Spending##BR##Remains In An Uptrend CEO confidence, still a primary support for capex, recently soared to a 13-year high in Q1, but retreated modestly in Q2. The last reading on this survey was in mid-July, and the dip in sentiment reflects the lack of legislative progress in Washington (Chart 5, top panel). The next CEO survey is set for mid-October. The dip in CEO sentiment in Q2 stands in sharp contrast with the easing of concerns around policy in the Beige Book. Chart 6Surprising Drop In Policy##BR##Uncertainty This Year Surprisingly, the chaos in Washington during the first eight months of the Trump administration has not led to an increase in economic policy uncertainty (Chart 6). Instead, after rising sharply in the wake of the Brexit vote in mid-2016 and the U.S. presidential election in November, policy uncertainty has ebbed. While uncertainty over economic policy remains elevated relative to the past few years, the concern under Trump is surprisingly subdued. This metric is in line with the Beige Book's assessment of Trump's impact on sentiment. A series of business-friendly legislative wins for the GOP and President Trump would further reduce any qualms. Even so, a failure by Congress to boost the debt ceiling and fund the U.S. government later this month would increase business worries/fears. Late last week, Trump cut a deal with Congressional Democrats to extend the debt ceiling for three months and is in talks to do away with it altogether. Bottom Line: The fundamentals still support solid business spending. However, BCA's positive capex outlook in the U.S. could be blemished if the Republicans fail to deliver on their promises to cut taxes and boost infrastructure spending in the next several months. Inflation Surprise And The Fed Chart 7The Fed Cycle And Inflation Surprise We expect inflation surprise to move higher, which could spur the Fed to resume its rate hike campaign. A disconnect has opened between economic surprise and inflation surprise.2 In the past 13 years, there have been 15 periods when economic surprise has climbed after a trough. The inflation surprise index temporarily increased in 13 of those episodes. For example, in the aftermath of the oil price peak in the U.S. in mid-2014, both economic surprise and inflation surprise diminished through early 2015 and then began climbing. However, today's inflation surprise index has rolled over while economic surprise has gained. The inflation surprise index escalated during previous tightening regimes when the economy was at full employment and the Fed funds rate was in accommodative territory (Chart 7). The last time those conditions were in place, which was in 2005, the Fed was wrapping up a rate increase campaign that began in mid-2004. Mounting inflation surprise also accompanied most of the Fed's rate increases from mid-1999 through mid-2000 under similar conditions. In late 2015, as the current set of rate hikes commenced, the inflation surprise index was on the upswing, the economy was close to full employment and the Fed funds rate was accommodative. What Does This Mean For The Fed? The above analysis underscores that economic growth is in good shape and it is likely to remain so for the next year at a minimum, barring any nasty shocks. Normally, the positive U.S. (and global) growth backdrop would place upward pressure on bond yields. It has not been the case this time. Investors appear skeptical of the ability of strong economic growth to generate higher inflation. The attitude seems to be "we will believe it when we see it". Some on the FOMC are taking a similar attitude. Lael Brainard, a FOMC governor, presented an interesting speech last week that makes this point. She speculated that inflation has been lower post-Lehman for structural reasons related partly to a drop in long-term inflation expectations. The Fed has been reluctant in the past to even hint that inflation expectations have become unmoored, because that could reinforce the trend, thus making it harder for the Fed to move inflation up to target. Brainard, a voting member of the committee with a dovish bias, argued that unemployment may have to undershoot the full employment level for longer than normal because low inflation expectations will be a persistent headwind. She also implied that the central bank should allow inflation to temporarily overshoot the 2% target. At a minimum, she wants to see evidence of rising inflation and inflation expectations before the Fed delivers the next rate hike. In the past, Brainard's speeches have sometimes heralded shifts in the FOMC's consensus. An example is her December 1, 2015 speech at Stanford.3 It is not clear if this is the case this time, but it does reinforce the view that a strong economy and a falling unemployment rate is not enough to justify another rate hike this year according to the consensus on the FOMC. Bottom Line: Our inflation indicators are pointing mildly up. Nonetheless, timing the upturn in inflation is difficult and the Fed will not hike in December without at least a modest rise in inflation (together with higher inflation expectations). We are short duration because Treasuries are overvalued and market expectations for Fed rate hikes over the next year are overly complacent (see next section). Nonetheless, a rise in yields may not be imminent. Disconnect On Duration The Global Manufacturing PMI reached a more than 6-year high in August, climbing from 52.7 in July to 53.1 last month (Chart 8, panel 3). Meanwhile, bullish sentiment toward the U.S. dollar continues to plunge (Chart 8, bottom panel). Together, these two factors suggest that global growth is accelerating and becoming broader based. BCA's U.S. Bond Strategy service4 views the improving global economic backdrop as an extremely bond-bearish development. A wide global recovery means that when U.S. data turns surprisingly positive, it is less likely that any increase in Treasury yields will be met with an influx of foreign demand and surge in the dollar. Our Treasury model (based on Global PMI and dollar sentiment) currently places fair value for the 10-year Treasury yield at 2.67% (Chart 8, top panel). Moreover, our 3-factor version of the model (which includes the Global Economic Policy Uncertainty Index), puts fair value slightly higher at 2.68% (not shown). Investors should continue to position for a steeper curve by favoring the 5-year bullet versus a duration-matched 2/10 barbell. After adjusting for changes in credit rating and duration over time, the average spread offered by the Bloomberg Barclays corporate bond index is fairly valued relative to similar stages of past business cycles. However, the Aaa-rated portion of the market looks expensive. Further, strong Q2 profit growth likely foreshadows a decline in net leverage. This lengthens the window for corporate bond outperformance. We recommend an overweight in the high-yield market. In the early stages of the previous two Fed tightening cycles (February 1994 to July 1994 and June 2004 to December 2005), the index option-adjusted spread averaged 342 bps and traded in a range between 259 bps and 394 bps. This puts the current junk spread (378 bps) almost in line with the average achieved during other similar monetary conditions (Chart 9). We continue to favor a "buy on the dips"5 approach in the high-yield market. Chart 8Treasury Fair Value Models Chart 9High-Yield Market Overview Regarding high-yield valuation, our estimated default-adjusted spread stands at 245 bps. Historically, this level is consistent with excess returns of just under 3% versus duration-matched Treasuries over the subsequent 12 months. Our estimated default-adjusted spread is based on an expected default rate of 2.6% and recovery rate of 49% (Chart 9, bottom panel). We remain underweight MBSs; While MBS are starting to look more attractive, especially relative to Aaa credit, we think it is still too soon to buy. The Fed will announce the run-off of its balance sheet when it meets later this month. The market has been pricing in this eventuality for most of the year, leading to a significant widening in MBS OAS. More recently, the option cost component of MBS spreads has joined in, widening alongside falling mortgage rates and expectations of rising prepayments. Bottom Line: Rates have tested their post-election lows, but BCA's fair value model suggests a bounce higher, which supports our stocks-over-bonds stance. In terms of U.S. bonds, we favor short duration over long and credit over high quality. MBSs will be hurt more than Treasuries as the Fed begins to shrink its balance sheet. John Canally, CFA, Senior Vice President U.S. Investment Strategy johnc@bcaresearch.com Ryan Swift, Vice President U.S. Bond Strategy ryans@bcaresearch.com Mark McClellan, Senior Vice President The Bank Credit Analyst markm@bcaresearch.com 1 Please see BCA's U.S. Investment Strategy Weekly Report, "The Fed's Third Mandate", July 24, 2017. Available at usis.bcaresearch.com. 2 Please see BCA's U.S. Investment Strategy Weekly Report, "Surprise, Surprise", August 28, 2017. Available at usis.bcaresearch.com. 3 https://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/speech/brainard20151201a.htm 4 Please see U.S. Bond Strategy Portfolio Allocation Summary, "The Cyclical Sweet Spot Rolls On," September 5, 2017. Available at usbs.bcaresearch.com. 5 Please see BCA's U.S. Bond Strategy Weekly Report, "Keep Buying Dips," March 28, 2017. Available at usbs.bcaresearch.com.