Europa

Highlights On a tactical horizon, underweight bonds versus cash, especially those bonds with deeply negative yields… …and underweight bonds versus equities. On a strategic horizon, remain overweight a 50:50 combination of U.S. T-bonds and Italian BTPs versus a 50:50 combination of German Bunds and Spanish Bonos, at either 10-year or 30-year bond maturities. Investors could also play the component pairs: overweight U.S. T-bonds versus German bunds; and overweight Italian BTPs versus Spanish Bonos. New recommendation: switch Japanese yen long exposure into Swedish krona long exposure. Fractal trade: long SEK/JPY. Feature Chart of the WeekSwiss Bond Yields Have Found It Difficult To Go Down, But Easy To Go Up! Anybody who has dared to bet that JGB yields would rise has ended up being carried out of their job, feet first. Shorting Japanese government bonds (JGBs) is known as the widow maker trade. Over the past 20 years, any investment manager who has dared to bet that JGB yields would rise – whether starting from 2 percent, 1 percent, or even 0.5 percent – has ended up being carried out of their job in a box, feet first. Today, the Bank of Japan’s policy of ‘yield curve control’ means that JGB yields are constrained within a tight range around zero, limiting their immediate scope to break higher. The European equivalent of the widow maker trade has been to short Swiss government bonds. Just as with JGB’s during the past two decades, anybody who has dared to bet that Swiss government bond yields would rise – whether starting from 2 percent, 1 percent, or 0.5 percent – has been proved fatally wrong (Chart I-2). Chart I-2Widow Makers: Shorting Japanese And Swiss Bonds That is, until this year, when Swiss government bond yields reached -1 percent. The Lower Bound To Bond Yields Is Around -1 Percent According to several senior central bankers who have spoken to us, the practical lower bound to the policy interest rate is -1 percent, because “-1 percent counterbalances the storage cost of holding physical cash and/or other stores of value”. They argue that if bank deposit rates were to fall much below -1 percent, it would be logical for bank depositors to flee wholesale into physical cash, and such a deposit flight would destroy the banking system.1 Still, couldn’t central banks just abolish physical cash, forcing us all into ‘digital cash’ with unlimited negative interest rates? No, because that would just push us into other stores of value: for example, gold, or the rapidly growing ‘decentralised’ cryptocurrency asset-class. The common counterargument is that cryptocurrencies’ volatility makes them a poor store of value. But that is also true for gold: during a few months in 2013, gold lost one third of its value (Chart I-3). Yet who has ever argued that gold cannot be a store of value just because its price is volatile! Chart I-3Gold Is A Store Of Value ##br## Despite Its Volatility The practical lower bound to the policy interest rate is around -1 percent because the central bank policy rate establishes the banking system’s funding rate – for example, the Eonia rate in the euro area (Chart I-4). If the funding rate fell well below the rate that the banks were paying on deposits, the banking system would come under severe strain and ultimately go bust. The lower bound of the policy rate also sets the lower bound of the bond yield, because a bond yield is just the expected average policy rate over the bond’s lifetime. Chart I-4The Policy Interest Rate Establishes The Banking System's Funding Rate There is one important exception. If bond investors price in the possibility of being repaid in a different and more valuable currency, the bond yield will carry a further redenomination discount as an offset for the potential currency gain. This is relevant to euro area bonds because there remains the remote possibility of euro disintegration. Bonds which would expect to see a currency redenomination gain – notably, German bunds – therefore carry an additional discount on their yields. But for bonds where no currency redenomination is possible, the practical lower bound to bond yields is around -1 percent. Overweight High Yielding Bonds Versus Low Yielding Bonds To state the obvious, the closer that a bond yield gets to the -1 percent lower bound, the more limited becomes the possibility for a further yield decline (capital gain), while the possibility for a yield increase (capital loss) stays unlimited. This unattractive lack of upside combined with plenty of potential downside is called negative skew or negative asymmetry. It follows that, close to the lower bound of yields, the cyclicality or ‘beta’ of bond prices also becomes asymmetric. In risk-off phases, the bond prices cannot rally; while in risk-on phases, bond prices can plummet. Making such bonds a ‘lose-lose’ proposition. Case in point: Swiss bond yields have found it difficult to go down this year, but very easy to go up (Chart of the Week). Because their yields were already so close to -1 percent, Swiss bond yields could not decline much during the bond market’s recent strong rally – meaning, Swiss bond prices were very low beta on the way up. But in the recent reversal, Swiss bond yields have risen much more than others – meaning, Swiss bond prices are high beta on the way down (Chart I-5).   Chart I-5Swiss Bond Prices Are Low Beta Going Up, But High Beta Going Down Does this mean the widow maker trade can finally work? Yes, but only on a tactical horizon. For the full rationale, which we will not repeat here, please see Growth To Rebound In The Fourth Quarter, But Fade In 2020. However in summary, expect bond yields to edge modestly higher, and especially those yields that are deeply in negative territory. Also on a tactical horizon, prefer equities over bonds.  On a longer term horizon, a much safer way to play the asymmetric beta is to short low yielding bonds in relative terms. In other words, overweight high yielding bonds versus low yielding bonds.2 Close to the lower bound of yields, the cyclicality or ‘beta’ of bond prices becomes asymmetric. Our strategic recommendation is to overweight a 50:50 combination of U.S. T-bonds and Italian BTPs versus a 50:50 combination of German Bunds and Spanish Bonos, at either 10-year or 30-year bond maturities. Since initiation five months ago, the recommendation at the 30-year maturity is already up by almost 7 percent. Nevertheless, it has a lot further to go (Chart I-6). Investors could also play the component pairs: overweight U.S. T-bonds versus German bunds; and overweight Italian BTPs versus Spanish Bonos (Chart I-7 and Chart I-8), but the combined two bonds versus two bonds recommendation has better return to risk characteristics. Chart I-6Expect High Yielding Bonds To Outperform Low Yielding Bonds Chart I-7Expect Yield Spread Convergence At 10-Year Maturities... Chart I-8...And At 30-Year ##br##Maturities Switch Into The Swedish Krona   Bond yield spreads are also an important driver of currency moves. The currency corollary of overweighting high yielding versus low yielding bonds is to tilt towards low yielding currencies, because these are the currencies that have the most scope for substantial upside. Our favourite low yielding currency has been the Japanese yen, and this has worked very well. Since early 2018, the yen has been the strongest major currency, and is up 16 percent versus the euro. But our favourite currency is now changing to the Swedish krona, for three reasons: The SEK is depressed from a valuation perspective. For example, it is the only major currencies that is weaker than the GBP compared to before the Brexit vote in 2016 (Chart I-9). Chart I-9The Swedish Krona Has Underperformed The Pound Despite Brexit Unlike other major central banks, the Riksbank is seeking to normalise the policy rate upwards. The SEK is technically oversold on its 130-day fractal dimension, signalling over-pessimism in the price (Chart I-10), while the JPY is showing the opposite tendency. Chart I-10The Swedish Krona Is Due A Countertrend Move Bottom Line: switch Japanese yen long exposure into Swedish krona long exposure. Fractal Trading System* (Chart 1-11) As just discussed, this week's recommended trade is long SEK/JPY. Set the profit target at 1.5 percent with a symmetrical stop-loss. In other trades, long NZD/JPY has started off very well and long Spain versus Belgium achieved its 3.5 percent profit target, at which it was closed, leaving five open positions. For any investment, excessive trend following and groupthink can reach a natural point of instability, at which point the established trend is highly likely to break down with or without an external catalyst. An early warning sign is the investment’s fractal dimension approaching its natural lower bound. Encouragingly, this trigger has consistently identified countertrend moves of various magnitudes across all asset classes. Chart I-11 The post-June 9, 2016 fractal trading model rules are: When the fractal dimension approaches the lower limit after an investment has been in an established trend it is a potential trigger for a liquidity-triggered trend reversal. Therefore, open a countertrend position. The profit target is a one-third reversal of the preceding 13-week move. Apply a symmetrical stop-loss. Close the position at the profit target or stop-loss. Otherwise close the position after 13 weeks. Use the position size multiple to control risk. The position size will be smaller for more risky positions. For more details please see the European Investment Strategy Special Report “Fractals, Liquidity & A Trading Model,” dated December 11, 2014, available at eis.bcaresearch.com.   Dhaval Joshi Chief European  Investment Strategist dhaval@bcaresearch.com Footnotes 1 The cost of holding physical cash is the cost of its safe storage. 2 Please see the European Investment Strategy Weekly Report ‘Growth To Rebound In The Fourth Quarter, But Fade In 2020’, October 3, 2019 available at eis.bcaresearch.com. Fractal Trading Model Cyclical Recommendations Structural Recommendations Fractal Trades Trades Closed Trades Asset Performance Currency & Bond Equity Sector Country Equity Indicators Bond Yields Chart II-1Indicators To Watch - Bond Yields Chart II-2Indicators To Watch - Bond Yields Chart II-3Indicators To Watch - Bond Yields Chart II-4Indicators To Watch - Bond Yields   Interest Rate Chart II-5Indicators To Watch - Interest Rate Expectations Chart II-6Indicators To Watch - Interest Rate Expectations Chart II-7Indicators To Watch - Interest Rate Expectations Chart II-8Indicators To Watch - Interest Rate Expectations  

Highlights Shifting Trends: The factors that have driven bond yields lower throughout 2019 – slowing growth, rising uncertainty, demand for safe assets and dovish monetary policy expectations – have all started to turn in a more bond-bearish direction. Duration & Country Allocation Strategy: Maintain a moderate below-benchmark stance on aggregate bond portfolio duration. Favor lower-beta countries with central banks that are more likely to stay relatively dovish as global yields drift higher, like core Europe, Australia and Japan. Credit Allocation Strategy: Stay overweight corporate bonds versus government debt in the U.S. and Europe, both for investment grade and high-yield. Maintain just a neutral stance on EM USD-denominated spread product, but look to upgrade if global growth improves further and the USD begins to weaken. Feature Chart of the WeekBond Yields Sniffing A Turn In Global Growth? It has been fifty days (and counting) since the 2019 low for the benchmark 10-year U.S. Treasury yield was reached on September 3. The year-to-date low for the benchmark 10-year German bund yield was seen six days before that on August 28. Yields have risen by a healthy amount since those dates, up +34bps and +37bps for the 10yr Treasury and Bund, respectively. This has occurred despite the significant degree of bond-bullish pessimism on global growth and inflation that can be found in financial media reporting and investor surveys. The fact that yields are now steadily moving away from the lows suggests that the 2019 narrative for financial markets – slowing global growth, triggered by political uncertainty and the lagged impact of previous Fed monetary tightening and China credit tightening, forcing central banks to turn increasingly more dovish – is no longer correct. If that is true, yields have more near-term upside as overbought government bond markets begin to “sniff out” a bottoming out of global growth momentum (Chart of the Week). In this Weekly Report, we take a look at the changing state of the factors that fueled the sharp decline in bond yields in 2019. We follow that up with a review of all our current recommended investment positions on duration, country allocation and spread product allocations in light of recent developments. We conclude that maintaining a below-benchmark duration exposure, while favoring lower-beta countries in sovereign debt and overweighting corporate debt in the U.S. and Europe, is the most appropriate fixed income strategy for the next 6-12 months. The timing of the bottoming of yields in the major developed markets (DM) should not be surprising, given the more bond-bearish turn of reliable leading directional yield indicators. Yields Are Rising At The Right Time, For The Right Reasons Chart 2Bond-Bullish Growth & Inflation Factors Are Turning The timing of the bottoming of yields in the major developed markets (DM) should not be surprising, given the more bond-bearish turn of reliable leading directional yield indicators. The diffusion index of our global leading economic indicator (LEI), which leads the real (ex-inflation expectations) component of DM bond yields by twelve months, is at an elevated level (Chart 2). At the same time, the slowing of the annual rate of growth in the trade-weighted U.S. dollar, which leads 10-year DM CPI swap rates by around six months, is signaling that bond yields have room to increase from the inflation expectations side. Finally, the rising trend of positive data surprises for the major DM countries is also pointing to higher yields. Breaking it down at the country level, the pickup in DM 10-year bond yields since the 2019 lows has been widespread (Charts 3 & 4). The range of yield increases is as low as +16bps in Japan, where the Bank of Japan (BoJ) is pursuing a yield target, to +46bps in Canada where the economy and inflation are both accelerating. Chart 3Pricing Out Some Expected Rate Cuts … Chart 4… Across All Developed Markets The increase in yields has also occurred alongside reduced expectations for easier monetary policy. Our 12-month discounters, which measure the expected change in short-term interest rates priced into Overnight Index Swap (OIS) curves, show that markets have partially priced out some (but not all) expected rate cuts in all major DM countries. The Three Things That Have Changed For Global Bond Markets So what has changed to trigger a reduction in rate cut expectations and an increase in global yields? The bond-bullish narrative that we refer to in the title of this report can be broken down into the following three elements, which have all turned recently: Slowing global growth (now potentially bottoming) Chart 5Global Growth Bottoming Out Current global growth is still trending lower, when looking at measures like manufacturing PMIs or sentiment surveys like the global ZEW index. Forward-looking measures like our global LEI, however, have been moving higher in recent months, suggesting that a bottom in the PMIs may soon unfold (Chart 5). We investigated that improvement in our global LEI in a recent report and concluded that the move higher was focused almost exclusively within the emerging market (EM) sub-components that are most sensitive to improving global growth.1 This fits with the improvement shown in the OECD LEI for China, a bottoming of the annual growth rate of world exports, and the general acceleration of global equity markets – the classic leading economic indicator. Rising political uncertainty (now potentially fading) The U.S.-China trade war (including the implications for the upcoming 2020 U.S. presidential election) and the U.K. Brexit saga have been the main sources of bond-bullish political uncertainty over the past several months. Yet recent developments have helped reduce the odds of the most negative tail risk outcomes, providing a bit of a boost to global bond yields. The U.S. and China have agreed (in principle) to a “phase one” trade deal that, at a minimum, lowers the chances of a further escalation of the trade dispute through higher tariffs. Meanwhile, the momentum has shifted towards a potential final Brexit agreement between the U.K. and European Union that can avoid an ugly no-deal outcome. Our colleagues at BCA Research Geopolitical Strategy believe that developments are likely to continue moving away from the worst-case scenarios, given the constraints faced by policymakers.2 U.S. President Donald Trump is now in full campaign mode for the 2020 elections and needs a deal (of any kind) to deflect criticism that his trade battle with China is dragging the U.S. economy into recession. Already, there has been a sharp decline in income growth for workers in swing states that could vote for either party’s candidate in next year’s election (Chart 6). Trump cannot afford to lose voters in those states, many of which are in the U.S. industrial heartland (i.e. Ohio, Michigan) that helped put him in the White House. In other words, he is highly incentivized to turn down the heat on the trade war or else face a potential loss next November. While these political uncertainties have not been fully resolved by these latest developments, the shift in momentum away from worst-case scenarios has likely been enough to reduce the safe-haven bid for DM government bonds, helping push yields higher. Meanwhile, China is facing a slowing economy and rising unemployment, but with reduced means to fight the downtrend given high private sector debt that has impaired the typical response between easier monetary conditions and economic activity (Chart 7). While the Chinese government does not want to be seen as caving in to U.S. pressure on trade policy, its desire to maintain social stability by preventing a further rise in unemployment from the trade war provides a powerful incentive to try and ratchet down tensions with the U.S. Chart 6Political Reasons For Trump To Retreat On Trade In the U.K., a no-deal Brexit is an economically painful and politically unpopular outcome that would severely damage the re-election chances of Prime Minister Boris Johnson and his Conservative party. Thus, even a hard-line Brexiteer like Johnson must respond to the political constraints forcing him to try and get a Brexit deal done (Chart 8). Chart 7Economic Reasons For China To Retreat On Trade Chart 8Political Reasons To Retreat On A No-Deal Brexit While these political uncertainties have not been fully resolved by these latest developments, the shift in momentum away from worst-case scenarios has likely been enough to reduce the safe-haven bid for DM government bonds, helping push yields higher. Bull-flattening pressure on yield curves (now turning into moderate bear-steepening) The final leg down in bond yields in August had a technical aspect to it, fueled by the demand for duration and convexity from asset-liability managers like European pension funds and insurance companies. Falling yields act to raise the value of liabilities for that group of investors, forcing them to rapidly increase the duration of their assets to match the duration of their liabilities (the technique used to limit the gap between the value of assets and liabilities). That duration increase is carried out by buying government bonds with longer maturities (and higher convexity), but also through the use of interest rate derivatives like long maturity swaps and swaptions. The end result is a bull flattening of yield curves (both for government bonds and swaps) and a rise in swaption volatility (i.e. the price of swaptions). Those dynamics were clearly in play in August after the shocking imposition of fresh U.S. tariffs on Chinese imports early in the month. Bond and swaption volatilities spiked, and bond/swap yield curves bull-flattened, in both Europe and the U.S. (Chart 9). That effect only lasted a few weeks, however, and volatilities have since declined and curves have steepened. This suggests that the “convexity-buying” effect has run its course and is now starting to work in the opposite direction, with asset-liability managers looking to reduce the duration of their assets as higher yields lower the value of their liabilities. This is putting some upward pressure on longer-maturity global bond yields. Chart 9Signs Of Reduced Convexity-Related Bond Buying Chart 10Bull-Flattening Yield Curve Pressures Easing Up A Bit Chart 11Fed & ECB Actions Should Help Steepen Up Curves The steepening seen so far must be put in context, however, as yield curves remain very flat across the DM world (Chart 10). Term premia on longer-term bonds remain very depressed, although those should start to increase as global growth stabilizes and the massive safe-haven demand for global government debt begins to dissipate. Some pickup in inflation expectations would also help impart additional bear-steepening momentum to yield curves – a more likely result now that the Fed and ECB have both cut interest rates and, more importantly, will start provide additional monetary easing by expanding their balance sheets (Chart 11). Bottom Line: The factors that have driven bond yields lower throughout 2019 – slowing growth, rising uncertainty, demand for safe assets and dovish monetary policy expectations – have all started to turn in a more bond-bearish direction. Reviewing Our Recommended Bond Allocations In light of these shifting global trends described above, the fixed income investment implications are fairly straightforward: Yields are rising around the world, suggesting that the current move is a shift higher driven by non-country-specific factors like more stable future global growth prospects. Duration: A moderate below-benchmark overall duration stance is warranted for global fixed income portfolios, with yields likely to continue drifting higher over at least the next six months. A big surge in yields is unlikely, as central banks will need to see decisive evidence that global growth is not only bottoming, but accelerating, before shifting away from the current dovish bias. Given the reporting lags in the economic data, such evidence is unlikely to appear until the first quarter of 2020 at the earliest. Yet given how flat yield curves are across the DM government bond markets, the trajectory of forward rates is quite stable relative to spot yield levels, making it much easier to beat the forwards by positioning for even a modest yield increase. Country Allocation: Yields are rising around the world, suggesting that the current move is a shift higher driven by non-country-specific factors like more stable future global growth prospects. In that case, using yield betas to the “global” bond yield is a good way to consider country allocation decisions within a fixed income portfolio. We looked at those yield betas in an August report, using Bloomberg Barclays government bond index data for the 7-10 year maturity buckets of individual countries and the Global Treasury aggregate (Chart 12).3 The rolling 3-year betas were highest in the U.S. and Canada, making them good countries to underweight within a global government bond portfolio in a rising yield environment. The yield betas were lowest in Japan, Germany and Australia, making them good overweight candidates. The U.K. was a unique case of having a relatively high historical yield beta prior to the 2016 Brexit referendum and a lower yield beta since then - making the U.K. allocation highly conditional on the resolution of the Brexit uncertainty. Spread Product Allocation: The backdrop described in this report, where global growth is bottoming out but where central banks maintain a dovish bias, is a perfect sweet spot for global spread product like corporate bonds and Peripheral European government debt. Thus, an overweight stance on overall global spread product versus governments is warranted. The backdrop described in this report, where global growth is bottoming out but where central banks maintain a dovish bias, is a perfect sweet spot for global spread product like corporate bonds and Peripheral European government debt. With regards to our current strategic fixed income recommendations and model bond portfolio allocations, we already have much of the positioning described above in place. We are below-benchmark on overall duration, underweight higher-beta U.S. Treasuries; overweight government bonds in lower-beta Germany, France, Japan and Australia (Chart 13); overweight investment grade corporate bonds in the U.S., euro area and U.K.; and overweight high-yield corporate bonds in the U.S. and euro area. Chart 12Favor Lower-Beta Government Bond Markets There are areas where our positioning could change, however. Chart 13Lower-Beta Laggards Should Start To Outperform In terms of government bonds, we are currently overweight the U.K. and neutral Canada. A final Brexit deal would justify a downgrade of Gilts to at least neutral, if not underweight, as the Bank of England has signaled that rate hikes would be justified if the Brexit uncertainty was resolved. A downgrade of higher-beta Canadian government debt to underweight could also be justified, although the Bank of Canada is not signaling that a change in monetary policy (in either direction) is warranted. For now, we will hold off on any change to our U.K. stance, as it is now likely that there will be another extension of the Brexit deadline beyond October 31. As for Canada, we remain neutral for now but will revisit that stance in an upcoming Weekly Report. With regards to spread product, we are only neutral EM USD-denominated sovereign and corporate debt, as well as Spanish sovereign bonds; and underweight Italian government debt. An EM upgrade to overweight would require two things that are not yet in place: a weaker U.S. dollar and accelerating Chinese economic growth. Chart 14Stay Overweight Corporates In The U.S. & Europe As for Peripheral governments, we have preferred to be overweight European corporate debt relative to sovereign bonds in Italy and Spain. The recent powerful rally in the Periphery, however, has driven the spreads over German bunds in those countries down to levels in line with corporate credit spreads (Chart 14). We will maintain these allocations for now, but will investigate the relative value proposition between euro area Peripheral sovereigns and corporates in an upcoming report. Bottom Line: Maintain a moderate below-benchmark stance on aggregate bond portfolio duration. Favor lower-beta countries with central banks that are more likely to stay relatively dovish as global yields drift higher, like core Europe, Australia and Japan. Stay overweight corporate bonds versus government debt in the U.S. and Europe, both for investment grade and high-yield. Maintain just a neutral stance on EM USD-denominated spread product, but look to upgrade if global growth improves further and the USD begins to weaken. Robert Robis, CFA Chief Fixed Income Strategist rrobis@bcaresearch.com   Footnotes 1 Please see BCA Research Global Fixed Income Strategy Weekly Report, “What Is Driving The Improvement In The BCA Global Leading Economic Indicator?”, dated October 2, 2019, available at gfis.bcaresearch.com. 2 Please see BCA Research Geopolitical Strategy Weekly Report, “Five Constraints For The Fourth Quarter”, dated October 11, 2019, available at gps.bcaresearch.com. 3 Please see BCA Research U.S. Bond Strategy/Global Fixed Income Strategy Weekly Report, “Where’s The Positive Carry In Bond Markets?", dated August 20, 2019, available at usbs.bcaresearch.com and gfis.bcaresearch.com. Recommendations The GFIS Recommended Portfolio Vs. The Custom Benchmark Index Duration Regional Allocation Spread Product Tactical Trades Yields & Returns Global Bond Yields Historical Returns

Aspectos destacados El mercado de divisas está bifurcado en términos de expectativas a corto plazo frente a factores a largo plazo. La corona sueca, la corona noruega y la libra esterlina son compras sólidas a largo plazo, pero podrían seguir siendo muy volátiles a corto plazo. Seguimos enfocándonos en los cruces en lugar de apuestas directas sobre el dólar. Mantener posiciones largas en SEK/NZD, GBP/JPY y NOK/SEK. Ajustar los stops en la posición larga de GBP/JPY para proteger ganancias. EUR/SEK debería alcanzar su techo una vez que mejore el crecimiento global. Vender la relación oro/plata en 90, como se recomendó en el informe de la semana pasada.1 Artículo principal Chart I-1 Una vía en un solo sentido desde 2018 Calle de sentido único desde 2018 Calle de sentido único desde 2018 De todas las monedas del G10 que seguimos, la corona sueca probablemente sea la más desconcertante. El Riksbank es uno de los pocos bancos centrales que han subido tipos este año, pero la corona sigue siendo la moneda más débil del G10. Admitimos que el desempeño del sector manufacturero sueco ha sido pésimo, y lo fue especialmente en septiembre, pero esto no ha sido una historia exclusiva de Suecia. La zona del euro, que también está experimentando una profunda recesión manufacturera, ha visto un mejor comportamiento de su moneda a pesar de un Banco Central Europeo (BCE) más dovish. El rendimiento inferior de la corona plantea la pregunta de si esto señala una recesión manufacturera global mucho más prolongada, o si es indicativo de algo más endógeno a Suecia. Dicho de otra manera, ¿el impulso de la fortaleza de USD/SEK (e incluso USD/NOK) ha sido un dólar apreciándose, o más bien factores domésticos (Chart I-1)? Y si es lo segundo, ¿cuáles son los indicadores importantes a tener en cuenta en caso de que un giro esté a la vuelta de la esquina? El debate entre datos blandos y datos duros La gran pregunta para Suecia es si el sector manufacturero solo está en un proceso volátil de establecer un fondo, o si está a punto de contraerse mucho más. La producción industrial está creciendo actualmente al 4% interanual, pero la señal de los datos blandos es que debería estar contrayéndose en cifras de dos dígitos (Chart I-2, panel superior). Como tal, hay o bien una gran desconexión entre la percepción de los inversores y la realidad, o estamos al borde de un desplome manufacturero mucho más profundo. Los tipos de cambio tienden a ser extremadamente fluidos al descontar una amplia gama de datos económicos y, en el caso de Suecia, al descontar el resultado para el crecimiento global. Sin embargo, con EUR/SEK en 10.8 y USD/SEK en 9.7 – este último muy por encima de sus máximos de 2008 – es razonable asumir que cualquier cosa que no sea una recesión profunda justificará una SEK más fuerte.  Una de las ratios más consistentes para señalar un fondo en el sector manufacturero sueco en particular (y en el de la zona euro en general) es la ratio pedidos manufactureros-niveles de inventario (Chart I-2, panel inferior). La caída en septiembre fue desconcertante. Sin embargo, a diferencia del PMI manufacturero, esta ratio no está marcando nuevos mínimos, evidencia tentativa de que podríamos estar en un proceso volátil de fondo en lugar de una caída prolongada. La última vez que encontramos tal divergencia fue en 2011/2012, en el auge de la crisis de deuda europea; en esa ocasión, los datos duros suecos terminaron enviando la señal correcta para la economía en su conjunto. El deterioro del sector manufacturero aún no ha afectado al consumo interno en general ni al mercado laboral en particular.  El deterioro del sector manufacturero aún no ha afectado al consumo interno en general ni al mercado laboral en particular. El componente de importaciones del índice PMI se mantiene muy por encima del de las exportaciones. Mientras tanto, el componente de empleo del índice PMI comenzó a estabilizarse hacia la mitad de este año, lo que significa que el crecimiento del empleo debería tocar fondo en torno al 1% aproximadamente (Chart I-3). Las exportaciones suecas están más arriba en la cadena de valor manufacturera que en la mayoría de las demás economías desarrolladas, y el sector del automóvil es bastante importante. Pero hasta ahora, la economía sueca ha resistido bastante bien la desaceleración del sector automotriz, con la producción aún registrando un 7% anual. Chart I-2 Los datos blandos son mucho peores Los datos cualitativos son mucho peores Los datos cualitativos son mucho peores Chart I-3 La demanda doméstica se mantiene bien La demanda interna se mantiene sólida La demanda interna se mantiene sólida El repunte de la tasa de desempleo sueca es problemático, pero no creemos que constituya un cambio mayor en la dinámica del mercado laboral. Suecia tiene una larga historia de mayor apertura hacia solicitantes de asilo y refugiados que muchos otros países europeos. La crisis siria de hace un par de años provocó un aumento excepcional, donde el número de solicitantes de asilo se disparó a más de 150.000 o casi el 1,5% de la población total (Chart I-4). Históricamente, la inmigración ha proporcionado un gran dividendo laboral a Suecia, permitiendo que el crecimiento supere tanto al de EE. UU. como al de la zona euro. Pero esto también ha sido una fuente de desempleo friccional, mientras los nuevos migrantes se integran en la fuerza laboral. Chart I-4 Un nuevo grupo de mano de obra que debe integrarse Una nueva reserva de mano de obra que debe integrarse Una nueva reserva de mano de obra que debe integrarse Los trabajadores nacidos en el extranjero ahora constituyen alrededor del 20% de la población total, una gran parte de los cuales necesita aprender un nuevo idioma y adquirir nuevas habilidades (Chart I-5A). Este dividendo de crecimiento se cosechará durante muchos años. La integración es un tema políticamente contencioso, y por ello la ley de asilo y reunificación familiar altamente restrictiva adoptada a mediados de 2016 probablemente signifique que el auge migratorio ya ha quedado atrás. El ascenso de los Demócratas de Suecia, antiinmigración, en las elecciones de septiembre de 2018 es un ejemplo. Sin embargo, el giro de la población democrática hacia la derecha ha sido un fenómeno global, por lo que no es tan negativo para Suecia en términos relativos. Todo ello para decir que, en comparación con la mayoría de las naciones desarrolladas, Suecia aún disfruta de una perspectiva demográfica relativamente positiva (Chart I-5B). Chart I-5A Un enorme dividendo laboral Un enorme dividendo laboral Un enorme dividendo laboral Chart I-5B Sin un evidente precipicio demográfico No hay un precipicio demográfico aparente. No hay un precipicio demográfico aparente. La afluencia de migrantes tiene un impacto mixto en la inflación. Si bien existe presión a la baja sobre los salarios, debido a un aumento en la proporción de empleo que paga salarios más bajos, todavía hay presión al alza sobre la vivienda y el consumo en respuesta al mayor número de trabajadores. Esto se suma a un impulso fiscal al aumentar el gasto del gobierno en servicios sociales. Mientras tanto, la tasa de desempleo entre las personas nacidas en el extranjero ronda el 15%. Esto significa que la curva de Phillips está plana durante los primeros años, antes de empezar a empinarse. Pero a medida que la nueva fuerza laboral finalmente se absorbe en la economía, debería comenzar a generar presiones salariales significativas. El Riksbank entiende claramente estas dinámicas, por lo que en años anteriores su postura ha sido acomodaticia incluso cuando la economía sueca ha mantenido un buen comportamiento. Los tipos de interés se recortaron a territorio negativo en 2015 y se mantuvieron en -0.5% (por debajo del tipo de política del BCE) durante toda la recuperación global en 2016 y 2017. La flexibilización cuantitativa también se ha prolongado hasta 2020, con mucha antelación respecto al anuncio del renovado programa de compras de activos del BCE. Ambos han aflojado enormemente las condiciones monetarias en Suecia, incluso a través de una moneda más débil. De cara al futuro, hay algunas razones clave para creer que la trayectoria de menor resistencia para la corona ahora es al alza: Una corona débil típicamente ha ayudado al sector manufacturero con un desfase de doce meses.  Una corona débil típicamente ha ayudado al sector manufacturero con un desfase de doce meses. Las divergencias negativas solo tienden a ocurrir antes de recesiones profundas. A menos que estemos en esa situación particular ahora, una mejor demanda de bienes suecos relativamente más baratos (piense Volvo frente a BMW) debería llevar a una corona más fuerte (Chart I-6). Sí, el Riskbank ha estado llevando a cabo QE, pero el ritmo de expansión de su balance se ha ido desacelerando en trimestres recientes. USD/SEK tiende a seguir las tendencias relativas de los balances entre el Riksbank y la Fed, pero se ha abierto una cuña a favor de la corona (Chart I-7). Mientras tanto, con la Fed a punto de reexpandir su balance, esto también debería favorecer a una SEK más fuerte frente al USD. Chart I-6 Corona sueca y manufactura Corona Sueca Y Manufactura Corona Sueca Y Manufactura Chart I-7 USD/SEK y balances relativos USD/SEK Y Balances Relativos USD/SEK Y Balances Relativos El mercado de la vivienda sueco se está convirtiendo en una espina para el Riksbank. Cuando se introdujeron los tipos negativos en 2015, el crecimiento de los precios de la vivienda se disparó hasta el 15% interanual (Chart I-8). Más recientemente, una limitación de la migración ha permitido cierto enfriamiento, pero el apalancamiento de los hogares suecos sigue siendo muy elevado. Con la memoria de la crisis inmobiliaria de los años 90 aún fresca, esto está haciendo que el Riksbank se sienta bastante incómodo con su postura de política actual. El coste de acarreo es menor por estar corto en NZD comparado con estar corto en el dólar estadounidense. Nuestra inclinación es que, aunque el gobernador Stefan Ingves prefiere renormalizar la política lo más rápido posible, dado que dirige una economía pequeña y abierta con el comercio representando un impresionante 45% del PIB, está a merced de las condiciones externas. La SEK es la moneda más barata del universo G10 y podría rebotar con fuerza ante la mínima evidencia de que el crecimiento global ha tocado fondo. Además, un crecimiento global al alza ajustará la utilización de recursos, lo que debería comenzar a impulsar las presiones inflacionarias subyacentes en Suecia (Chart I-9) Chart I-8 Precios de la vivienda en Suecia##br## Están en burbuja Los precios de la vivienda en Suecia están en una burbuja Los precios de la vivienda en Suecia están en una burbuja Chart I-9 Utilización de recursos e inflación en Suecia Utilización de Recursos e Inflación en Suecia Utilización de Recursos e Inflación en Suecia En términos de estrategia de negociación con SEK, USD/SEK y NZD/SEK tienden a estar altamente correlacionados; dado que la SEK tiene una mayor beta al crecimiento global que el kiwi (Suecia exporta el 45% de su PIB frente al 27% de Nueva Zelanda). En términos relativos, la economía sueca parece haber tocado fondo en relación con la de EE. UU., lo que hace del SEK/NZD una forma atractiva de jugar la caída de USD/SEK. Mientras tanto, el coste de acarreo es menor por estar corto en NZD comparado con estar corto en el dólar estadounidense (Chart I-10). En cuanto a EUR/SEK, el cruce podría consolidarse en los niveles actuales antes de dirigirse a la baja, pero en última instancia alcanzará su pico una vez que el crecimiento global se reoriente al alza. Chart I-10 Mantener posición larga en SEK/NZD Mantener posición larga en SEK/NZD Mantener posición larga en SEK/NZD Conclusión: Mantenemos la posición larga en SEK/NZD como una apuesta de valor relativo, pero la verdadera apreciación reside en el cruce SEK/USD. Nuestra inclinación es que la debilidad de la SEK ha sido impulsada por el enfoque del mercado en datos blandos decepcionantes, mientras que los datos duros se mantienen relativamente resilientes. Una vez que quede más claro que el entorno de crecimiento global no es tan precario como sugieren las encuestas, la corona podría rebotar con fuerza. Asuntos internos Nuestra posición larga en GBP/JPY alcanzó un 5% esta semana. Estamos ajustando stops a 138 para proteger ganancias. También fuimos sacados de la posición corta en EUR/NOK con una pérdida del 2%. Por ahora nos mantenemos al margen. EUR/NOK cotiza ahora por encima de los niveles de recesión de 2008, lo cual solo se justifica por una recesión prolongada del crecimiento, pero la gestión del riesgo requiere paciencia por ahora. Estén atentos.   Chester Ntonifor, Estratega de Divisas chestern@bcaresearch.com Notas a pie 1 Por favor consulte el Foreign Exchange Strategy Weekly Report, titulado “Sobre la velocidad del dinero, EUR/USD y la plata,” con fecha 11 de octubre de 2019, disponible en fes.bcaresearch.com Divisas Dólar estadounidense Chart II-1 Técnicas USD 1 Análisis técnico USD 1 Análisis técnico USD 1 Chart II-2 Técnicas USD 2 Análisis técnico del USD 2 Análisis técnico del USD 2 Los datos recientes en EE. UU. han sido débiles: Las ventas minoristas se contrajeron un 0.3% mensual en septiembre. La producción industrial cayó un 0.4% mensual. Los precios de exportación e importación cayeron 1.6% interanual en septiembre. El índice de sentimiento del consumidor de Michigan creció hasta 96 en octubre, desde 93.2 en el mes anterior. El índice manufacturero NY Empire State aumentó a 4 en octubre, desde 2 en septiembre. Los permisos de construcción e inicios de viviendas cayeron 2.7% y 9.4% mensual en septiembre, pero la recuperación de la vivienda se mantiene intacta. Las solicitudes iniciales de subsidio por desempleo aumentaron a 214K en la semana terminada el 11 de octubre. El índice DXY se depreció un 0.7% esta semana. El último Beige Book resumió que la economía estadounidense se expandió a un ritmo de leve a moderado. La desaceleración del sector manufacturero sigue siendo el mayor riesgo para la economía, mientras que las tensiones comerciales continúan pesando sobre el sentimiento empresarial y las intenciones de gasto de capital. El más reciente “entente” en las discusiones comerciales podría representar un cambio pivotal desde la elevada incertidumbre que prevaleció durante el verano. Enlaces de informes: Sobre la velocidad del dinero, EUR/USD y la plata - 11 de octubre de 2019 Preservando capital durante puntos de disturbio - 6 de septiembre de 2019 ¿Ha cambiado el paisaje de las divisas? - 16 de agosto de 2019 El euro Chart II-3 Técnicas EUR 1 EUR Análisis técnico 1 EUR Análisis técnico 1 Chart II-4 Técnicas EUR 2 EUR Análisis Técnicos 2 EUR Análisis Técnicos 2 Los datos recientes en la zona del euro siguen siendo modestos: La inflación general cayó a 0.8% interanual en septiembre, la más baja en casi tres años. Sin embargo, la inflación subyacente aumentó a 1% interanual. La producción industrial en la zona del euro continuó contrayéndose, un 2.8% interanual en agosto. El sentimiento ZEW en la zona del euro cayó aún más a -23.5 en octubre, sin embargo esto está muy por encima de las expectativas de -33. El sentimiento ZEW para Alemania también cayó a -22.8 en octubre. Cabe señalar que las expectativas siguen mejorando en relación con la situación actual. La balanza comercial en la zona del euro mejoró a €20.3 mil millones en agosto, desde €17.5 mil millones revisados a la baja en julio. Sin embargo, esto se debe principalmente a una contracción de las importaciones. EUR/USD subió 0.9% esta semana, en parte ayudado por la amplia debilidad del dólar. La dinámica comercial en la zona del euro sigue siendo preocupante: las exportaciones cayeron un 2.2% interanual en agosto, mientras que las importaciones se desplomaron un 4.1% interanual. Notablemente, en lo que va de año, el superávit comercial de la UE con EE. UU. creció a €103 mil millones, desde €91 mil millones un año antes, mientras que el déficit comercial con China se amplió aún más a €127 mil millones desde €116 mil millones. Enlaces de informes: Sobre la velocidad del dinero, EUR/USD y la plata - 11 de octubre de 2019 Algunas ideas de trading - 27 de sept. de 2019 La batalla de los bancos centrales - 21 de junio de 2019 Yen japonés Chart II-5 Técnicas JPY 1 Análisis técnico del JPY 1 Análisis técnico del JPY 1 Chart II-6 Técnicas JPY 2 Análisis técnico del JPY 2 Análisis técnico del JPY 2 Los datos recientes en Japón continúan decepcionando: La producción industrial cayó un 4.7% interanual en agosto. La utilización de la capacidad disminuyó un 2.9% mensual en agosto. El yen japonés cayó 0.8% frente al dólar estadounidense esta semana. Kuroda ha vuelto a enfatizar que el BoJ no dudará en actuar si los desarrollos económicos continúan deteriorándose. Por otra parte, mientras la Fed y el BCE están en camino de expandir sus balances mediante compras de activos, queda abierta la cuestión de cuánto más puede hacer el BoJ, más allá del control de la curva de rendimientos. Mantenemos una postura larga en el yen en previsión de que hará falta un “momento Lehman” para que el BoJ actúe de forma agresiva. Enlaces de informes: Algunas ideas de trading - 27 de sept. de 2019 ¿Ha cambiado el paisaje de las divisas? - 16 de agosto de 2019 Ajustes de cartera en un trading veraniego poco líquido - 5 de julio de 2019 Libra esterlina Chart II-7 Técnicas GBP 1 Análisis técnico GBP 1 Análisis técnico GBP 1 Chart II-8 Técnicas GBP 2 GBP Análisis técnico 2 GBP Análisis técnico 2 Los datos recientes en el Reino Unido han sido mayormente negativos: La tasa de desempleo ILO aumentó ligeramente a 3.9% en agosto. El crecimiento trimestral de las ganancias medias se desaceleró a 3.8%, sin embargo esto estuvo por encima de las expectativas de 3.7%. El índice de precios minoristas creció 2.4% interanual en septiembre, una desaceleración desde 2.6% en el mes anterior. La inflación general se mantuvo sin cambios en 1.7% interanual en septiembre, mientras que la inflación subyacente subió a 1.7% desde 1.5%. Las ventas minoristas crecieron 3.1% interanual en septiembre, desde 2.6% en el mes anterior. GBP/USD se disparó 3.3% esta semana por el optimismo hacia la cumbre del Consejo Europeo sobre el Brexit. Desde una perspectiva de valoración, la libra cotiza con un gran descuento respecto a su valor justo. Si las noticias positivas sobre el Brexit continúan, la libra podría seguir subiendo. Mantenemos posición larga en GBP/JPY, que está más de 5% en ganancias. Ajustar el stop a 138. Enlaces de informes: Algunas ideas de trading - 27 de sept. de 2019 Reino Unido: ¿Desaceleración cíclica o malestar estructural? - 20 de sept. de 2019 La batalla de los bancos centrales - 21 de junio de 2019 Dólar australiano Chart II-9 Técnicas AUD 1 AUD Análisis técnico 1 AUD Análisis técnico 1 Chart II-10 Técnicas AUD 2 Análisis técnico del AUD 2 Análisis técnico del AUD 2 Los datos recientes en Australia han sido modestos: La confianza empresarial NAB cayó aún más a -2, mientras que las condiciones mejoraron a 1 en el tercer trimestre. En el frente del mercado laboral, la tasa de desempleo cayó a 5.2% en septiembre. Se crearon 14.7K empleos, consistentes en 26.2K empleos a tiempo completo y una pérdida de 11.4K empleos a tiempo parcial. AUD/USD aumentó 0.4% esta semana. Las actas del RBA se publicaron a principios de esta semana. Curiosamente, presentan un debate agudo sobre los efectos de los tipos bajos. Por un lado, los tipos más bajos se han justificado teóricamente para lograr el pleno empleo y el objetivo de inflación. Por otro lado, algunos miembros del RBA temen que los tipos bajos puedan alimentar precios de la vivienda ya inflados. La probabilidad de otro recorte de tipos ha disminuido tras las actas del RBA. Enlaces de informes: Una visión contraria sobre el dólar australiano - 24 de mayo de 2019 Cuidado con los rendimientos marginales decrecientes - 19 de abril de 2019 Aún no fuera de peligro - 5 de abril de 2019 Dólar neozelandés Chart II-11 Técnicas NZD 1 Análisis técnico del NZD 1 Análisis técnico del NZD 1 Chart II-12 Técnicas NZD 2 Análisis técnico del NZD 2 Análisis técnico del NZD 2 Los datos recientes en Nueva Zelanda han sido negativos: Las llegadas de visitantes aumentaron 1.8% interanual en agosto, ligeramente por debajo del 2% del mes anterior. La inflación general se desaceleró a 1.5% interanual en el tercer trimestre. NZD/USD ha estado más o menos plano esta semana. Estrechamente ligada al crecimiento global, la moneda neozelandesa ha estado fluctuando con el vaivén de los titulares sobre el conflicto comercial EE. UU.-China. Los dos países acordaron un acuerdo parcial la semana pasada, sin embargo los detalles siguen siendo vagos. Si bien el kiwi es una moneda de alta beta, debería tener un rendimiento inferior en los cruces. Seguimos jugando la debilidad del kiwi a través del dólar australiano y la corona sueca. Enlaces de informes: USD/CNY y turbulencia del mercado - 9 de agosto de 2019 ¿Hacia dónde va el dólar estadounidense? - 7 de junio de 2019 Aún no fuera de peligro - 5 de abril de 2019 Dólar canadiense Chart II-13 Técnicas CAD 1 Técnicas de CAD 1 Técnicas de CAD 1 Chart II-14 Técnicas CAD 2 Análisis técnico CAD 2 Análisis técnico CAD 2 Los datos recientes en Canadá han sido relativamente fuertes: La tasa de desempleo disminuyó aún más a 5.5% en septiembre. Además, el salario medio por hora siguió creciendo 4.3% interanual, desde 3.8% en el mes anterior. Por último, se crearon 53.7K empleos en septiembre, muy por encima de las expectativas de 10K. Tanto la inflación general como la subyacente se mantuvieron sin cambios en 1.9% interanual en septiembre. El dólar canadiense se apreció 1% frente al dólar estadounidense, gracias a los positivos datos de empleo del pasado viernes. Todos los ojos están puestos en las elecciones federales de este mes, que podrían ser cruciales para el futuro del sector energético canadiense y las políticas medioambientales.  Enlaces de informes: Preservando capital durante puntos de disturbio - 6 de septiembre de 2019 Ajustes de cartera en un trading veraniego poco líquido - 5 de julio de 2019 Sobre el oro, el petróleo y las criptomonedas - 28 de junio de 2019 Franco suizo Chart II-15 Técnicas CHF 1 CHF Técnicos 1 CHF Técnicos 1 Chart II-16 Técnicas CHF 2 Análisis técnico CHF 2 Análisis técnico CHF 2 Los datos recientes en Suiza han sido positivos: El superávit comercial (excluyendo metales preciosos) se amplió bruscamente a CHF 2.88 mil millones en septiembre. Notablemente, las exportaciones suizas aumentaron 8.2% mensual a CHF 20.3 mil millones, lideradas por mayores ventas de productos químicos y farmacéuticos. Las importaciones suizas cayeron ligeramente 1.4% mensual a CHF 17.4 mil millones. Los precios al productor y de importación continuaron cayendo 2% interanual en septiembre. USD/CHF cayó 1% esta semana. El franco suizo seguirá librando una lucha entre ser una moneda defensiva y ser una herramienta de manipulación por parte del SNB. Nuestra estimación es que EUR/CHF 1.06 es un punto de estrés último.  Las carteras globales deberían mantener el franco suizo como seguro, por la sencilla razón de que la moneda es un rendimiento estructural superior. Enlaces de informes: Notas sobre el SNB - 4 de octubre de 2019 ¿Qué hacer con el franco suizo? - 17 de mayo de 2019 Cuidado con los rendimientos marginales decrecientes - 19 de abril de 2019 Corona noruega Chart II-17 Técnicas NOK 1 NOK Análisis técnico 1 NOK Análisis técnico 1 Chart II-18 Técnicas NOK 2 Análisis técnico de NOK 2 Análisis técnico de NOK 2 Los datos recientes en Noruega han sido deprimidos: La balanza comercial pasó a un déficit de NOK 1.2 mil millones en septiembre. Eso supone una disminución de NOK 24 mil millones interanual. La corona noruega se ha depreciado casi 1% frente al dólar estadounidense esta semana. Los precios de la energía se han mantenido bajos en las últimas semanas. Además, la balanza comercial noruega pasó a déficit por primera vez desde noviembre de 2017. Las exportaciones se desplomaron 19.5% interanual, debido a menores ventas de productos energéticos, mientras que las importaciones aumentaron 12.9% interanual. El mensaje es claro: Noruega sigue resistiendo bien a nivel doméstico, pero la dependencia de las exportaciones de petróleo introduce volatilidad en cualquier pronóstico de crecimiento. BCA ha revisado a la baja sus proyecciones del precio del petróleo para 2019, lo que ha disminuido el atractivo de la corona noruega. Estén atentos. Enlaces de informes: Algunas ideas de trading - 27 de sept. de 2019 Ajustes de cartera en un trading veraniego poco líquido - 5 de julio de 2019 Sobre el oro, el petróleo y las criptomonedas - 28 de junio de 2019 Corona sueca Chart II-19 Técnicas SEK 1 Análisis técnico del SEK 1 Análisis técnico del SEK 1 Chart II-20 Técnicas SEK 2 SEK Indicadores técnicos 2 SEK Indicadores técnicos 2 Los datos recientes en Suecia han sido neutrales: La tasa de desempleo se mantuvo sin cambios en 7.1% en septiembre. USD/SEK cayó 1.1% esta semana. Como la moneda con peor rendimiento del G-10 este año, la corona sueca ahora cotiza con un gran descuento respecto a su valor justo. Consulte nuestra sección principal de esta semana, que presenta un análisis en profundidad sobre la economía sueca y la corona. Enlaces de informes: ¿Hacia dónde va el dólar estadounidense? - 7 de junio de 2019 Balanza de pagos en el G10 - 15 de febrero de 2019 Un simple ranking de atractivo para las divisas - 8 de febrero de 201 Operaciones y previsiones Resumen de previsiones Cartera central Operaciones tácticas Órdenes límite Operaciones cerradas

Puntos destacados El acuerdo comercial interino de "fase 1" alcanzado la semana pasada representa un avance significativo hacia una distensión en la guerra comercial entre China y EE. UU. Independientemente de lo que ocurra después en las negociaciones del Brexit, se evitará una salida dura. Mantener posición larga en la libra. Es probable que el crecimiento de los beneficios en EE. UU. sea plano en el tercer trimestre, en contraste con las expectativas "bottom-up" de una caída interanual. El crecimiento de los beneficios debería repuntar a medida que el crecimiento global vuelva a acelerarse hacia fin de año. Un crecimiento global más fuerte presionará a la baja al dólar estadounidense. Mantener sobreponderación en acciones globales respecto a los bonos en un horizonte de 12 meses. Las acciones cíclicas deberían comenzar a superar a las defensivas. El sector financiero finalmente tendrá su momento de gloria. Vientos favorables del comercio En nuestra Perspectiva estratégica del cuarto trimestre publicada hace dos semanas, argumentamos que las acciones globales habían entrado en una fase de "demuéstramelo", lo que significa que sería necesaria evidencia tangible de una desescalada en la guerra comercial y una recuperación del crecimiento global para que los índices bursátiles subieran.1  Recibimos algunas noticias positivas en el frente comercial el pasado viernes. A cambio de suspender la subida prevista de aranceles del 15 de octubre del 25% al 30% sobre $250 mil millones de importaciones chinas, China acordó comprar entre $40 y $50 mil millones de dólares de productos agrícolas estadounidenses por año, mejorar el acceso al mercado para las empresas de servicios financieros de EE. UU. y aumentar la transparencia en la gestión del tipo de cambio. Admitimos que aún queda mucho por hacer. El texto del acuerdo aún no se ha finalizado. Ambas partes apuntan a concluir el pacto para la cumbre de la APEC en Santiago, Chile, los días 16 y 17 de noviembre. Teniendo en cuenta que quedan sin resolver una serie de cuestiones clave, incluyendo qué tipo de mecanismos de cumplimiento y resolución se incluirán en el acuerdo, son posibles más retrasos o incluso un colapso en las conversaciones. El acuerdo interino pactado la semana pasada también aplaza la espinosa cuestión de cómo manejar las protecciones de propiedad intelectual a una "fase 2" de las negociaciones programada para comenzar poco después de que se cierre la "fase 1". Según la independiente y bipartidista Comisión sobre el robo de la propiedad intelectual estadounidense, los productores de EE. UU. pierden entre $225 y $600 mil millones anuales por el robo de PI.2 China a menudo ha sido considerada entre los peores infractores. Dada la importancia del tema de la PI, será necesario un progreso significativo para asegurar que no se introduzcan aranceles del 15% sobre aproximadamente $160 mil millones de importaciones chinas el 15 de diciembre. Trump quiere un acuerdo A pesar de los muchos obstáculos que quedan, los acontecimientos de la semana pasada aumentan significativamente las probabilidades de una distensión en la guerra comercial de 18 meses. Como autoproclamado "maestro negociador", el presidente Trump ha puesto en juego su credibilidad al describir las negociaciones como un "festival de amor", llamar al pacto comercial "el mayor y mejor acuerdo jamás hecho para nuestros grandes y patrióticos agricultores" y decir que tiene "poca duda" de que se alcanzará un acuerdo final. Al igual que hizo con el sucesor del TLCAN, el USMCA —un acuerdo que es sustantivamente similar al que reemplazó— es probable que Trump pase a modo de promoción, pregonando el nuevo acuerdo "tremendo" que ha negociado en nombre del pueblo estadounidense. Desde el punto de vista político, esto tiene perfecto sentido. Con razón o sin ella, los votantes valoran más a Trump por su manejo de la economía que por cualquier otra cosa (Gráfico 1). Una guerra comercial prolongada socavaría la economía estadounidense y, por tanto, dañaría las perspectivas de reelección de Trump. Gráfico 1 Trump recibe calificaciones relativamente altas por su manejo de la economía, pero no por mucho más Kumbaya Kumbaya Gráfico 2 Las empresas chinas no están soportando la mayor parte de los aranceles Kumbaya Kumbaya A pesar de sus afirmaciones en sentido contrario, la evidencia sugiere firmemente que son los consumidores estadounidenses, más que las empresas chinas, quienes están pagando la mayor parte de los aranceles. Gráfico 2 muestra que los precios de importación de EE. UU. desde China apenas han disminuido, aun cuando las tasas arancelarias sobre las importaciones chinas han aumentado. En la medida en que las últimas rondas de aranceles se centran en bienes chinos para los que hay poca competencia en EE. UU. o en terceros países, la capacidad de los productores chinos para repercutir el coste de los aranceles solo aumentará. Si se implementaran todas las subidas de aranceles anunciadas, la tasa arancelaria efectiva sobre las importaciones chinas subiría desde alrededor del 15% a finales de agosto hasta un máximo del 25% en diciembre (Gráfico 3). Tal tasa arancelaria reduciría los ingresos disponibles de los hogares estadounidenses en más de $100 mil millones de dólares, borrando la mayor parte de las ganancias de los recortes fiscales de 2017. Trump no puede permitir que la guerra comercial llegue a ese punto. Gráfico 3 Las sucesivas rondas de aranceles han empezado a acumularse Las sucesivas rondas de aranceles han empezado a acumularse. Las sucesivas rondas de aranceles han empezado a acumularse. ¿China adoptará una postura dura? Un riesgo para una resolución favorable de la guerra comercial es que China vea cada vez más a Trump como desesperado por cerrar un acuerdo. Esto podría llevar a los chinos a adoptar una postura dura en las negociaciones. Aunque no se puede descartar este riesgo, lo atenuamos por tres razones: Primero, aunque los exportadores chinos han podido mantener cierto poder de fijación de precios durante la guerra comercial, los volúmenes comerciales han sufrido, con las exportaciones a EE. UU. cayendo casi un 22% interanual en septiembre. Segundo, como han demostrado las sanciones paralizantes contra ZTE, China sigue siendo muy dependiente de las tecnologías estadounidenses. Esto le da a Trump mucha palanca en las negociaciones comerciales. Gráfico 4 ¿Quién ganará la nominación demócrata de 2020? Kumbaya Kumbaya Tercero, como al propio Trump le gusta decir, a China le resultará más fácil negociar con él durante su primer mandato que en un segundo. Esperar que Trump perdiera su intento de reelección podría haber tenido sentido para China hace unos meses cuando Joe Biden iba por delante en las encuestas; pero ahora que Elizabeth Warren ha emergido como la favorita para asegurar la nominación demócrata, esa esperanza se ha desvanecido (Gráfico 4). Como señalamos hace varias semanas, es probable que China encuentre a Warren no menos problemática en asuntos comerciales que a Trump.3  Todo esto sugiere que China, al igual que Trump, buscará formas de enfriar las tensiones comerciales en las próximas semanas. ¿Avance en el Brexit? Cuando se cierra esta edición, las perspectivas de un acuerdo del Brexit han mejorado. Aunque los detalles aún no se han publicado, el acuerdo propuesto pondría efectivamente a Irlanda del Norte en una verdadera superposición cuántica donde está tanto en el mercado común europeo como en el Reino Unido al mismo tiempo. Esta hazaña se conseguiría manteniendo a Irlanda del Norte dentro de la jurisdicción política del Reino Unido pero aún alineada con las normas regulatorias de la UE. Las negociaciones aún podrían torcerse. A pesar de la garantía del primer ministro Boris Johnson de que logró "un gran nuevo acuerdo", el socio de coalición de los conservadores, el Partido Unionista Democrático de Irlanda del Norte, todavía está reteniendo su apoyo al pacto. El líder laborista Jeremy Corbyn también ha rechazado el acuerdo, diciendo que es aún peor que el pacto originalmente propuesto por Theresa May. Independientemente de lo que ocurra en los próximos días, seguimos pensando que se evitará un Brexit duro. A lo largo de todo el calvario del Brexit, hemos sostenido que no existía suficiente apoyo político dentro de la clase dirigente británica para un Brexit sin acuerdo. Esa convicción solo se ha reforzado a medida que los datos de opinión han revelado que una mayor proporción de votantes elegiría permanecer en la UE si se celebrara otro referéndum (Gráfico 5). Hemos mantenido una posición larga en la libra frente al euro desde el 3 de agosto de 2017. La operación ha ganado un 6.6% en este periodo. Los inversores deberían mantener esta posición. Basándonos en los diferenciales de tasas de interés reales, GBP/EUR debería cotizar cerca de 1.30 en lugar del nivel actual de 1.16 (Gráfico 6). Esperamos que el cruce se mueva hacia su valor justo a medida que disminuyan aún más los riesgos de un Brexit duro. Gráfico 5 Angustia por el Brexit: un caso de arrepentimiento por Brexit Angustia por el Brexit: Un caso de Bremorse Angustia por el Brexit: Un caso de Bremorse Gráfico 6 Importante potencial alcista en la libra Potencial Alcista Sustancial en la Libra Potencial Alcista Sustancial en la Libra   Mejoran las perspectivas de crecimiento global Gráfico 7 La desaceleración del crecimiento ha sido más pronunciada en los datos blandos La desaceleración del crecimiento ha sido más pronunciada en los datos suaves La desaceleración del crecimiento ha sido más pronunciada en los datos suaves Gráfico 8 La producción manufacturera se recupera en medio del desplome del ISM La producción manufacturera se recupera en medio de la caída del ISM La producción manufacturera se recupera en medio de la caída del ISM Una distensión en la guerra comercial y una resolución de la saga del Brexit deberían ayudar a sostener el crecimiento global. La debilidad en los datos económicos ha sido mucho más pronunciada en las medidas denominadas "blandas", como las encuestas empresariales, que en las medidas "duras" como la producción industrial (Gráfico 7). Notablemente, la producción manufacturera estadounidense se ha estabilizado en los últimos tres meses, aun cuando el índice manufacturero ISM se ha desplomado (Gráfico 8). A medida que el sentimiento se recupere, los datos blandos deberían mejorar. Las condiciones financieras globales se han relajado significativamente en los últimos cinco meses, en gran parte gracias al giro acomodaticio de la mayoría de los bancos centrales (Gráfico 9). El número neto de bancos centrales que recortan tasas suele adelantar al PMI manufacturero global entre 6 y 9 meses (Gráfico 10). Además, la decisión de la Fed de volver a comprar bonos del Tesoro aumentará la liquidez en dólares, contribuyendo así a unas condiciones financieras más laxas. Gráfico 9 Condiciones financieras más fáciles impulsarán el crecimiento global Condiciones financieras más favorables impulsarán el crecimiento mundial Condiciones financieras más favorables impulsarán el crecimiento mundial   Gráfico 10 Los efectos de la relajación de la política monetaria deberían filtrarse pronto a la economía Los efectos de la flexibilización de la política monetaria deberían llegar pronto a la economía. Los efectos de la flexibilización de la política monetaria deberían llegar pronto a la economía. Un estímulo chino reforzado también debería ayudar a activar el crecimiento global. El crecimiento del dinero y del crédito en China superó las expectativas en septiembre. El PBoC ha estado recortando los requisitos de reservas, lo que ha contribuido a reducir las tasas interbancarias. Es probable que se realicen nuevos recortes a la facilidad de financiación a medio plazo durante el resto de este año. Los cambios en el crecimiento del crédito chino adelantan al crecimiento global en aproximadamente nueve meses (Gráfico 11). Gráfico 11 El crédito chino debería apoyar la recuperación del crecimiento global El crédito chino debería respaldar la recuperación del crecimiento mundial El crédito chino debería respaldar la recuperación del crecimiento mundial Mantener sobreponderación en acciones globales Aunque el camino para finalizar un acuerdo de "fase 1" a tiempo para la cumbre de la APEC probablemente será accidentado, reiteramos nuestra recomendación de que los inversores sobreponderen acciones globales frente a bonos en un horizonte de 12 meses. Esperamos mejorar la valoración de las acciones de mercados emergentes (EM) y europeas en las próximas semanas una vez que veamos más evidencia de que el crecimiento global está tocando fondo. En última instancia, la trayectoria de las acciones dependerá de lo que ocurra con los beneficios. La temporada de resultados en EE. UU. comenzó esta semana. Hasta la semana pasada, los analistas esperaban que las EPS del S&P 500 disminuyeran un 4.6% en el tercer trimestre respecto al mismo trimestre del año anterior, según datos compilados por FactSet. Tenga en cuenta, sin embargo, que el crecimiento de las EPS ha superado las estimaciones en alrededor de cuatro puntos porcentuales desde 2015 (Gráfico 12). Por tanto, una apuesta razonable es que los beneficios estadounidenses se mantendrán planos este trimestre, superando una baja barrera de expectativas. Gráfico 12 Las EPS reales generalmente han superado las estimaciones Kumbaya Kumbaya Gráfico 13 Los beneficios y el PIB nominal tienden a moverse al unísono Las ganancias y el crecimiento del PIB nominal tienden a moverse al unísono Las ganancias y el crecimiento del PIB nominal tienden a moverse al unísono El hecho de que el 83% de las 63 empresas del S&P 500 que han informado beneficios hasta ahora hayan superado las estimaciones —mejor que la media histórica del 64%— respalda la opinión de que las estimaciones actuales para el tercer trimestre son demasiado pesimistas. Mirando hacia adelante, el crecimiento de los beneficios debería mejorar a medida que se acelere el crecimiento del PIB nominal (Gráfico 13). Las acciones europeas y de mercados emergentes generalmente superan al referente global cuando el crecimiento global mejora (Gráfico 14). Esto se debe a la naturaleza más cíclica de sus mercados bursátiles. Además, como moneda contracíclica, el dólar tiende a debilitarse en un entorno de crecimiento más rápido. Un dólar más débil beneficia de manera desproporcionada a las acciones cíclicas (Gráfico 15).   Gráfico 14 Las acciones de EM y de la zona euro suelen superar cuando mejora el crecimiento global Las acciones de los mercados emergentes y de la zona del euro suelen tener un mejor rendimiento cuando mejora el crecimiento global. Las acciones de los mercados emergentes y de la zona del euro suelen tener un mejor rendimiento cuando mejora el crecimiento global. Gráfico 15 Las acciones cíclicas superarán si el dólar se debilita Las acciones cíclicas tendrán mejor desempeño si el dólar se debilita Las acciones cíclicas tendrán mejor desempeño si el dólar se debilita Incluiríamos a los financieros en nuestra definición de sectores cíclicos. A medida que mejore el crecimiento global, los rendimientos de los bonos a largo plazo aumentarán en el margen. Dado que los bancos centrales no tienen prisa por subir las tasas, las curvas de rendimiento se empinarán. Esto impulsará los beneficios bancarios y los precios de las acciones (Gráfico 16). Las acciones cíclicas están actualmente bastante baratas en comparación con las defensivas (Gráfico 17). Del mismo modo, las acciones no estadounidenses son relativamente baratas en comparación con sus homólogas estadounidenses, incluso si se ajusta por diferencias en la composición sectorial entre regiones. Mientras que las acciones estadounidenses cotizan a 17.5 veces las ganancias a futuro, las acciones internacionales cotizan a un PER a futuro más atractivo de 13.7. La combinación de mayores rentabilidades por beneficios y tipos de interés más bajos en el extranjero implica que la prima de riesgo de la renta variable es aproximadamente dos puntos porcentuales más alta fuera de Estados Unidos (Gráfico 18). Gráfico 16 Curvas de rendimiento más empinadas beneficiarán a los financieros Curvas de rendimiento más pronunciadas beneficiarán al sector financiero Curvas de rendimiento más pronunciadas beneficiarán al sector financiero Gráfico 17 Las acciones cíclicas son más atractivas que las defensivas Las acciones cíclicas son más atractivas que las defensivas Las acciones cíclicas son más atractivas que las defensivas   Gráfico 18 La prima de riesgo de la renta variable es bastante alta, especialmente fuera de EE. UU. La prima de riesgo de las acciones es bastante alta, especialmente fuera de Estados Unidos. La prima de riesgo de las acciones es bastante alta, especialmente fuera de Estados Unidos. Esperamos mejorar la valoración de las acciones de mercados emergentes (EM) y europeas en las próximas semanas una vez que veamos más evidencia de que el crecimiento global está tocando fondo.   Peter Berezin, Jefe de Estrategia Global Estrategia Global de Inversiones peterb@bcaresearch.com Notas al pie 1Consulte Estrategia Global de Inversiones, “Perspectiva estratégica del cuarto trimestre de 2019: un mercado 'muéstrame',” con fecha 4 de octubre de 2019. 2 “Actualización del Informe de la Comisión sobre el Robo de la Propiedad Intelectual: El informe de la Commission on the Theft of American Intellectual Property,” The National Bureau of Asian Research, 2017. 3Consulte Global Investment Strategy Weekly Report, “Elizabeth Warren y los mercados,” con fecha 13 de septiembre de 2019. Estrategia & tendencias del mercado Modelo MacroQuant y puntajes subjetivos actuales Kumbaya Kumbaya Recomendaciones estratégicas Operaciones cerradas

Highlights New structural recommendation: long GBP/USD. The substantial Brexit discount in the pound makes it a long-term buy for investors who can tolerate near-term volatility. The most powerful equity play on a fading Brexit discount would be the U.K. homebuilders. Specifically, Persimmon still has a further 25 percent of upside. Take profits in long Euro Stoxx 50 versus Shanghai Composite. Within Europe, close the overweight to Switzerland and the underweight to the Netherlands. Stay overweight banks versus industrials. Stay overweight the Euro Stoxx 50 versus the Nikkei 225. Fractal trade: long NZD/JPY. Feature Chart of the WeekThe Pound Has Substantial Upside If The Brexit Discount Fades Carnival Says The Pound Is Cheap Carnival, the world’s largest cruise liner company, lists its shares on both the London and New York stock exchanges. But there is an apparent riddle: in London the shares trade on a forward PE of 8.8, while in New York they trade on 9.4. How can Carnival trade at different valuations on the two sides of the Atlantic when the market should instantly arbitrage the difference away? The answer to the riddle is that the London listing is quoted in pounds, the New York listing is quoted in dollars, while Carnival’s sales and profits are denominated in a mix of international currencies. Neither Brexit developments nor a potential Jeremy Corbyn led government will prevent the pound from rallying in the longer term.  Carnival is trading on a higher valuation in New York versus London because the market is expecting its mixed currency earnings to appreciate more in dollar terms than in pound terms. Put another way, the valuation differential is expecting the pound to appreciate versus the dollar to a ‘fair value’ of around $1.40 (Chart I-2). Likewise, BHP Billiton shares are trading on a higher valuation in their Sydney listing compared to their London listing. This valuation differential is expecting the pound to appreciate versus the Australian dollar to around A$2.00 (Chart I-3). Chart I-2Carnival Says The Pound Is Cheap Chart I-3BHP Billiton Says The Pound Is Cheap In other words, the market believes that neither Brexit developments nor a potential Jeremy Corbyn led government will prevent the pound from rallying in the longer term. We tend to agree. The Wrong Way To Pick Stock Markets… And The Right Way Before continuing with the pound’s prospects, let’s wander into the wider investment landscape. One important lesson from dual-listed companies like Carnival and BHP Billiton is that a multinational’s valuation will appear attractive in a market where the currency is structurally cheap.1 This lesson has deep ramifications. Today, multinationals dominate all the major stock markets, meaning that the entire stock market will appear cheap if its currency is cheap. The stock market will also appear cheap if it is skewed towards lower-valued sectors. But sectors trade on a low valuation for a reason – poor long-term growth prospects. Through the past decade, Japanese banks seemed a relative bargain, trading on a forward PE of less than half of that on personal products companies (Chart I-4). Yet Japanese banks were not a relative bargain. Quite the contrary. Through the past decade Japanese personal products have outperformed the banks by 500 percent! (Chart I-5) Chart I-4Japanese Banks Seemed A Relative Bargain... Chart I-5...But Japanese Banks Were Not A Relative Bargain Hence, beware of picking stock markets on the basis of observations such as ‘European stocks are cheaper than U.S. stocks’. Given that a stock market valuation is the result of its currency valuation and its sector composition, assessing relative value across major stock markets is extremely difficult, if not impossible. To repeat, Carnival appears to be trading at a valuation discount in London versus New York, but the cheapness is illusory. Here’s the right way to pick major stock markets. Identify your preferred sectors and currencies, and then pick the regional and country stock markets that are skewed to these preferred sectors and currencies. In this regard, large underweight sector skews also matter. For example, China and EM have a near-zero exposure to healthcare equities, so their performances tend to correlate negatively with that of the global healthcare sector – albeit the causality could run in either direction. Identify your preferred sectors and currencies, and then pick the regional and country stock markets that are skewed to these preferred sectors and currencies. In early May, we noticed that the extreme outperformance of technology versus healthcare was at a critical technical point at which there was a high probability of a trend reversal. This high conviction sector view implied overweight Europe versus China, as well as overweight Switzerland and underweight Netherlands within Europe (Chart I-6 and Chart I-7). Chart I-6When Tech Underperforms Healthcare, China Underperforms Switzerland Chart I-7When Tech Underperforms Healthcare, The Netherlands Underperforms Switzerland   Given that this sector trend reversal has played out exactly as anticipated, it is time to bank the profits:   Close long Euro Stoxx 50 versus Shanghai Composite. And within Europe, close the overweight to Switzerland and the underweight to the Netherlands. Right now, it is appropriate to overweight banks versus industrials. It is the pace of the bond yield’s decline that has weighed on bank performance this year. But if the sharpest decline in bond yields is behind us, as seems likely, then banks should fare better versus other cyclicals (Chart I-8). Chart I-8If The Sharpest Decline In Bond Yields Is Over, Banks Will Outperform Industrials Once again, this sector view carries an equity market implication: stay overweight the Euro Stoxx 50 versus the Nikkei 225 (Chart I-9). Chart I-9Euro Stoxx 50 Vs. Nikkei 225 = Global Banks In Euros Vs. Global Industrials In Yen The Pound Is A Long-Term Buy Back to the pound. The message from the dual listings of Carnival and BHP Billiton is that the pound is cheap, and this is neatly corroborated by the relationship between relative interest rates and the pound versus the euro and dollar. Based on the pre-Brexit relationship between relative real interest rates and the pound’s exchange rate, we can quantify the ‘Brexit discount’. Absent this discount, the pound would now be trading close to €1.30 and well north of $1.40 (Chart of the Week and Chart I-10). Chart I-10The Pound Has Substantial Upside If The Brexit Discount Fades In the Brexit psychodrama, we do not claim to know exactly how the next few days or weeks will play out. In the short term, Brexit is a classic non-linear system, and non-linear systems are inherently unpredictable. However, in the longer term we expect the Brexit discount to fade in any sort of transitioned resolution that allows the U.K. to adapt to a new trading relationship with the world, or alternatively to stay in a relationship broadly similar to the current one. Whatever the eventual endpoint is, the key requirement to remove the Brexit discount is to avoid a cliff-edge. We expect the Brexit discount to fade in any sort of transitioned resolution. The stumbling block to a resolution is that the three key actors – the EU, the U.K. government, and the U.K. parliament – have conflicting red lines, so the Brexit ‘Venn diagram’ has had no overlap. The EU will not countenance a customs border that divides Ireland; the current U.K. government wants a Free Trade Agreement, which implies casting away Northern Ireland into the EU customs union; and the current U.K. parliament – unless its intentions suddenly change – wants the whole of the U.K., including Northern Ireland, to remain in the EU customs union.   Given that the EU will not budge its red line, the only way to a lasting resolution is for the government and parliament red lines to realign, This could happen via parliament being willing to sacrifice Northern Ireland, via a second referendum, or via a general election in which the government’s intentions and/or the composition of parliament changed. Given a long enough investment horizon – 2 years or more – it is likely that the government and parliament will realign their red lines to a Free Trade Agreement or to a customs union, one way or another. On this basis, the substantial Brexit discount in the pound makes it a long-term buy for investors who can tolerate near-term volatility. Accordingly, today we are initiating a new structural recommendation: long GBP/USD.  For equity investors, the most powerful play on a fading Brexit discount would be the U.K. homebuilders (Chart I-11). Specifically, if the pound reached $1.40, Persimmon still has a further 25 percent of upside. Chart I-11U.K. Homebuilders Have Substantial Upside If The Brexit Discount Fades Fractal Trading System*  Based on its collapsed fractal structure, we anticipate a countertrend rally in NZD/JPY within the next 130 days. Accordingly, go long NZD/JPY setting a profit target of 3 percent and a symmetrical stop-loss. Chart I-12 For any investment, excessive trend following and groupthink can reach a natural point of instability, at which point the established trend is highly likely to break down with or without an external catalyst. An early warning sign is the investment’s fractal dimension approaching its natural lower bound. Encouragingly, this trigger has consistently identified countertrend moves of various magnitudes across all asset classes. The post-June 9, 2016 fractal trading model rules are: When the fractal dimension approaches the lower limit after an investment has been in an established trend it is a potential trigger for a liquidity-triggered trend reversal. Therefore, open a countertrend position. The profit target is a one-third reversal of the preceding 13-week move. Apply a symmetrical stop-loss. Close the position at the profit target or stop-loss. Otherwise close the position after 13 weeks. Use the position size multiple to control risk. The position size will be smaller for more risky positions.   * For more details please see the European Investment Strategy Special Report “Fractals, Liquidity & A Trading Model,” dated December 11, 2014, available at eis.bcaresearch.com. Dhaval Joshi, Chief European Investment Strategist dhaval@bcaresearch.com Footnotes 1 There are also several companies with dual listings in the U.K. and the euro area. Unfortunately, these valuation differentials have been temporarily distorted by the risk of a no-deal Brexit, in which EU27 investors may have been forbidden from trading in the U.K. listed shares. Fractal Trading System Cyclical Recommendations Structural Recommendations Fractal Trades Asset Performance Currency & Bond Equity Sector Country Equity Indicators Bond Yields Chart II-1Indicators To Watch - Bond Yields Chart II-2Indicators To Watch - Bond Yields Chart II-3Indicators To Watch - Bond Yields Chart II-4Indicators To Watch - Bond Yields   Interest Rate Chart II-5Indicators To Watch - Interest Rate Expectations Chart II-6Indicators To Watch - Interest Rate Expectations Chart II-7Indicators To Watch - Interest Rate Expectations Chart II-8Indicators To Watch - Interest Rate Expectations  

Highlights In this Weekly Report, we present our semi-annual chartbook of the BCA Central Bank Monitors. All of the Monitors are now below the zero line, indicating a growing need to ease global monetary policy (Chart of the Week). Central bankers have already gone down that path in several countries over the past few months (the U.S., the euro area, Australia and New Zealand), helping sustain the powerful 2019 rally in global bond markets. Feature With the global manufacturing & trade downturn now threatening to spill over into domestic demand in the major developed markets, policymakers will need to stay dovish to stave off recession. This will keep global bond yields at depressed levels in the near term, at least until widely-followed data like manufacturing PMIs stabilize and/or there is positive news on U.S.-China trade negotiations. Chart of the WeekStrong Pressures To Ease Global Monetary Policy Yields already discount a lot of bad economic news, however, and there is a ray of hope visible in the bottoming out of our global leading economic indicator. A sustainable bottom in global bond yields, though, will require some change in the current downward growth or inflation momentum highlighted in our Central Bank Monitors. Yields already discount a lot of bad economic news, however, and there is a ray of hope visible in the bottoming out of our global leading economic indicator. A sustainable bottom in global bond yields, though, will require some change in the current downward growth or inflation momentum highlighted in our Central Bank Monitors.  An Overview Of The BCA Central Bank Monitors* Chart 2Low Bond Yields Are Consistent With Our CB Monitors The BCA Central Bank Monitors are composite indicators designed to measure the cyclical growth and inflation pressures that can influence future monetary policy decisions. The economic data series used to construct the Monitors are not the same for every country, but the list of indicators generally measure the same things (i.e. manufacturing cycles, domestic demand strength, commodity prices, labor market conditions, exchange rates, etc). The data series are standardized and combined to form the Monitors. Readings above the zero line for each Monitor indicate pressures for central banks to raise interest rates, and vice versa. Through the nexus between growth, inflation, and market expectations of future interest rate changes, the Monitors do exhibit broad correlations to government bond yields in the Developed Markets (Chart 2). All of the Monitors are currently pointing in a bond-bullish direction, making them less useful as a country allocation tool within global bond portfolios. With easing pressures most intense in the euro area, given that the ECB Monitor has the lowest reading, our recommended overweight stance on core euro area government bonds (hedged into U.S. dollars) remains well supported. In each BCA Central Bank Monitor Chartbook, we include a new chart for each country that we have not shown previously. In this edition, we show the components of the Monitors, grouped into those focusing on economic growth and inflation, plotted against our central bank discounters that indicate the amount of rate cuts/hikes priced into global Overnight Index Swap (OIS) curves. Fed Monitor: Signaling A Need For More Cuts Our Fed Monitor has fallen below the zero line (Chart 3A), indicating that the Fed’s summer rate cuts were justified with more easing still required. The Monitor, however, has not yet fallen to levels seen during U.S. recessions and is more consistent with the below-trend growth periods in 2016 and the late-1990s. The views of the FOMC on U.S. monetary policy are more deeply divided now than has been seen in many years. The doves can point to slumping global growth, persistent trade uncertainty, contracting capital spending and falling inflation expectations as reasons to continue cutting rates. The hawks can look at continued labor market tightness, elevated asset prices and realized inflation rates holding near the Fed’s 2% inflation target (Chart 3B) as reasons to keep monetary policy steady. That mixed picture can be seen in the components of our Fed Monitor, with the growth components showing the biggest pressure for more rate cuts compared to more stable readings from the inflation and financial components (Chart 3C). Chart 3AU.S.: Fed Monitor Chart 3BU.S. Realized Inflation Holding Firm Chart 3CGreatest Pressure For Fed Rate Cuts From Growth Components Of Our Fed Monitor The U.S. Treasury market may have gotten ahead of itself after the latest decline in yields, which looks stretched versus the Fed Monitor. The U.S. Treasury market may have gotten ahead of itself after the latest decline in yields, which looks stretched versus the Fed Monitor (Chart 3D). We still expect the Fed to deliver just one more rate cut at the FOMC meeting at the end of October, as the “hard” U.S. data is outpeforming the “soft” data like the weak ISM surveys. That leaves Treasury yields vulnerable to some rebound if global growth stabilizes, although that is conditional on no new breakdown of the U.S.-China trade negotiations – a factor that continues to weigh on U.S. business confidence. Chart 3DTreasury Yields More Than Fully Discount Fed Easing Pressures BoE Monitor: Easier Policy Needed Our Bank of England (BoE) Monitor, which was in the “tighter money required” zone from 2016-18, has been below the zero line since April of this year (Chart 4A). The market agrees with the message from the Monitor and is now pricing in -12bps of rate cuts over the next twelve months. The relentless uncertainty surrounding Brexit has triggered sharp downgrades of growth expectations and weakened business confidence, which the BoE is now factoring into its own projections. In the August Inflation Report, the BoE lowered its 2020 inflation forecast to below 2% - no surprise given the sharp fall in realized inflation that has already occurred even as economic growth has still not yet fallen substantially below trend (Chart 4B). Chart 4AU.K.: BoE Monitor Chart 4BFalling U.K. Inflation Opens The Door To A BoE Ease Still, weakening growth components have been the main driver of the BoE Monitor into rate cut territory (Chart 4C). While a strong jobs market is helping support consumer spending, the Brexit turmoil is having a lasting impact on future growth. Since the 2016 Brexit referendum, business confidence and real business investment have collapsed which, in turn, has hurt productivity growth, as we discussed in a Special Report last month.1 Chart 4CBrexit Uncertainty + Slumping Growth = Pressure For BoE Rate Cuts The uncertainty around Brexit dominates the economic outlook and any future BoE decisions. Our Geopolitical Strategy service anticipates that Brexit will be delayed beyond October 31st. As a result, uncertainty will continue to weigh on Gilt yields, even though yields have already fallen in line with our BoE Monitor (Chart 4D). We continue to recommend an overweight stance on U.K. Gilts. Chart 4DGilt Yields Have Fallen In Line With Our BoE Monitor ECB Monitor: Intense Pressure For Easier Monetary Policy Our European Central Bank (ECB) Monitor is now well below the zero line, signaling a strong need for easier monetary policy (Chart 5A). The global manufacturing downturn has hit the export-dependent economies of the euro area hard, with Germany now likely in a technical recession. Our European Central Bank (ECB) Monitor is now well below the zero line, signaling a strong need for easier monetary policy. Despite the weaker growth momentum, there remains far less spare capacity in the euro area economy than at any time since before the 2009 global recession (Chart 5B). This is keeping realized inflation in positive territory, in contrast to what was seen during the previous downturn in 2015-16. Chart 5AEuro Area: ECB Monitor Chart 5BEuro Area Inflation Is Subdued, Despite Tight Labor Markets The ECB has already responded to the weakening growth & inflation pressures, introducing a new TLTRO program back in March and then cutting the overnight deposit rate and restarting its Asset Purchase Program in September. The latest policy moves were reported to be more contentious, with the “hard money” northern euro area countries opposed to restarting bond purchases. The new incoming ECB President, Christine Lagarde, will likely have her hands full trying to gain consensus on any further easing measures from here, even as both the growth and inflation components of our ECB Monitor indicate that more stimulus is needed (Chart 5C). Chart 5CA Consistent Message On The Need For Future ECB Easing From Growth & Inflation The big decline in euro area bond yields, which has pushed large swaths of sovereign yields into negative territory, does not look particularly stretched relative to the plunge in the ECB Monitor (Chart 5D). Without signs that the global manufacturing downturn is ending, however, euro area yields will stay mired at current deeply depressed levels. We recommend a moderate overweight on core European government bonds, on a currency-hedged basis into U.S. dollars. Chart 5DBund Rally Looks In Line With The ECB Monitor BoJ Monitor: A Rate Cut On The Horizon? Our Bank of Japan (BoJ) Monitor has drifted slightly below the zero line into “rate cut required” territory (Chart 6A). Over the past few years, the BoJ’s monetary policy has remained unchanged for the most part and its messaging has grown less dovish, citing an expanding economy. However, recent Japanese economic data shows widespread deterioration in growth momentum, as the nation has been hit hard by the global manufacturing and trade recession. Yet even with weaker growth, Japan’s unemployment rate keeps hitting all-time lows. This has not helped boost inflation much, though, with Japan’s CPI inflation still struggling to reach even the 1% level (Chart 6B). Still, the latest leg lower in our BoJ Monitor has been driven by the growth, rather than inflation, components (Chart 6C). Chart 6AJapan: BoJ Monitor Chart 6BNo Spare Capacity In Japan, But Still No Inflation Weakening confidence has resulted in significant declines in both consumer spending and business investment. Due to the struggling domestic economy, it was expected that the Abe government would postpone the scheduled consumption tax hike, but it was finally initiated on October 1st. The timing could not be worse given the ongoing contraction in global manufacturing and trade activity that has clearly spilled over into Japan’s export and industrially-focused economy. Chart 6CThe Slumping Japanese Economy Could Use Some More BoJ Assistance The BoJ will likely try and deliver some sort of easing in the next few months, but its options are limited after years of already hyper-easy policy. A modest rate cut is likely all that will be delivered, on top of a continuation of the Yield Curve Control policy. That will be enough to keep JGB yields at depressed levels (Chart 6D), even if global yields were to begin climbing. Chart 6DJGB Yields Look Fairly Valued Vs The BoJ Monitor BoC Monitor: Rate Cuts Needed, But Will The BoC Deliver? The Bank of Canada (BoC) Monitor has been below zero since April of this year, indicating a need for easier monetary policy (Chart 7A). Although the BoC has maintained its policy rate at 1.75%, dovish Fed policy and softening domestic economic growth are making it harder for the BoC to continue sitting on its hands Although the Canadian labor market remains solid, household consumption has continued to weaken alongside falling consumer confidence. However, the inflation rate for both headline and core CPI measures is still hovering near the mid-point of BoC 1-3% target range (Chart 7B). Chart 7ACanada: BoC Monitor Chart 7BRising Inflation Making The BoC’s Job Harder At the moment, our BoC Monitor is more influenced by weaker growth components than stabilizing inflation components (Chart 7C). Similar mixed messages are also evident in other data. According to the latest BoC Business Outlook Survey, the overall outlook has edged up to the historical average,2 but real capex growth remains in negative territory and manufacturing new orders are still falling. In contrast, the Canadian labor market remains tight and both wage and price inflation are holding firm. Chart 7CBoC Growth & Inflation Components Signaling Moderate Pressure To Ease Canadian government bonds have rallied strongly this year, but the yield momentum has appeared to overshoot the decline in our BoC Monitor (Chart 7D). The Canadian OIS curve is discounting -27bps of rate cuts over the next twelve months, but the BoC is not signaling that they will ease. We upgraded our recommended stance on Canadian government bonds to neutral back in May, and we see no need to alter that view without further evidence of more deterioration in Canadian growth or inflation data.3 Chart 7DCanadian Bond Rally Looks A Bit Stretched RBA Monitor: Expect Another Cut The Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) Monitor has been below the zero line since September 2018, indicating a need for easier monetary policy (Chart 8A). The RBA has already delivered on that signal this year, cutting the Cash Rate twice to an all-time low of 0.75%. Markets are still expecting more, with the Australian OIS curve discounting another -29bps of cuts over the next year, although most of those cuts are expected to occur within the next six months. The signal from our RBA Monitor suggests that Australian bond yields should remain under downward pressure, although the yield momentum has been excessive relative to the fall in the Monitor. Both headline and core CPI inflation remain below the RBA’s 2-3% target range (Chart 8B), and the central bank continues to lower its inflation forecasts, suggesting an entrenched dovish bias. Chart 8AAustralia: RBA Monitor Chart 8BNo Inflation For The RBA To Worry About The latest downturn in our RBA Monitor is related to declines in both the inflation and growth components (Chart 8C). The weakness in the growth components is led by falling exports to Asia, in addition to the sharp drop in house prices in the major cities. The fall in the inflation components reflects both weak inflation expectations and spare capacity in labor markets. Chart 8CA Loud & Clear Message On The Need For RBA Easing The signal from our RBA Monitor suggests that Australian bond yields should remain under downward pressure, although the yield momentum has been excessive relative to the fall in the Monitor (Chart 8D). Australia’s economy will not begin to outperform again, however, until China’s current growth slump starts to bottom out, which is unlikely to occur until the first quarter of 2020 at the earliest. Thus, we expect the RBA to deliver another rate cut before the end of the year, justifying a continued overweight stance on Australian government bonds. Chart 8DA Lot Of Bad News Discounted In Australian Bond Yields RBNZ Monitor: More Easing To Come Our Reserve Bank of New Zealand (RBNZ) monitor remains well below zero, indicating that easier monetary policy is still required (Chart 9A). The central bank has already delivered two rate cuts this year: a -25bps cut in May and, more importantly, a shock rate cut of -50bps in August. Forward guidance remains dovish, with RBNZ Governor Adrian Orr signaling more easing is likely and even hinting at negative rates in the future. This rhetoric is reflected in the NZ OIS curve, which is pricing in a further -42bps of easing over the next twelve months. High inflation is not a constraint for the RBNZ. Both headline and core measures of inflation are currently at 1.7% (Chart 9B). As the RBNZ targets a 1-3% range over the medium term, the prospect of overshooting the 2% longer-term target will not restrict policymakers from acting as appropriate to boost growth. Chart 9ANew Zealand: RBNZ Monitor Chart 9BNZ Inflation Creeping Higher Most of the pressure to ease has come from the continued deterioration in the growth component of our RBNZ Monitor (Chart 9C), reflecting weakness in manufacturing and consumption. The manufacturing PMI is currently in contractionary territory at 48.4, having fallen almost five points since February of this year. Annual growth in retail sales has been slowing for the past two years while consumer confidence is at 7-year lows. Chart 9CWeak Growth Is The Reason RBNZ Rate Cuts Are Needed We feel confident in reiterating our bullish recommendation on NZ government bonds versus U.S. and German sovereign debt. The RBNZ Monitor suggests that policy will stay dovish for some time, while NZ yields still offer a relatively attractive yield, unlike deeply overbought Treasuries and Bunds (Chart 9D). Chart 9DStill A Bullish Case For New Zealand Government Bonds Riksbank Monitor: Watching And Waiting Our Riksbank Monitor remains very slightly below zero and the market is currently priced for -4bps of rate cuts over the next year (Chart 10A). The Riksbank has decided to hold the Repo Rate constant at -0.25% while forecasting a hike towards the end of this year or the beginning of 2020. Given the policy environment, rate cuts remain unlikely. At most, the Riksbank can further delay rate hikes if the data continues to disappoint. The Riksbank noted in its September Monetary Policy Report that the unexpectedly weak development of the labor market indicates that resource utilization will normalize sooner than expected. This is reflected in Chart 10B, where the unemployment gap is now negative. Meanwhile, inflation readings are giving a mixed signal for the central bank. While the headline CPI measure has declined precipitously year-to-date, owing to the dramatic fall in oil prices, core inflation has continued to climb steadily. Chart 10ASweden: Riksbank Monitor Chart 10BMixed Messages From Swedish Inflation As a result, the inflation components of our Riksbank monitor - driven by a spike in the Citigroup Inflation Surprise Index, wage growth hooking upward and inflation expectations holding firm around 2% - are signaling the need for tighter monetary policy (Chart 10C). However, the growth components – led by weak exports, employment, and manufacturing data - are exerting pressure in the opposite direction. This is evident in the Swedish Manufacturing PMI, which tumbled from 51.8 to 46.3 in September, deep into contractionary territory. Chart 10CThere Is A Reason Why The Riksbank Has Been On Hold Keeping in mind the inflation constraint, it remains unlikely that the Riksbank will cut rates unless the economic data disappoints more significantly to the downside. This should help put a floor under Swedish bond yields in the near term (Chart 10D). Chart 10DSwedish Yields Have Fallen Too Far, Too Fast Robert Robis, CFA Chief Fixed Income Strategist rrobis@bcaresearch.com   Ray Park, CFA Research Analyst ray@bcaresearch.com   Shakti Sharma Research Associate shaktis@bcaresearch.com Footnotes * NOTE: All information in this report reflects our knowledge of global events as of Thursday, October 10. 1 Please see BCA Global Fixed Income Strategy Special Report “United Kingdom: Cyclical Slowdown Or Structural Malaise?” dated September 20, 2019, available at gfis.bcaresearch.com. 2https://www.bankofcanada.ca/2019/06/business-outlook-survey-summer-2019/ 3 Please see BCA Global Fixed Income Weekly Report, “Reconcilable Differences” dated May 8, 2019, available at gfis.bcaresearch.com. Recommendations The GFIS Recommended Portfolio Vs. The Custom Benchmark Index Duration Regional Allocation Spread Product Tactical Trades Yields & Returns Global Bond Yields Historical Returns

Highlights The world remains mired in a manufacturing recession. This has historically not been bullish for pro-cyclical currencies. The velocity of money in the euro area will need to rise vis-à-vis the U.S. to confirm a bottom in EUR/USD. Watch the gold/silver ratio in timing this shift. Feature The view on the dollar has hardly ever been more polarized. In the bullish camp are those who believe expected returns are currently highest in the U.S., whether in the bond, equity, or real estate markets. As such, deployment of fresh capital will naturally gravitate towards the U.S. Meanwhile, the bearish side has to contend with the fact that the dollar is expensive, the Federal Reserve is about to expand dollar liquidity, and central banks keep diversifying out of their dollar holdings at a rampant pace. Both camps make quite strong arguments. However, there is little discussion about how these trends will affect relative prices between the U.S. and its trading partners. Exchange rates constantly oscillate to equate prices between any two nations. And the most important of those prices is that of money or interest rates. Forecasting relative interest rates can be an arduous task, but at a minimum, one can observe whether they are in equilibrium or not. In this report, we do it via one lens: the velocity of money, with specific application to the EUR/USD exchange rate.    EUR/USD And The Velocity Of Money The velocity of money (V) is a difficult concept to define, but can be summarized by Irving Fisher’s classical equation MV=PQ, where P is the price level in the economy, Q is output, and M is the money supply. In other words, V=PQ/M. Classical monetarists believe that the velocity of money should exhibit a high degree of stability, allowing central banks to control prices by simply altering the money supply. However, over the past few decades, there has been no correlation between prices and money supply, at least in the U.S., which seems to suggest V has a life of its own.  Chart I-1Money Velocity And Interest Rates There are many debates on how to interpret the velocity of money, but it is generally accepted that it is related to interest rates. If money supply is expanding faster than output, then it must be that interest rates are falling, assuming the latter are the price of money. Ergo, one way to regard V is as the interest rate required by the underlying economy (the neutral rate), since it is measured using economic variables, while long rates are priced in the financial arena. Put another way, once economic agents start to increase the turnover of money in the system, it is an endogenous sign that the economy requires higher rates, similar to the signal from rising inflation. Ever since the European debt crisis, the velocity of money in the euro area has collapsed relative to that in the U.S. In the financial world, relative long bond yields have followed suit in tight correlation (Chart I-1). In a nutshell, the relative demand for holding money, perhaps precautionary demand, has been extremely high in the euro area, such that all the increase in relative money supply has been absorbed by falling relative velocity. Put another way, the neutral rate of interest in the euro area has been falling relative to that in the U.S. The velocity of money is observed ex-post, meaning it is not very useful as a forecasting tool. However, if we accept the premise that it measures the underlying neutral rate of interest in an economy, then observing it offers powerful insight into the underlying fundamental trends for any economy. One conclusion from this could be that outgoing European Central Bank President Mario Draghi might be justified in his delivery of powerful monetary stimulus last month, despite the rising chorus of dissent from the governing council. Chart I-2Structural Slowdown In European Growth Chart I-2 plots the relative growth performance of the euro area versus the U.S. superimposed with the exchange rate. The result is very evident: The collapse in the euro since the financial crisis has been driven by falling growth differentials between the Eurozone and the U.S. There is little the central bank can do about deteriorating demographic trends, but it can do something about falling productivity. One of those things is to lower the cost of capital in the entire Eurozone, such that it makes sense even for the less productive peripheral countries to borrow and invest. Of course, dynamics in the euro area are much more complex than this simple analogy, since rates do little to boost total factor productivity, and the capital stock in the euro area is quite high. But the fact that the biggest increase in investment since the end of the European debt crisis has been in the periphery is non-negligible evidence. A weaker exchange rate also helps. Global trade growth peaked in 2011, which means that since then, one of the few ways for countries to expand their trade pie has been via a “beggar thy neighbor” policy. Both the Germans and the Japanese are automobile geniuses. So, at the margin, the decision for an indifferent buyer comes down to cost. Chart I-3 shows that ever since the European debt crisis, the relative exchange rate between Japan and the euro area has followed the relative balance sheet expansion and contraction of both central banks. Until now, the Bank of Japan’s balance sheet was slated to expand much faster than that of the ECB. This would have been a powerful and unnecessary upward force on the EUR/JPY exchange rate, in the face of a trade war. Ever since the European debt crisis, the relative exchange rate between Japan and the euro area has followed the relative balance sheet expansion and contraction of both central banks. EUR/USD could face some near-term downside, judging from the spread between German bunds and Treasury yields (Chart I-4). Admittedly, hedged yields still favor the Eurozone over the U.S., especially in the periphery, but that advantage is fading rapidly. More importantly, yields across the periphery are converging rapidly towards those in Germany, solving a critical dilemma that has always plagued the Eurozone in general, and the euro in particular. In simple terms, ECB policy has historically always been too easy for some member countries while too stimulative for others. This has traditionally led to internal friction for the currency. However, with 10-year government bond yields in France, Spain, and even Portugal now at -26 basis points, 15 basis points and 14 basis points, respectively, this dilemma is slowly fading. Chart I-3ECB Action May Have Stalled A Euro Overshoot Chart I-4EUR/USD And ##br##Interest Rates The drop in the neutral rate of interest for the Eurozone versus the U.S. might have to do with internal dynamics in the euro area, but part of the reason may also lie in the performance of the manufacturing sector versus the services industry over the past few years. The end of the commodity bull market earlier this decade, the peak in global trade – partly driven by  China’s deliberate efforts to shift its economy more towards services, and the proliferation of “capital-lite” firms has decimated the manufacturing sector around the world. This maybe explains the underperformance of the Eurozone versus the U.S. It is clear that part of this shift is structural, but there has also been a cyclical component. Together with a lot of our leading indicators, one way to time the reversal will be to watch relative money velocity trends – between the U.S., the euro area, and China, for example. This brings us to the ratio of gold prices versus silver. Bottom Line: The world remains mired in a manufacturing recession. This has historically not been bullish for pro-cyclical currencies. The velocity of money in the euro area will need to rise vis-à-vis the U.S. to confirm a bottom in EUR/USD. Gold Versus Silver Chart I-5GSR At A Speculative Extreme The gold/silver ratio (GSR) was in a race towards major overhead resistance at 100 this summer, but finally hit a three-decade high of 93.3 and is now showing tentative signs of a reversal. The history of these reversals is that they tend to be powerful, quick, and extremely volatile (Chart I-5). This not only paves the way for an excellent entry point to short gold versus silver, but provides important information on the battleground between easing financial conditions and a pick-up in economic (or manufacturing) activity. In short, it provides insight on when to buy pro-cyclical currencies. Just like gold, silver benefits from low interest rates, plentiful liquidity, and the incentive for currency wars and fiat money debasement. However, the gold/silver ratio tends to rally ahead of an economic slowdown, but then peaks when growth is still weak but liquidity conditions are plentiful enough to affect the outlook for future global growth. Of course, a key assumption is that the global economy fends off a recession, which could otherwise sustain a high and rising GSR. The ratio of the velocity of money between the U.S. and China has tended to track the gold/silver ratio in a tight embrace. The ratio of the velocity of money between the U.S. and China has tended to track the gold/silver ratio in a tight embrace (Chart I-6). A falling ratio signifies that the number of times money is changing hands in China outpaces the number in the U.S. This also tends to coincide with a pickup in manufacturing activity, for the simple reason that silver has more industrial uses (Chart I-7).  Chart I-6Falling GSR = Rising Manufacturing Activity Chart I-7No Recession = Buy Silver A falling dollar also tends to benefit silver more than gold, because silver generally rises faster than gold during precious metal bull markets. Part of the reason is that the silver market is thinner and more volatile, with futures open interest that is about one-third that of gold. Put another way, volatility in silver has always been historically higher than gold (Chart I-8), just as manufacturing and exports tend to be the most volatile part of any economy. Chart I-8Silver Is More Volatile Than Gold This brings us to the sweet spot for silver (and procyclical currencies). Even if global growth remains tepid over the next few months, a lot of the bad news is already reflected in a high GSR, meaning the potential for upside will have to be nothing short of a deep recession. Relative speculative positioning hit a high of 36% of open interest and has been rolling over since. Relative sentiment hit a high of 33% and is also rolling over. More often than not, confirmation from both these indicators has led to a selloff in the GSR (Chart I-9). Chart I-9Tentative Signs Of A Top If global growth bottoms, then the rise in silver prices could be explosive. Silver fabrication demand benefits from new industries such as solar and a flourishing “cloud” industry that are capturing the new manufacturing landscape (Chart I-10). Meanwhile, we are entering a window where any pickup in demand could lead to a sizeable increase in the silver physical deficit. The sharp fall in silver scrap supply is an indication that the supply bottleneck is becoming acute (Chart I-11). Chart I-10Silver Fabrication Demand Uptrend Chart I-11Physical Silver Is In Deficit As for speculators, ETF demand for silver has just started to pick up, meaning the prospect for a speculative buying frenzy is significant. Similarly, in Shanghai, turnover in both gold and silver has been muted – fitting evidence that there has been a dearth of Asian physical demand, from Hong Kong to India (Chart I-12). We are following this turnover closely as it could be a good indication of a turnaround. Chart I-12Silver Turnover Is Low In Asia Bottom Line: A falling GSR provides important information about the battleground between easing financial conditions and a pickup in economic activity. We remain bullish on both gold and silver, but a trading opportunity has opened up for a short GSR position. Place a limit sell at 90.   Chester Ntonifor, Foreign Exchange Strategist chestern@bcaresearch.com Currencies U.S. Dollar Chart II-1USD Technicals 1 Chart II-2USD Technicals 2 Recent data in the U.S. have been mostly negative: Average hourly earnings growth fell from 3.2% year-on-year to 2.9% in September. Nonfarm payrolls decreased to 136,000, while the unemployment rate fell to a 50-year low of 3.5%. The trade deficit marginally widened to $54.9 billion in August. The NFIB’s business optimism index fell to 101.8 in September, down from 103.1 in August. Producer prices for final demand fell by 0.3% month-on-month in September. Services decreased by 0.2% while goods fell by 0.4%.  Initial jobless claims fell to 210,000 for the week ended October 4th. Both headline and core inflation were unchanged at 1.7% and 2.4% year-on-year in September. The DXY index increased by 0.1% this week. Fed chair Jerome Powell said in a speech on Tuesday that the Fed will begin increasing its securities holdings to maintain an appropriate level of reserves in order to avoid another cash supply shock. Balance sheet expansion may eventually help weaken the greenback. Report Links: Preserving Capital During Riot Points - September 6, 2019 Has The Currency Landscape Shifted? - August 16, 2019 USD/CNY And Market Turbulence - August 9, 2019 The Euro Chart II-3EUR Technicals 1 Chart II-4EUR Technicals 2 Recent data in the euro area have continued to disappoint: The Sentix confidence index in the euro area fell further to -16.8 in October.  German factory orders contracted by 6.7% year-on-year in August, while industrial production fell by 4% year-on-year. The trade surplus narrowed by roughly €2 billion to €18 billion in August. In France, the trade deficit widened by €0.5 billion to €5 billion in August. Industrial output fell by 0.9% month-on-month in August.  The EUR/USD increased by 0.4% this week. The incoming data are sending the same old message: that while services and domestic demand are holding up, manufacturing and exports continue to underperform. In an interview this week, European Central Bank Vice President Luis de Guindos stated that the ECB still has further headroom to ease policy.  Report Links: A Few Trade Ideas - Sept. 27, 2019 Battle Of The Central Banks - June 21, 2019 EUR/USD And The Neutral Rate Of Interest - June 14, 2019 Japanese Yen Chart II-5JPY Technicals 1 Chart II-6JPY Technicals 2 Recent data in Japan have been mixed: Both the coincident index and leading index fell to 99.3 and 91.7 in August. Labor cash earnings contracted by 0.2% year-on-year in August. The current account balance also widened to a surplus of ¥2.2 trillion in August. The ECO Watchers Survey shows an improvement of the current situation to 46.7 in September. However, the outlook index fell further to 36.9. Preliminary machine tool orders contracted by 35.5% year-on-year in September. The USD/JPY increased by 0.6% this week. The Bank of Japan is likely to introduce additional stimulus via stronger forward guidance. But the path of least resistance for the yen before then is down. Report Links: A Few Trade Ideas - Sept. 27, 2019 Has The Currency Landscape Shifted? - August 16, 2019 Portfolio Tweaks Into Thin Summer Trading - July 5, 2019 British Pound Chart II-7GBP Technicals 1 Chart II-8GBP Technicals 2 Recent data in the U.K. have been dismal: Halifax house prices contracted by 0.4% month-on-month in September. Retail sales decreased by 1.7% year-on-year in September. Industrial production continued to fall by 1.8% year-on-year in August. Manufacturing production also decreased by 1.7% year-on-year. GDP fell by 0.1% month-on-month in August. The GBP/USD fell by 0.8% this week, weighed by Brexit uncertainties and weaker incoming data. Moreover, the FPC meeting minutes released this Wednesday highlighted the downside risks associated with a disorderly Brexit, including material debt vulnerabilities, structural illiquidity, and reduced space for monetary policy. The pound is extremely cheap, but volatility will persist in the near term. Report Links: A Few Trade Ideas - Sept. 27, 2019 United Kingdon: Cyclical Slowdown Or Structural Malaise? - Sept. 20, 2019 Battle Of The Central Banks - June 21, 2019 Australian Dollar Chart II-9AUD Technicals 1 Chart II-10AUD Technicals 2 Recent data in Australia have been negative: The NAB’s business conditions index increased to 2 from 1 in September. However, the NAB confidence index fell to zero. The Westpac consumer confidence reading also plunged by 5.5% to 92.8 in October, its lowest since mid-2016.  Home loans grew by 1.8% month-on-month in August, following a monthly increase of 5% in July. The AUD/USD has been flat this week. Our bias remains pro-cyclical and we are constructive on the Aussie dollar from a contrarian perspective, especially against the kiwi. As an export-oriented economy, the Australian dollar is likely to respond well to positive U.S.-China trade talks. Report Links: A Contrarian View On The Australian Dollar - May 24, 2019 Beware Of Diminishing Marginal Returns - April 19, 2019 Not Out Of The Woods Yet - April 5, 2019 New Zealand Dollar Chart II-11NZD Technicals 1 Chart II-12NZD Technicals 2 There is scant data from New Zealand this week: The Inflation gauge was unchanged at 0.3% month-on-month in September. The NZD/USD has been flat this week. As a small, open economy, New Zealand is highly tied to global growth, and heavily weighed down by the U.S.-China trade war. We continue to be long AUD/NZD however as a play on relative valuation. Report Links: USD/CNY And Market Turbulence - August 9, 2019 Where To Next For The U.S. Dollar? - June 7, 2019 Not Out Of The Woods Yet - April 5, 2019 Canadian Dollar Chart II-13CAD Technicals 1 Chart II-14CAD Technicals 2 Recent data in Canada have been relatively strong: Exports and imports both increased in August. However, the trade deficit narrowed to C$0.96 billion in August from C$1.38 billion in July. The Ivey PMI fell to 48.7 in September, down from 60.6 in August. Building permits grew by 6.1% month-on-month in August. New housing prices contracted by 0.3% year-on-year in August. The USD/CAD fell by 0.1% this week, as Canada is gearing up for a federal election on October 21st. The latest opinion polls show the Liberal Party still ahead with 34.2% of votes, followed by the Conservative Party, closely behind. Our colleagues in Commodity & Energy Strategy point out that the most positive outcome for the Canadian energy sector is a Conservative majority. Our baseline scenario remains a second Trudeau term, producing a status quo result that does not materially change our energy sector outlook. Report Links: Preserving Capital During Riot Points - September 6, 2019 Portfolio Tweaks Into Thin Summer Trading - July 5, 2019 On Gold, Oil And Cryptocurrencies - June 28, 2019 Swiss Franc Chart II-15CHF Technicals 1 Chart II-16CHF Technicals 2 Recent data in Switzerland have been positive: The unemployment rate came in at 2.3% in September, the lowest over the past 18 years. USD/CHF has been more or less flat this week. As we argued in last week’s report, the Swiss domestic economy is holding up well. However, due to the highly export-driven nature of the Swiss economy, the Swiss National Bank is likely to weaponize its currency to keep tradeable goods prices in a favorable range. We will go long EUR/CHF at 1.06. Stay tuned.   Report Links: Notes On The SNB - October 4, 2019 What To Do About The Swiss Franc? - May 17, 2019 Beware Of Diminishing Marginal Returns - April 19, 2019 Norwegian Krone Chart II-17NOK Technicals 1 Chart II-18NOK Technicals 2 Recent data in Norway have been mostly negative: Manufacturing output contracted by 1.1% month-on-month in August. Headline inflation slowed to 1.5% year-on-year in September. Core inflation, however, increased to 2.2% year-on-year. The producer price index increased by 3.6% month-on-month in September. The Norwegian krone continues to trade offside against the U.S. dollar, due to broad dollar resilience and weak oil prices. The USD/NOK increased by 0.2% this week. The EIA posted an increase of 2.9 million barrels in crude oil stocks this week, following an increase of 3.1 million barrels last week, much higher than expected. The increase in oil supply, together with a quick recovery of Saudi oil facilities are viewed as near-term bearish for oil prices. But if demand is able to recover, this will be positive. Remain long petrocurrencies for now. Report Links: A Few Trade Ideas - Sept. 27, 2019 Portfolio Tweaks Into Thin Summer Trading - July 5, 2019 On Gold, Oil And Cryptocurrencies - June 28, 2019 Swedish Krona Chart II-19SEK Technicals 1 Chart II-20SEK Technicals 2 Recent data in Sweden continue to disappoint: Industrial production grew by 2.5% year-on-year in August, following yearly growth of 3.1% the previous month. Total manufacturing new orders contracted by 1.1% year-on-year on a seasonally-adjusted basis in August. Headline inflation increased to 1.5% year-on-year in September. The Swedish krona has been the worst-performing G-10 currency this week, losing 1.1% against the U.S. dollar. Year-to-date, the USD/SEK has appreciated by a total of 12.3%. Swedish manufacturing new orders, a key indicator we watch in gauging the direction of the global economy, continued to deteriorate this week. Among sub-sectors, the largest decrease was recorded in the mines and quarries sector. We are watching Swedish data closely.  Report Links: Where To Next For The U.S. Dollar? - June 7, 2019 Balance Of Payments Across The G10 - February 15, 2019 A Simple Attractiveness Ranking For Currencies - February 8, 2019 Trades & Forecasts Forecast Summary Core Portfolio Tactical Trades Limit Orders Closed Trades