Bancos

Feature Chart I-1Lebanese Bond Yields Have Surged To Precarious Levels In a May 2018 Special Report, we warned that a devaluation and government default were only a matter of time in Lebanon. The country's sovereign US dollar bond yields have now reached a whopping 21% and local currency interest rates stand at 18% (Chart I-1). On the black market, the Lebanese pound is already trading 12% below its official rate. A public run on banks and bank deposit moratorium, as well as public debt default and a massive currency devaluation are now unavoidable. A Classic Case Of EM Bank Run And Currency Devaluation… The current state of Lebanon’s balance of  payments (BoP) is disastrous: The current account (CA) deficit has oscillated between 10% and 20% of GDP in the past 10 years (Chart I-2). This wide CA deficit has been funded by speculative portfolio flows into local currency government bonds, sovereign bonds and bank deposits. However, since the middle of 2018 these inflows have dried up. In turn, to defend the currency peg to the US dollar and avoid a currency depreciation in the face of the BoP deficit, the Central Bank of Lebanon (BDL) has been depleting its foreign exchange (fx) reserves, i.e., the central bank has been financing the BoP deficit (Chart I-3). Chart I-2Lebanon's Chronic Current Account Deficit   Chart I-3Lebanon: The BoP Has Been Deteriorating Substantially   BDL’s gross fx reserves – including gold – have dropped from $48 billion in 2018 to its current level of $43 billion. We estimate that BDL’s net foreign exchange reserves excluding commercial banks’ US dollar deposits at BDL are at just $26 billion. This amount is insufficient in light of the panic-induced outflows the country and the banking system are experiencing.1  As a result of the two-week long bank shutdown amid massive protests, confidence in the banking system is quickly collapsing and capital is leaving Lebanon. Chart I-4Depositors’ Are Heading For The Exit Worryingly, as a result of the two-week long bank shutdown amid massive protests, confidence in the banking system is quickly collapsing and capital is leaving Lebanon.2   Moreover, after opening their doors, Lebanese commercial banks are now imposing unofficial capital controls – they are paying US dollar deposits in local currency only and are no longer providing dollar-denominated credit lines to businesses and importers. This will only intensify the panic among depositors. Chart I-4 illustrates that local currency deposits have already been declining while US dollar deposits have been slowing, and will likely begin contracting soon. In short, capital outflows will intensify in the coming weeks as people and businesses quickly realize that banks cannot meet their demand for deposits. Critically, we suspect Lebanese commercial banks are short on US dollars to meet people’s demand for the hard currency. Commercial banks’ net foreign currency assets stand at negative $70 billion or 127% of GDP. They hold, roughly, somewhere around $20 billion worth of US dollars in the form of liquid and readily available deposits (in banks abroad and deposits in the central bank) versus $124 billion worth of dollar deposits. Over the years, Lebanese commercial banks have been an attractive place for investors and residents to park their US dollars given the high interest rate paid by the banks. In turn, Lebanese commercial banks have been converting these US dollar deposits into local currency in order to buy government bonds. With domestic bonds yielding well above the rates on US dollar deposits - and given the exchange rate peg to the dollar - commercial banks have been de facto playing the carry trade. In addition, commercial banks also lent some of these dollars directly to the private sector. With the economy collapsing and the widening dollar shortage, banks will not be able to either collect their dollar loans or purchase dollars in the market.   Without new dollar funding – which is very likely to persist – banks will fail to meet the demand for dollars. As a result, a bank run is imminent. At this point, the sole option is for the central bank to keep pushing local interest rates higher to discourage capital flight and a run on the banks. Yet, at 18% and surging, interest rates will suffocate the Lebanese economy and the property market. This will dampen sentiment further and cause a bank run. Bottom Line: A bank run is brewing and bank moratorium as well as currency devaluation are inevitable. …As Well As Public Debt Default Lebanese commercial banks are not only being squeezed by capital outflows and deposit withdrawals, they are also about to face a public debt default. Chart I-5Public Debt Dynamics Are Toxic Lebanese commercial banks are not only being squeezed by capital outflows and deposit withdrawals, they are also about to face a public debt default. Commercial banks own 37% of outstanding government debt. This will come on top of skyrocketing private-sector non-performing loans and will push banks into outright bankruptcy. Lebanon’s fiscal and public debt dynamics have reached untenable levels. The fiscal deficit stands at 10% of GDP and total public debt stands at 150% of GDP (Chart I-5). Surging government borrowing costs will push interest payments as a share of government aggregate expenditures to extremely high levels. These are unsustainable fiscal and debt arithmetics (Chart I-6). Meanwhile, government revenues will decline as growth falters (Chart I-6, bottom panel). The pillars of the Lebanese economy – private credit growth and construction activity – have been already collapsing (Chart I-7). Chart I-6Surging Interest Rates Will Make Public Debt Servicing Impossible Chart I-7Lebanon: Domestic Economy Has Been Collapsing Bottom Line: The Lebanese government will be forced to default on both local currency and dollar debt. This will be the final nail in the coffin of the Lebanese banking system.    Ayman Kawtharani Editor/Strategist ayman@bcaresearch.com   Footnotes 1    BDL does not publish its holding of net foreign exchange reserves. However, other estimates of BDL’s net fx reserves  are even lower. Please refer to the following paper: Financial Crisis In Lebanon, by Toufic Gaspard and the following article: Lebanon Warned on Default and Recession as Its Reserves Decline. 2   Banks shut down allegedly as a result of the ongoing civil disobedience that was sparked by the government’s reckless decision to tax WhatsApp's call service. The protests quickly escalated to a country-wide uprising, causing the government to resign on October 29.

Informe especial

Highlights In this report, we build and present models designed to predict the odds of Chinese investable equity sector outperformance, based on a set of macroeconomic and equity market factors. BCA Research's China Investment Strategy service will aim to use our newly developed sector outperformance probability models to help investors to better understand the drivers of performance at any given moment, and to make more active equity sector recommendations in the future. Among the top six factors explaining historical periods of sector performance, three were macroeconomic in orientation, and two were directly related to the broad Chinese equity market. We see this as strongly supportive of the potential returns to be earned from active top-down sector rotation within China’s investable market. Cyclical stocks are very depressed relative to defensives, and we would favor them versus defensives over the coming year if China strikes a trade deal with the US and the Chinese economy incrementally improves, as we expect. Feature In our June 19 Special Report, we reviewed the predictability and cyclicality of equity sector earnings in China's investable & domestic markets, and examined the relevance of earnings in predicting relative sector performance over the past decade. We noted that a few sectors scored highly in terms of earnings predictability and the relevance of those earnings in predicting relative performance. But we also highlighted that most of China's equity sectors, in both the investable and domestic markets, either demonstrated earnings trends that were difficult to predict based on the trend in overall market earnings or exhibited relative performance that was difficult to explain based on the relative earnings profile. Our models are designed to predict equity sector relative performance using a series of macroeconomic and equity market factors. In short, our June report underscored that China’s equity sectors warranted a closer examination, with a particular emphasis on understanding the specific macroeconomic or equity market factors that have historically predicted relative sector performance. Today’s report examines this question in depth, focused on China’s investable equity market. We hope to extend our research to the A-share market in the near future. Our approach focuses on constructing and presenting models that quantify a checklist-based approach to determining the odds of equity sector performance. The aim is to use these models to better understand the drivers of performance at any given moment, and to make more active equity sector recommendations in the future. These recommendations will not mechanically follow the models; rather, we plan to use them as a stand in for what typically would be expected given the macro and financial market environment, and as a basis to investigate “abnormal” relative performance. We conclude by highlighting the substantial underperformance of cyclical vs defensives sectors over the past two years, and argue that it is highly unlikely that cyclicals will underperform defensives over the coming 12 months if China strikes a trade deal with the US and the economy incrementally improves, as we expect. We also explain the importance of monitoring the relative performance of health care & utilities stocks over the coming few months, and present a unique sector-based barometer for gauging China’s reflationary stance. The latter two relative performance trends are likely to assist investors in positioning for the big call: the outperformance of Chinese investable stocks vs the global benchmark. Detailing Our Approach In our effort to better understand historical periods of sector outperformance, we have chosen to model the probability of outperformance of each level 1 GICS sector (plus banks) based on a set of macro and equity market variables. Specifically, we use an analytical tool called a logistic regression, which forecasts the probability of a discrete event rather than forecasting the value of a dependent variable. We utilized this approach when building our earnings recession model for China (first presented in our January 16 Special Report1), and investors will often see it (in its conceptually different but practically similar probit form) employed when analyzing the likelihood of an economic recession. The New York Fed’s US recession model is a notable example of the latter,2 which has received much attention by market participants over the past year following the inversion of the US yield curve. The “events” that we modeled are historical periods of individual Chinese investable sector outperformance from 2010 to 2018, relative to the MSCI China index (the “broad market”). Charts I-1A and I-1B illustrate these periods with shading in each panel. We then attempt to explain these episodes of outperformance with the following macro predictors: Chart I-1AThis Report Builds Models Aimed At... Chart I-1B...Predicting The Shaded Regions Of These Charts Periods of accelerating economic activity, represented by our BCA's China Activity Index Periods of rising leading indicators of economic activity, represented by our BCA Li Keqiang Leading Indicator Episodes of tight monetary policy, defined as periods where China’s 3-month interbank repo rate is rising Periods of accelerating inflation, measured both by headline and core inflation We also include several equity market variables: uptrends in relative sector earnings, periods of rising broad market stock prices, uptrends in broad market earnings, and episodes of extreme technical conditions and relative over/undervaluation for the sector in question. In the case of energy stocks, we also include oil prices as a predictor. Charts I-2A and I-2B illustrate these periods as well as the macro & market variables that we have included as predictors. Chart I-2AWe Use These Macroeconomic And Equity Market Factors... Chart I-2B...To Predict Periods Of Equity Sector Outperformance Our approach also accounts for the existence of any leading or lagging relationships between the macro and market variables we have used as predictors and sector relative performance. In most cases the predictors lead relative sector performance, but in some cases it is the opposite. In the case of the latter, we have limited the lead of any variable in our models to 3 months in order to reduce the need to forecast. The link between tight monetary policy and industrial sector performance is one exception to this rule that we detail below. Finally, our approach also limits the extent to which we consider a leading relationship between our predictors and relative sector performance, in order to avoid picking up overlapping economic cycles. This issue, and the evidence supporting the existence of a 3½-year credit cycle in China, are detailed in Box 1. Box 1 Accounting For China’s 3½-Year Credit Cycle Over the course of the analysis detailed in this report, judgments concerning how much of a lead or lag to allow when accounting for any leading or lagging relationships between sector relative performance and either macroeconomic & stock market predictors were necessary. In cases where sector relative performance led any of our predictors, we capped the lead at 3-months to reduce the need to forecast the predictors when using the models. As explained below, the 8-month lead between industrial sector relative performance and tight monetary policy was the only exception to this rule. We also did not include any leading relationship between relative sector stock performance and the trend in relative sector EPS, and allowed at most a co-incident relationship. Limits were also required in the cases where our predictors led relative sector performance. While more lead time is usually better from the perspective of investment strategy, Chart I-B1 presents strong evidence of a 3½ -year credit cycle in China. Chart I-B2 illustrates the problem with including significant lags between predictors and relative sector performance when economic cycles are short. The chart shows the lead/lag correlation profile of the stylized cycle shown in Chart I-B1, and highlights that lags greater than 12-14 months risk picking up the impact of the previous economic cycle. Given this, we have limited the extent to which our predictors can lead relative sector performance in our models, and in practice lead times are generally less than one year. Chart I-B1Over The Past Decade, China Has Experienced A 3½-Year Credit Cycle Chart I-B2With Short Cycles, Excessive Lags Risk Picking Up The Previous Cycle The Key Drivers Of Chinese Investable Equity Sectors Pages 12-23 present the results of each sector’s outperformance probability model, along with a list of factors that were found to be useful predictors and a summary of the results. The importance of the factors included in the models is shown in each of the tables at the top right of pages 12-23 by a score of 1-3 stars, (loosely representing key levels of statistical significance) as well as each factor’s optimal lead or lag. A minus sign shows that the predictor leads sector relative performance, whereas a plus sign shows that it lags. Rising core inflation in China is the most important signal of sector performance that emerged from our analysis. Chart I-3China’s Sectors Linked Strongly To Core Inflation, Monetary Policy, And Growth Chart I-3 summarizes the significance of the factors in predicting sector performance in general, by summing up each predictor’s number of stars across all of the models. The chart shows that rising core inflation in China is the most important signal of sector performance that emerged from our analysis, followed by tight monetary policy, rising economic activity, rising broad market stock prices, oversold technical conditions, and rising broad market earnings. Chart I-3 highlights two important points: If regarded through the lens of causality alone, the strong relationship between rising core inflation and sector performance is somewhat surprising: normally, pricing power is subordinate to revenue/sales/demand as the primary factor driving fundamental performance. However, given that inflation is a lagging economic variable, we suspect that the significance of inflation in our models actually reflects the middle phase of the economic cycle in which sectors tend to best exhibit meaningful out/underperformance. It is also a stronger predictor of periods of tight monetary policy in China than headline inflation.3 This is an encouraging result for investors, as it suggests good odds that future episodes of meaningful sector outperformance can be identified given a particular macro view. Among the top six factors explaining historical periods of sector performance, three were macroeconomic in orientation, and two were directly related to the broad Chinese equity market. While Chinese equity sector performance can sometimes be idiosyncratic, we see this as strongly supportive of the idea that investors can earn positive excess returns by actively shifting between China’s equity sectors using a top-down approach. Turning to the specific results of our sector models, we present the following big-picture findings of our research: Defining China’s Cyclical & Defensive Sectors From a top-down perspective, the most important element of sector rotation typically involves shifting from defensive to cyclical stocks when economic activity is set to improve (and vice versa). In China, it is clear from the results of our models that the investable energy, materials, industrials, consumer discretionary, and information technology sectors are cyclical sectors. The relative performance of these sectors exhibits a positive relationship to pro-cyclical macro variables, or broad market trends. Following last year’s GICS changes, we also include the media & entertainment industry group (within the new communication services sector) in this list. Correspondingly, investable consumer staples, health care, financials, telecom services, utilities, and real estate are defensive sectors in China. Chart I-4Cyclical Stocks Are Bombed Out Versus Defensives Chart I-4 illustrates how these sectors have performed over the past decade by grouping them into equally-weighted cyclical and defensive stock price indexes, as well as the relative performance of cyclicals versus defensives. The chart makes it clear that cyclical stock performance is essentially as weak as it has ever been relative to defensives over the past decade, with the exception of a brief period in 2013. Panel 2 highlights that all of the underperformance of cyclicals over the past two years has been due to de-rating, rather than due to underperforming earnings. The Atypical Case Of Financials & Real Estate The fact that financial and real estate stocks are defensive in China is somewhat curious. In the case of financials, the abnormality is straightforward: most global equity portfolio managers would consider financials to be cyclical, and our work suggests that this is not true for the investable market. Our explanation for this apparent discrepancy is also straightforward: while small and medium banks in China have obviously grown in prominence over the past decade, large state-owned or state-affiliated commercial banks are still dominant in the provision of credit to China's old economy. In most cases China’s large banks lend to state-owned enterprises with implicit government guarantees, meaning that the earnings risk for Chinese banks has typically been lower than for the investable market in the aggregate. It remains to be seen whether this will remain true in a world where Chinese policymakers are keen to slow the pace at which China’s macro leverage ratio rises and to render the existing stock of debt more sustainable for the non-financial sector. Indeed, over a multi-year time horizon, the risk are not trivial that banks will be forced to recapitalize as a result of forced changes to loan terms (eg: significant increases in the amortization period of existing loans) or the recognition of sizeable loan losses, which would clearly increase the cyclicality of the Chinese investable financial sector. Chart I-5A Seeming Contradiction: Real Estate Is High-Beta, But Defensive On the real estate front, the anomaly is not that real estate stocks respond defensively to macroeconomic and stock market variables, it is that real estate stock prices are considerably more volatile than this defensive characterization would suggest. Globally (and especially in the US), real estate stocks are often viewed as bond proxies and thus are typically low-beta, but Chart I-5 shows that this is not the case in China. In our view, this issue is reconciled by the fact that Chinese investable real estate stocks are also highly positively linked to Chinese house price appreciation, with relative performance typically leading a pickup in house prices by up to 1 year. This strongly leading relationship has meant that real estate stocks have often outperformed the broad market as economic activity is slowing, in anticipation that policy easing will lead to an eventual recovery in house prices. Chart I-6Still Following The Defensive Playbook This Year In effect, investable real estate stocks are a high-beta sector that have acted counter-cyclically due to the historical interplay between economic activity, monetary policy, and the housing market. Real estate performance this year has not deviated from this playbook (Chart I-6), and so for now we are content to include real estate stocks in our defensive index. But similar to the case of financials, we can conceive of scenarios in which ongoing Chinese financial sector reform may change this relationship in the future. The Unique Monetary Policy Sensitivity Of Industrials And Consumer Staples Pages 14 and 16 highlight that industrials and consumer staples stocks have typically been sensitive to periods of tight monetary policy. In the case of industrials the relationship is negative, whereas consumer staples relative performance has been positively linked to these periods. In both cases, relative performance has led periods of tight monetary policy, significantly so in the case of industrials (by an average of 8 months). While the relative performance of banks, tech, and real estate stocks have also been linked to periods of tight monetary policy, industrials and consumer staples are the only sectors that have tended to lead these periods. Chart I-7Diverging Corporate Health Explains Industrials/Staples Monetary Policy Sensitivity This is a revelatory finding, and in our view it is explained by divergences in corporate health and leverage for the two sectors. We reviewed Chinese corporate health in our August 28 Special Report,4 and noted that the food & beverage sub-industry was a clear (positive) outlier based on our corporate health monitors. In particular, Chart I-7 highlights that food & beverage corporate health is markedly better than that for machinery companies or for industrial firms in general, supporting the notion that high (low) leverage is impacting the relative performance of industrials (consumer staples). The Leading Nature Of Health Care & Utilities Health care and utilities exhibit similar key drivers of relative performance: in both cases, periods of rising economic activity, rising core inflation, and rising broad market stock prices are all negatively associated with performance. Health care and utilities relative performance also happens to lead all three of those predictors, by 1-3 months on average depending on the variable in question. Our modeling work highlights that these are the only sectors whose relative performance has led multiple factors, suggesting that health care & utilities stocks are particularly interesting market bellwethers to monitor. Core Inflation Matters More Than Headline, Except For Energy & Real Estate As highlighted in Chart I-3, rising core inflation has been a much more important signal about relative sector performance than headline inflation. Chart I-8In China, Food Prices (Not Energy) Account For Headline/Core Differences The two exceptions to this rule relate to the energy and real estate sectors, with the former positively linked to headline inflation and the latter negatively linked. In both cases, we suspect that the relationship is a behavioral rather than a fundamental one. For energy, while rising headline inflation in developed countries is usually associated with rising energy prices, this is not true in the case of China. Chart I-8 highlights that differences between headline and core inflation over the past decade have almost always been driven by rising food prices. This implies that some investors (incorrectly) view energy stocks as a hedge against increases in consumer prices, even if those increases are not driven by rising fuel costs. In the case of real estate, investor expectations of eroding real disposable income and its impact on the housing market are likely the best explanation for the negative link between real estate relative performance and rising headline inflation. Whereas rising core inflation likely reflects a durable improvement in economic momentum (and thus would be positively correlated with income growth), episodes of rising Chinese headline inflation often reflect supply shocks that investors may perceive to be detrimental to household spending power (and thus expected housing demand). Investment Conclusions Our work aimed at explaining historical periods of Chinese investable sector outperformance has three investment implications in the current environment. Cyclicals will probably outperform defensives over the coming year if China strikes a trade deal with the US and the Chinese economy incrementally improves, as we expect. First, within China’s investable market, Chart I-4 illustrated that cyclical stocks are very depressed relative to defensives. Given our view that Chinese investable stocks are likely to outperform their global peers over a 6-12 month time horizon, we would also favor cyclicals to defensives over that period. For investors who are not yet overweight cyclical stocks in China, we would advise waiting for concrete signs that growth has bottomed (which should emerge sometime in Q1) before putting on a long position as we remain tactically neutral towards Chinese versus global stocks. But the key point is that it is highly unlikely that cyclicals will underperform defensives over the coming year if China strikes a trade deal with the US and the Chinese economy incrementally improves, as we expect. Second, the fact that investable health care and utilities stocks have particularly leading properties suggests that they should be monitored closely over the coming few months. A technical breakdown in the relative performance of these sectors would be an important sign that market participants are anticipating a bottoming in China’s economy, which may give investors a green light to position for a bullish cyclical stance. For now, both of these sectors continue to outperform (Chart I-9), supporting our decision to remain tactically neutral towards Chinese stocks. Third, the heightened negative sensitivity of industrials and positive sensitivity of consumer staples to monetary policy suggests that the relative performance trend between the two sectors may serve as a reflationary barometer for China’s economy. Chart I-10 shows that industrials outperformed staples last year once the PBOC shifted into easing mode, and anticipated the recovery in the pace of credit growth. However, industrials soon began to underperform staples, which also seems to have anticipated the fact that the recovery in credit was set to be less powerful than what has occurred during previous cycles. The fact that the relative performance trend is off its recent low is notable, and may suggest that China’s existing reflationary stance will be sufficient to stabilize economic activity if a trade deal with the US is indeed finalized in the near future. Chart I-9Key Defensive Sectors Are Still Outperforming, Supporting Our Neutral Tactical Stance Chart I-10Industrials Vs. Staples Anticipated That Easing Would Only Be Measured As a final point, BCA Research's China Investment Strategy service will aim to use our newly developed sector outperformance probability models to make more active equity sector recommendations in the future. These recommendations will not mechanically follow the models; rather, we plan to use the models as a stand in for what typically would be expected given the macro and financial market environment, and as a basis to investigate “abnormal” relative performance. We hope you will find these models to be a helpful quantification of the risk versus return prospects of allocating among China’s investable sectors. As always, we welcome any feedback that you may have about our approach.   Energy Chart II-1 Table II-1   Unsurprisingly, our energy sector model highlights that periods of energy outperformance are strongly linked to periods of rising crude oil prices. However, what is surprising is that periods of accelerating headline inflation in China are even more closely linked to periods of energy sector outperformance than episodes of rising oil prices, and that these periods of accelerating inflation are not generally caused by rising energy prices. The lack of a clear economic rationale for this relationship implies that some investors (incorrectly) view energy stocks as a hedge against increases in consumer prices, even if those increases are largely driven by rising food prices. The model also highlights that periods of strong undervaluation have historically been significant in predicting future energy sector outperformance, with a lag of roughly 8 months. The probability of energy sector outperformance has fallen sharply according to our model, but for now we continue to recommend a long absolute energy sector position on a 6-12 month time horizon. BCA’s Commodity & Energy Strategy service expects oil prices to trade at $70/barrel on average next year,5 Chinese headline inflation continues to rise, and we noted in our October 2 Weekly Report that energy stocks are heavily discounted.6 Barring a durable decline in oil prices below $55/barrel, investors should continue to favor China’s energy sector. Materials Chart II-2 Table II-2 Our model highlights that the materials sector is one of the clearest plays on accelerating industrial activity within the investable universe. Among the macro variables that we tested, periods of investable materials outperformance are strongly positively linked with periods when our BCA Activity Index and our leading indicator for the index have been rising. Periods of materials sector outperformance have also been positively correlated with prior periods of oversold technical conditions and rising broad market stock prices, underscoring that materials are a strongly pro-cyclical sector. We currently maintain no active relative sector trades, but our model suggests that investors should be underweight the investable materials sector relative to the broad investable index. Industrials Chart II-3 Table II-3 Periods of industrial sector outperformance have historically been positively correlated with relative industrial sector earnings, broad market stock prices, and prior oversold technical conditions. They have been negatively correlated with periods of tight monetary policy, rising core inflation, and prior overbought technical conditions. Since 2010, periods of industrial sector performance have led periods of tight monetary policy by 8 months, the longest lead of relative equity performance to any macro variable that we tested in our model (and the longest lead that we allowed). Industrial sector performance has also been strongly negatively linked with periods of rising core inflation. These findings, and the fact that our Activity Index and its leading indicator have not been highly successful at predicting periods of industrial sector outperformance, strongly suggest that industrials, while pro-cyclical, are primarily driven by expectations of easy monetary policy. We noted in an August 2018 Special Report that state-owned enterprises have become substantially leveraged over the past decade,7 and in a more recent report we highlighted that industries such as machinery have experienced a significant deterioration in corporate health over the past decade.8 This helps explain why industrial sector performance is so negatively impacted by tight policy. Our model suggests that the best time to be overweight industrial stocks is the early phase of an economic rebound, when Chinese stock prices are rising but market participants are not yet expecting tighter policy. These conditions may present themselves sometime in Q1, but probably not over the coming 0-3 months. Consumer Discretionary Ex-Internet & Direct Marketing Retail Chart II-4 Table II-4 Besides materials, China’s investable consumer discretionary sector has historically been the most positively associated with coincident and leading measures of industrial activity. Rising core inflation is also highly positively related to consumer discretionary outperformance, which may reflect improved pricing power for the sector. The strong link with industrial activity is in contrast to depictions of China’s consumer sector as being less correlated to money & credit trends than the overall economy, and is supportive of our view that industrial activity forms one of the three pillars of China’s business cycle.9 We ended the estimation period of our model as of December 2018, in order to avoid including the distortive effects of last year’s changes to the global industry classification standard (which resulted in Alibaba’s inclusion and overwhelming representation in the investable consumer discretionary sector). As such, the results of our model apply today to consumer discretionary stocks ex-internet & direct marketing retail. For now, the absence of an uptrend in our Activity Index and in core inflation is signaling underperformance of discretionary stocks outside of internet & direct marketing retail. Outperformance this year largely reflects a significant advance in consumer durable and apparel: by contrast, automobiles & components have underperformed the broad market by roughly 14% year-to-date. Consumer Staples Chart II-5 Table II-5 Historically, periods of consumer staples outperformance have been predicted by a falling Activity Index, periods of tight monetary policy, and over/undervalued conditions. The impact of monetary policy is particularly heavy in the model, suggesting that consumer staples are somewhat the mirror image of industrials in terms of the impact of leverage on relative equity performance. This too is supported by our August 28 Special Report,10 which noted that corporate health for the food & beverage sector was the strongest among the sectors we examined. However, the model failed to capture what has been very significant staples outperformance this year, highlighting the occasional limits of a rule-of-thumb approach to sector allocation. Investable consumer staples are reliably low-beta compared with the broad market, and we are not surprised that investors have strongly favored the sector this year amid enormous economic and policy uncertainty. An eventual improvement in economic activity, coupled with fairly rich valuation, should work against consumer staples stocks sometime in the first quarter of 2020. Investors who are positioned in favor of China-related assets should also be watching closely for any signs of a technical breakdown in the relative performance trend of investable staples. Health Care Chart II-6 Table II-6 Among the macro variables tested in our model, periods of health care outperformance are negatively related to coincident and leading measures of industrial activity and strongly negatively related to rising core inflation.  Health care outperformance is also strongly negatively related to periods of rising broad market stock prices, and positively related to prior oversold technical conditions. These results clearly signify that investable health care is a defensive sector, to be owned when the economy is slowing and when investable stocks in general are trending lower. Our model suggests that health care stocks are likely to continue to outperform, as they have been since the beginning of the year. A substantive US/China trade deal that meaningfully reduces economic uncertainty remains the key risk to health care outperformance over a 6- to 12-month time horizon. Financials Chart II-7 Table II-7 Our model highlights that periods of financial sector outperformance over the past decade have been negatively associated with periods of rising core inflation (a strong relationship), and with periods of rising index earnings. Oversold technical conditions have also helped explain future episodes of financial sector outperformance. The link between core inflation and the outperformance of financials appears to represent a behavioral rather than a fundamental relationship. When modeling periods of rising financial sector relative earnings, the trend in broad market EPS is more predictive than that of core inflation, highlighting that the latter’s explanatory power is due to investor behavior. The results of our model, and the fact that core inflation leads Chinese index earnings, suggests that financials are fundamentally counter-cyclical and that investors see rising Chinese core inflation as confirmation that an economic expansion is underway (and that broad market earnings are likely to rise). Our model is currently predicting financial sector outperformance, but investable financials have modestly underperformed since the beginning of the year. This appears to have been caused by the underperformance of financial sector earnings this year as overall index earnings growth has decelerated, contrary to what history would suggest. We suspect that the ongoing shadow banking crackdown is related to financial sector earnings underperformance, and we would advise against an overweight stance towards investable financials until signs of improving relative earnings emerge. Banks Chart II-8 Table II-8 Our model shows that periods of banking sector outperformance are more linked to macro variables than has been the case for the overall financial sector. Specifically, bank performance is negatively correlated with leading indicators of economic activity and rising core inflation, and especially negatively correlated with periods of tight monetary policy. Banks have also typically outperformed following periods of oversold technical conditions. Similar to financials, bank earnings are typically counter-cyclical, but relative bank earnings have not been good predictors of relative bank performance over the past decade. Still, the negative association of relative stock prices with leading economic indicators, rising core inflation and rising interest rates underscores that investors should normally be underweight banks if they expect overall Chinese stock prices to rise. Also similar to the overall financial sector, our model is currently predicting outperformance for bank stocks, but investable banks have underperformed year-to-date. The shadow banking crackdown is also likely impacting investable bank earnings, leading to a similar recommendation to avoid bank stocks until relative earnings look to be trending higher. “Tech+”   Chart II-9 Table II-9 Our technology model has worked well at predicting periods of tech sector outperformance over the past several years, particularly from 2015 – 2017. The model suggests that, in addition to being negatively related to prior overbought conditions, periods of technology sector outperformance are associated with improving growth conditions, easy monetary policy, and rising prices. In other words, tech stocks are a growth & liquidity play. Owing to last year’s changes to the GICS, the results of our model apply today to Chinese investable internet & direct marketing retail, the media & entertainment industry group (within the new communication services sector), and the now considerably smaller information technology sector (the sum of which could be considered the “tech+” sector). The model has been predicting tech sector outperformance since May (in response to easier monetary policy), which has occurred for the official information technology sector. However, the BAT (Baidu, Alibaba, and Tencent) stocks are only up fractionally in relative terms from their late-May low. Our expectation that China’s economy is likely to bottom in Q1 means that we may recommend upgrading “tech+” stocks relative to the investable benchmark in the coming months. Telecom Services Chart II-10 Table II-10 Our model for telecommunication services (now a level 2 industry group within the communication services sector) illustrates that telecom stocks have historically been counter-cyclical. Periods of telecom outperformance have been negatively associated with periods of rising core inflation, rising broad market stock prices, and rising broad market EPS. It is notable that telecom services stocks are driven more by cycles in overall stock prices than by cycles in economic activity. This suggests that investors tend to focus on the fact that telecom stocks are reliably low-beta compared with the overall investable market, causing out(under)performance of telecoms when the broad market is falling(rising). Similar to financials & banks, telecom stocks have not outperformed this year, in contrast to what our model would suggest. Earnings also appear to be the culprit, with the level of 12-month trailing earnings having fallen nearly 10% since the summer. China Mobile accounts for a sizeable portion of the telecom services index, and the company’s recent earnings weakness seems to be due to depreciation charges stemming from forced investment on 5G spending (mandated by the Chinese government). Our sense is that this will have only a temporary effect on telecom services EPS, meaning that investors should continue to expect the sector to behave in a counter-cyclical fashion over the coming year. Utilities Chart II-11 Table II-11 The early performance of our utilities model was mixed, as it generated several false sell signals during the 2011 – 2013 period despite recommending, on average, an overweight stance. However, over the past five years, the model has performed extremely well in terms of explaining periods of relative utilities performance. The model highlights that utilities are straightforwardly counter-cyclical. The relative performance of utilities stocks is positively related to its relative earnings trend, and negatively related to economic activity, rising core inflation, and broad market stock prices.  Consistent with a decline in the overall MSCI China index, the model has correctly predicted utilities outperformance this year. We expect utilities to underperform over a 6-12 month time horizon, but would advise against an aggressive underweight position until hard evidence of a bottom in Chinese economic activity emerges. Real Estate Chart II-12 Table II-12 Our model for the relative performance of investable real estate has been among the most successful of those detailed in this report, which is somewhat surprising given the macro factors that the model shows drive real estate performance. While periods of relative real estate performance are modestly (negatively) associated with periods of tight monetary policy, rising headline inflation is the most important macro predictor of real estate underperformance. Among market factors driving performance, real estate stocks reliably underperform when broad market EPS are trending higher, and they historically outperform for a time after becoming relatively undervalued. Real estate relative performance is also strongly linked to periods of rising house prices, but the former tends to significantly lead the latter. Given that core inflation has better predicted episodes of tight monetary policy than headline inflation, investor expectations of eroding real disposable income is likely the best explanation for the negative link between real estate relative performance and rising headline inflation. Whereas rising core inflation likely reflects a durable improvement in economic momentum (and thus would be positively correlated with income growth), episodes of rising Chinese headline inflation often reflect supply shocks that investors may perceive to be detrimental to household spending power (and thus expected housing demand). Beyond the negative link between higher inflation and interest rates on investable real estate performance, the strong negative association with broad market earnings underscores that investors treat real estate as a defensive sector. We thus expect real estate stocks to continue to outperform in the near term, but underperform over a 6-12 month time horizon.   Jonathan LaBerge, CFA Vice President jonathanl@bcaresearch.com   Footnotes 1. Please see China Investment Strategy, "Six Questions About Chinese Stocks," dated January 16, 2019. 2. Please see Federal Reserve Bank of New York, The Yield Curve as a Leading Indicator at https://www.newyorkfed.org/research/capital_markets/ycfaq.html 3. This is despite frequent concerns among investors that the PBOC is inclined to tighten in response to detrimental supply shocks. 4. Please see China Investment Strategy, "Messages From BCA’s China Industry Watch," dated August 28, 2019. 5. Please see Commodity & Energy Strategy, "Policy Uncertainty Lifts USD, Stifles Global Oil Demand Growth," dated October 17, 2019. 6. Please see China Investment Strategy, "China Macro & Market Review," dated October 2, 2019. 7. Please see China Investment Strategy, "Chinese Policymakers: Facing A Trade-Off Between Growth And Leveraging," dated August 29, 2018. 8. Please see China Investment Strategy, "Messages From BCA’s China Industry Watch," dated August 28, 2019. 9. Please see China Investment Strategy, "The Three Pillars Of China’s Economy," dated May 16, 2018. 10. Please see China Investment Strategy, "Messages From BCA’s China Industry Watch," dated August 28, 2019. Cyclical Investment Stance Equity Sector Recommendations

Highlights The banks got the current earnings season off to a good start, … : Lending growth may be running in place, and net interest margins are under pressure, but positive operating leverage helped the banks beat expectations, and they are returning gobs of cash to their shareholders. … are quite constructive about the economy, … : The big banks’ CFOs and CEOs were uniformly bullish about the U.S. economy based on their perceptions of household and corporate health. … expect stellar credit performance to continue for the foreseeable future, … : Net charge-off and non-performing loan ratios are near all-time lows and the banks don’t see them rising any time soon. … and appear to be willing to extend loans in all categories except commercial real estate: Every bank sees unattractive competition in commercial real estate lending and plans to continue shrinking its CRE loan book. Nothing To See Here Two-fifths of the companies in the S&P 500 have now reported their quarterly earnings, and after this week the share will be two-thirds. At the aggregate level, it appears as if investors’ worst fears will not be realized, just as they weren’t in the first two quarters of the year. 2018’s greater than 20% year-on-year growth, powered by the sharp cut in the top corporate income tax rate, has rolled off, but earnings have yet to contract. They were projected to fall by a little over 3% at the beginning of this reporting season, but repeated practice has allowed corporate managements to hone their underpromise-and-overdeliver skills to a fine point, and we won’t be surprised if they avert an outright contraction. Chart 1Profit Margins Are Being Squeezed, ... Chart 2... But Neither Growing Compensation, ... Earnings growth has been stagnant this year (Chart 1, bottom panel), though revenues have grown a little faster than nominal GDP (Chart 1, top panel), with which they should converge over time. Profit margins have finally come under pressure, though it’s not exactly clear why. Employee compensation is businesses’ biggest expense by far, and while it has risen from its lows, its growth decelerated last quarter (Chart 2). Dollar strength is a headwind for U.S.-based multinationals, but the dollar only really moved last quarter, after ending the first half where it started the year (Chart 3). Dollar gains weigh on revenues just as surely as they do on profits, though we would not be at all surprised if the share of non-dollar expenses is a good bit smaller than the widely quoted 33-40% estimate of S&P 500 constituents’ foreign sales. Chart 3... Nor A Stronger Dollar Is A Clear-Cut Culprit Rate cuts have sparked a wave of mortgage refinancings, shifting wealth from mortgage investors to homeowners, who are more likely to spend it. Easier monetary conditions should help grease the skids for future earnings growth, both in the U.S. and abroad, and we expect the Fed will cut the fed funds rate by another 25 basis points when it meets this week. We have sympathy for the argument that since interest rates were not a meaningful constraint on growth, cutting them is not likely to provide much of a catalyst. Falling rates have provoked a wave of mortgage refinancings (Chart 4), however, so even if they don’t drive a big lending increase, they are already on their way to putting more money in the pockets of homeowners. Lower rates also reduce the risk of default by lowering debt-service costs for adjustable-rate borrowers, and by encouraging investors who need income to venture further out the risk curve, providing ample capital for borrowers seeking to extend their maturing obligations. Chart 4Putting More Money In Homeowners' Pockets Follow The Money Chart 5Bank Stocks Are Probing Resistance For two years, beginning in 2014, we reviewed the biggest banks’ earnings calls every quarter. The goal was to observe the give and take between bank management and sell-side analysts to gain some insight into the lending market and where it might be headed. We specifically sought information about banks’ willingness to lend, consumers’ and businesses’ appetite for credit, borrower performance, and the banks’ bottom-up perspective on the economy. We were also trying to glean insight into mortgage lending and what it might imply for residential investment. Studying the banks is a natural pursuit for a firm that was founded upon the insight that following money flows through the banking system would provide us with a window into the future direction of the economy and financial markets, and we return to it today. Our analysis is not meant to evaluate the banks’ own investment potential, though we note that they are testing resistance once again (Chart 5), and our Global Investment Strategy and U.S. Equity Strategy services both recommend overweighting them. This round of calls found bank management teams eager to ramp up their distributions to shareholders and optimistic about their ability to deploy technology to drive further efficiency gains. Big Banks Beige Book As a group, the banks were constructive on the economy. Despite widespread recession concerns, they do not see evidence of a looming slowdown from their interactions with consumers and businesses. Overall loan growth has remained around 5% over the last year and a half (Chart 6), while corporate and industrial (C&I) loan growth has ground to zero over the last thirteen weeks (Chart 7). The CEOs and CFOs do not see the C&I slump as the beginning of a worrisome trend, though, and global corporate bond issuance hit an all-time high in September, led by sizable issues from mega-cap U.S. companies. Businesses seeking credit are having no trouble getting it, though all the banks expressed an intention to continue cutting back their exposure to commercial real estate (CRE) loans. Chart 6Bank Lending Is Supporting Activity Without Risking Overheating Chart 7Lending Momentum Has Slowed, But It's Okay Another commercial real estate issue emerged across the calls: several of the biggest banks are consolidating their branch footprints. Prompted by questioning from one analyst, they touted branch closures as a way to enhance efficiency. We do not know if a reduction in bank demand for branch space would have an observable effect on demand for retail space across the country, but it certainly would in Manhattan. It seems possible that branch closures could pressure some retail lessors’ profitability, and thereby act as a drag on CRE whole-loan and CMBS performance at the margin. The Economy [C]onsumer spend and … confidence continue to be strong. I think business activity continues to be strong. I think it’s moderated somewhat because of … trade policy, but generally, I think the economy is solid. (Dolan, USB CFO) I think it’s fair to say that perhaps marginal investment is being impacted by trade fatigue in terms of the uncertainty, but … [there’s] still growth. … [T]he consumer is incredibly strong, … spending is strong, sentiment is strong, … credit is good. [I]t is true that [the recent ISM manufacturing and non-manufacturing surveys] were disappointing[,] so [there are] cautionary signs, but credit remains very good and there is still very healthy business activity. (Piepszak, JPM CFO) In general, our commercial customers continue to see moderate demand and no widespread issues related to trade uncertainty and interest rate changes. … [W]hile our customers are cautious, the most common concern they identify is their ability to hire enough qualified workers. (Shrewsberry, WFC CFO) Consumer payments up 6% year-to-date … [and 6% year-over-year 3Q growth in both our small business segment and total commercial loans] are tangible examples that the U.S. economy is still in solid shape, despite the worries and concerns about trade wars, capital investment slowdowns or other global macro conditions. (Moynihan, BAC CEO) Borrower Performance [W]e’ve had growth in the United States for the better part of 10 years [a]nd … credit is extraordinarily good. … [C]onsumer credit, commercial credit, wholesale is extraordinarily good, it can only get worse if you have a [turn in the] cycle. [Our guidance relates to expected performance across a full cycle.] We’re at the over-earning part of the cycle [beating the through-the-cycle expectation] in credit today, and [at] one point we’ll be at the under-earning part [pulling the full result down to our expectation]. (Dimon, JPM CEO) Our net charge-off rate remains near historic lows at 27 basis points (Chart 8). (Shrewsberry, WFC) Chart 8C&I Charge-Off Rates Are Near Their Historic Lows Credit quality remains stable, and we are not seeing any early indicators in our portfolio that cause us concern. (Cecere, USB CEO) Banks see no broad credit warning signs, but they're perfectly happy to let non-bank lenders take some commercial real estate share at this point of the cycle. We closely monitor our commercial portfolio for signs of weakness and credit quality indicators remain strong. (Shrewsberry, WFC) Lender Willingness [W]e are mindful that at some point, the industry will experience a credit downturn, and we remain disciplined in terms of origination quality and our long-term strategy of remaining within our defined credit box regardless of the competitive environment. (Cecere, USB) [Commercial] real estate banking [declined] as we remain selective, given where we are in the cycle. (Piepszak, JPM) [Commercial real estate lending] is one market where there’s late cycle behavior, there’s lots of non-bank competitors, … more than bank competitors. And so we really have to pick our spots in order to maintain our risk/reward, credit and pricing in loan terms quality. … I wouldn’t look for it to grow meaningfully until the cycle turns and our best customers have really interesting opportunities to put their own capital to work. (Shrewsberry, WFC) [Our declining commercial real estate lending is] really a function of [competition] that we’re not comfortable with. (Cecere, USB) Banks’ Real Estate Demand [C]ustomer behaviors are changing. The amount of transaction activity that’s happening in the branches is significantly less[.] In fact, … roughly 70, 80% of it goes through the digital channel today. So that gives us the opportunity to really reconfigure the branch network, both in terms of size and numbers[.] I think those trends are going to continue … , and … we may accelerate or increase some of [our right-sizing] activity[.] (Dolan, USB) Teller and ATM transactions declined 6% from a year ago, reflecting continued customer migration to digital channels. We’ve consolidated 130 branches in the first nine months of this year, including 52 branches in the third quarter. (Shrewsberry, WFC) [D]o we continue to work on real estate configurations that were down 50 million square feet from the start of 2010[?] [C]an we push [the occupancy rate] up, can we densify the space[?] (Moynihan, BAC) Investment Implications While rereading the April 2014 U.S. Investment Strategy that reviewed the big banks’ 1Q14 earnings calls, we were struck by how similar the picture is today. Back then, we described the central challenge for investors as choosing between mushy fundamentals and generous monetary policy that might be expected to inspire a valuation overshoot. As we do now, we anticipated that activity would soon pick up, providing markets with a fundamental boost, but we also had the sense that “policy settings are such that no much more than the status quo may be required to keep the party going.” We reiterated our equity overweight and our preference for spread product over Treasuries. Between inflection points, investing is an exercise in trend following, and there's no reason to believe that the monetary policy trend is about to change without clear advance notice. Although we are congenitally optimistic about our species and our country, we are not perma-bulls. We simply recognize that, between inflection points, investing is an exercise in trend following, no matter how uncomfortable it may make an investor to leave the portfolio dials alone for a while. As long as the monetary policy backdrop remains extremely accommodative across all of the major developed economies, and central banks are set to add even more accommodation before they start removing it, the bullish trend will remain in place. The prospective real returns of cash and highly-rated sovereign bonds are likely to remain negative for a while against that backdrop, encouraging investors to direct their marginal investment dollar to risk assets as long as a fundamental reversal is not imminent. We think a fundamental inflection is at least two years away, and therefore continue to believe that it is too early to de-risk investment portfolios. We reiterate our recommendation that investors remain at least equal weight equities in balanced portfolios, and at least equal weight spread product within their fixed-income allocations. Doug Peta, CFA Chief U.S. Investment Strategist dougp@bcaresearch.com

Overweight (Downgrade Alert) Banks got earnings season off to a great start with heavyweight JPM (and the majority of the rest of the industry) reporting solid earnings. One of the key risks to our overweight banks call that we have been highlighting recently is the inverted yield curve infecting net interest margins (NIM), and JPM acknowledged a more “challenging interest rate backdrop” and that the economy had “slowed slightly”. Importantly, the previous drubbing in interest rates is stimulating credit demand and providing a volume offset across the board as highlighted by our in-house calculated aggregate Fed Senior Loan Officer survey indicators (middle & bottom panels). Bottom Line:  Stay overweight the compellingly valued S&P banks index, but keep the index on downgrade watch courtesy of NIM and manufacturing sector related risks. The ticker symbols for the stocks in this index are: BLBG: S5BANKX – WFC, JPM, BAC, C, USB, PNC, BBT, STI, MTB, FITB, CFG, RF, KEY, HBAN, CMA, ZION, PBCT, SIVB, FRC. ​​​​​​​

Highlights New structural recommendation: long GBP/USD. The substantial Brexit discount in the pound makes it a long-term buy for investors who can tolerate near-term volatility. The most powerful equity play on a fading Brexit discount would be the U.K. homebuilders. Specifically, Persimmon still has a further 25 percent of upside. Take profits in long Euro Stoxx 50 versus Shanghai Composite. Within Europe, close the overweight to Switzerland and the underweight to the Netherlands. Stay overweight banks versus industrials. Stay overweight the Euro Stoxx 50 versus the Nikkei 225. Fractal trade: long NZD/JPY. Feature Chart of the WeekThe Pound Has Substantial Upside If The Brexit Discount Fades Carnival Says The Pound Is Cheap Carnival, the world’s largest cruise liner company, lists its shares on both the London and New York stock exchanges. But there is an apparent riddle: in London the shares trade on a forward PE of 8.8, while in New York they trade on 9.4. How can Carnival trade at different valuations on the two sides of the Atlantic when the market should instantly arbitrage the difference away? The answer to the riddle is that the London listing is quoted in pounds, the New York listing is quoted in dollars, while Carnival’s sales and profits are denominated in a mix of international currencies. Neither Brexit developments nor a potential Jeremy Corbyn led government will prevent the pound from rallying in the longer term.  Carnival is trading on a higher valuation in New York versus London because the market is expecting its mixed currency earnings to appreciate more in dollar terms than in pound terms. Put another way, the valuation differential is expecting the pound to appreciate versus the dollar to a ‘fair value’ of around $1.40 (Chart I-2). Likewise, BHP Billiton shares are trading on a higher valuation in their Sydney listing compared to their London listing. This valuation differential is expecting the pound to appreciate versus the Australian dollar to around A$2.00 (Chart I-3). Chart I-2Carnival Says The Pound Is Cheap Chart I-3BHP Billiton Says The Pound Is Cheap In other words, the market believes that neither Brexit developments nor a potential Jeremy Corbyn led government will prevent the pound from rallying in the longer term. We tend to agree. The Wrong Way To Pick Stock Markets… And The Right Way Before continuing with the pound’s prospects, let’s wander into the wider investment landscape. One important lesson from dual-listed companies like Carnival and BHP Billiton is that a multinational’s valuation will appear attractive in a market where the currency is structurally cheap.1 This lesson has deep ramifications. Today, multinationals dominate all the major stock markets, meaning that the entire stock market will appear cheap if its currency is cheap. The stock market will also appear cheap if it is skewed towards lower-valued sectors. But sectors trade on a low valuation for a reason – poor long-term growth prospects. Through the past decade, Japanese banks seemed a relative bargain, trading on a forward PE of less than half of that on personal products companies (Chart I-4). Yet Japanese banks were not a relative bargain. Quite the contrary. Through the past decade Japanese personal products have outperformed the banks by 500 percent! (Chart I-5) Chart I-4Japanese Banks Seemed A Relative Bargain... Chart I-5...But Japanese Banks Were Not A Relative Bargain Hence, beware of picking stock markets on the basis of observations such as ‘European stocks are cheaper than U.S. stocks’. Given that a stock market valuation is the result of its currency valuation and its sector composition, assessing relative value across major stock markets is extremely difficult, if not impossible. To repeat, Carnival appears to be trading at a valuation discount in London versus New York, but the cheapness is illusory. Here’s the right way to pick major stock markets. Identify your preferred sectors and currencies, and then pick the regional and country stock markets that are skewed to these preferred sectors and currencies. In this regard, large underweight sector skews also matter. For example, China and EM have a near-zero exposure to healthcare equities, so their performances tend to correlate negatively with that of the global healthcare sector – albeit the causality could run in either direction. Identify your preferred sectors and currencies, and then pick the regional and country stock markets that are skewed to these preferred sectors and currencies. In early May, we noticed that the extreme outperformance of technology versus healthcare was at a critical technical point at which there was a high probability of a trend reversal. This high conviction sector view implied overweight Europe versus China, as well as overweight Switzerland and underweight Netherlands within Europe (Chart I-6 and Chart I-7). Chart I-6When Tech Underperforms Healthcare, China Underperforms Switzerland Chart I-7When Tech Underperforms Healthcare, The Netherlands Underperforms Switzerland   Given that this sector trend reversal has played out exactly as anticipated, it is time to bank the profits:   Close long Euro Stoxx 50 versus Shanghai Composite. And within Europe, close the overweight to Switzerland and the underweight to the Netherlands. Right now, it is appropriate to overweight banks versus industrials. It is the pace of the bond yield’s decline that has weighed on bank performance this year. But if the sharpest decline in bond yields is behind us, as seems likely, then banks should fare better versus other cyclicals (Chart I-8). Chart I-8If The Sharpest Decline In Bond Yields Is Over, Banks Will Outperform Industrials Once again, this sector view carries an equity market implication: stay overweight the Euro Stoxx 50 versus the Nikkei 225 (Chart I-9). Chart I-9Euro Stoxx 50 Vs. Nikkei 225 = Global Banks In Euros Vs. Global Industrials In Yen The Pound Is A Long-Term Buy Back to the pound. The message from the dual listings of Carnival and BHP Billiton is that the pound is cheap, and this is neatly corroborated by the relationship between relative interest rates and the pound versus the euro and dollar. Based on the pre-Brexit relationship between relative real interest rates and the pound’s exchange rate, we can quantify the ‘Brexit discount’. Absent this discount, the pound would now be trading close to €1.30 and well north of $1.40 (Chart of the Week and Chart I-10). Chart I-10The Pound Has Substantial Upside If The Brexit Discount Fades In the Brexit psychodrama, we do not claim to know exactly how the next few days or weeks will play out. In the short term, Brexit is a classic non-linear system, and non-linear systems are inherently unpredictable. However, in the longer term we expect the Brexit discount to fade in any sort of transitioned resolution that allows the U.K. to adapt to a new trading relationship with the world, or alternatively to stay in a relationship broadly similar to the current one. Whatever the eventual endpoint is, the key requirement to remove the Brexit discount is to avoid a cliff-edge. We expect the Brexit discount to fade in any sort of transitioned resolution. The stumbling block to a resolution is that the three key actors – the EU, the U.K. government, and the U.K. parliament – have conflicting red lines, so the Brexit ‘Venn diagram’ has had no overlap. The EU will not countenance a customs border that divides Ireland; the current U.K. government wants a Free Trade Agreement, which implies casting away Northern Ireland into the EU customs union; and the current U.K. parliament – unless its intentions suddenly change – wants the whole of the U.K., including Northern Ireland, to remain in the EU customs union.   Given that the EU will not budge its red line, the only way to a lasting resolution is for the government and parliament red lines to realign, This could happen via parliament being willing to sacrifice Northern Ireland, via a second referendum, or via a general election in which the government’s intentions and/or the composition of parliament changed. Given a long enough investment horizon – 2 years or more – it is likely that the government and parliament will realign their red lines to a Free Trade Agreement or to a customs union, one way or another. On this basis, the substantial Brexit discount in the pound makes it a long-term buy for investors who can tolerate near-term volatility. Accordingly, today we are initiating a new structural recommendation: long GBP/USD.  For equity investors, the most powerful play on a fading Brexit discount would be the U.K. homebuilders (Chart I-11). Specifically, if the pound reached $1.40, Persimmon still has a further 25 percent of upside. Chart I-11U.K. Homebuilders Have Substantial Upside If The Brexit Discount Fades Fractal Trading System*  Based on its collapsed fractal structure, we anticipate a countertrend rally in NZD/JPY within the next 130 days. Accordingly, go long NZD/JPY setting a profit target of 3 percent and a symmetrical stop-loss. Chart I-12 For any investment, excessive trend following and groupthink can reach a natural point of instability, at which point the established trend is highly likely to break down with or without an external catalyst. An early warning sign is the investment’s fractal dimension approaching its natural lower bound. Encouragingly, this trigger has consistently identified countertrend moves of various magnitudes across all asset classes. The post-June 9, 2016 fractal trading model rules are: When the fractal dimension approaches the lower limit after an investment has been in an established trend it is a potential trigger for a liquidity-triggered trend reversal. Therefore, open a countertrend position. The profit target is a one-third reversal of the preceding 13-week move. Apply a symmetrical stop-loss. Close the position at the profit target or stop-loss. Otherwise close the position after 13 weeks. Use the position size multiple to control risk. The position size will be smaller for more risky positions.   * For more details please see the European Investment Strategy Special Report “Fractals, Liquidity & A Trading Model,” dated December 11, 2014, available at eis.bcaresearch.com. Dhaval Joshi, Chief European Investment Strategist dhaval@bcaresearch.com Footnotes 1 There are also several companies with dual listings in the U.K. and the euro area. Unfortunately, these valuation differentials have been temporarily distorted by the risk of a no-deal Brexit, in which EU27 investors may have been forbidden from trading in the U.K. listed shares. Fractal Trading System Cyclical Recommendations Structural Recommendations Fractal Trades Asset Performance Currency & Bond Equity Sector Country Equity Indicators Bond Yields Chart II-1Indicators To Watch - Bond Yields Chart II-2Indicators To Watch - Bond Yields Chart II-3Indicators To Watch - Bond Yields Chart II-4Indicators To Watch - Bond Yields   Interest Rate Chart II-5Indicators To Watch - Interest Rate Expectations Chart II-6Indicators To Watch - Interest Rate Expectations Chart II-7Indicators To Watch - Interest Rate Expectations Chart II-8Indicators To Watch - Interest Rate Expectations  

Highlights The Chinese economy is still slowing, and there is not yet enough evidence from forward-looking economic data to suggest a turnaround is imminent. Deflation has returned to China’s industrial sector. Even though overall price deceleration has been relatively mild, it is further squeezing already deteriorating industrial profit growth. We do not expect deflation to spiral into a 2015/2016-style episode, which removes at least one risk to our growth outlook. At the same time, a mild deceleration in prices will not provide enough incentive for Chinese policymakers to hit the stimulus button.  The People’s Bank of China’s new interest rate-setting regime, the LPR, will not provide much in the way of stimulus over the next few months. But it has the potential to improve China’s monetary policy transmission mechanism over the coming year, increasing the odds that policymakers will succeed in stabilizing economic activity. Short-term downside risks to growth have not abated, and we remain tactically bearish on Chinese stocks. Cyclically, we continue to recommend an overweight stance, on the basis of an eventual reacceleration in economic activity. Feature Chart 1The Chinese Economy Is Still Slowing China’s economy is at a critical juncture: “Half-measured” stimulus so far has been able to keep the domestic economy in better shape than in the 2015-2016 down cycle, but overall economic activity has not bottomed (Chart 1). The Sino-America trade talk has resumed at the moment, but the two sides have yet to make any substantive progress towards a deal. In the meantime, the global economy has also reached a critical point where the degree of economic weakness has the potential to feed on itself, possibly triggering a recession.1  This underscores our tactically bearish stance towards Chinese stocks versus the global equity benchmark. Barring more forceful stimulus or resolution on the trade front, any external shock and/or internal policy missteps could easily tip the Chinese economy into a deeper growth slowdown. Hence, downside risks remain elevated for Chinese stocks over the next 3- to 6-months.    The “D” Word Returns, But Won’t Spur Aggressive Further Easing Chart 2Industrial Price Deflation Returns Economic data over the past two months have provided mixed signals. Readings from both China’s National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) PMI and from the Caixin PMI show an improvement in the manufacturing sector. However, industrial deflation has returned to China: Three years after the country declared victory against a prolonged industrial destocking cycle, producer price inflation (PPI) relapsed into negative territory in July and declined further in August (Chart 2).   While prices are typically lagging indicators and reflect lingering effects from past economic conditions, there is not enough evidence in forward-looking economic data right now to suggest a turnaround in the economy is imminent.2  A deflationary PPI is not a trivial source of concern for Chinese policymakers. Last time growth in China’s PPI turned negative, it took policymakers four and a half years and an annualized 28% of GDP worth of credit expansion to pull the industrial sector out of its deflationary cycle. Chart 3Deflation Threatens Recovery In Industrial Profit Growth For investors, deflation has pernicious effects on profits, and we have received several client inquiries concerning the topic since PPI growth turned negative. The historical relationship suggests profit growth for both the A-share and investable markets is highly linked to fluctuations in producer prices (Chart 3), and China’s industrial sector profit growth has already been rapidly deteriorating over the past 12 months. The good news is that we do not expect the current episode of PPI deflation to become as protracted as it did in 2012-2016, or as severe as in 2015-2016. Two reasons underpin our view: Since early-2018, monetary policy has been much easier than during past deflationary episodes. Monetary policy in the past year and half has been much more accommodative than in the three years leading to the deep industrial deflationary cycle in 2015, particularly on the exchange rate front. The RMB was soft-pegged to a rising U.S. dollar before it was decoupled by the PBoC in August 2015, and was appreciating against its trading partners throughout most of 2012-2015. Bank lending rates were also kept at historically high levels during this period (Chart 4). This time, even though money and credit growth has not returned to the same pace as in 2015-2016, current ultra-loose monetary conditions should spur enough credit growth to keep prices from deflating aggressively. Chart 4Monetary Conditions Easier Than Last Cycle Inventory levels are low, and capacity levels do not appear to be overly excessive. After years of industrial consolidation, China’s industrial capacity does not appear to be particularly excessive compared to the past cycle. This is distinctively different from the prolonged contraction in PPI between 2012 and 2016, when China’s industrial inventories were coming off a five-year-long destocking cycle, and capacity utilization fell markedly (Chart 5). This is not the case today. Moreover, even though final demand has been weak, production has retrenched even more, drawing down inventories to the point where the pace of inventory destocking may have reached a cyclical bottom (Chart 6). A re-stocking of industrial goods should boost producers’ pricing power. Chart 5Capacity Is Not Excessively Underutilized Chart 6Inventory Destocking May Be Bottoming Out But the bad news (for investors), is that contained, or mild producer price deflation will not be reason alone to spur aggressive further easing from policymakers. This means that the re-emergence of price deflation, even mild and short-lived, will weigh on earnings and investor sentiment. Bottom Line: This episode of producer price deflation is unlikely to become as pernicious as occurred in the past, but policymakers are thus unlikely to act aggressively to counter it. While this removes some of the downside risks for Chinese stocks, even mild deflation will weigh on earnings growth (and thus sentiment) which underscores our tactically bearish stance on Chinese stocks. Demystifying China’s New Loan Prime Rate: Not The Stimulus You Are Looking For On August 20th, the PBoC launched a new loan prime rate (LPR) system, a revamped reference regime for setting bank loan interest rates3 (Chart 7). In September, the new LPR rate for one-year bank loans was lowered by five basis points. Since then, the market has been fixated on predicting whether the PBoC will cut the Medium-Lending Facility (MLF) rate next, which would be perceived as a change in China’s monetary stance. Chart 7China's New LPR: A Shadow 'Tax Cut' PBoC will increase its control of the pricing of credit, while tight financial regulations will restrict the size and speed of credit growth. The new LPR reform, in our view, is designed to force state-owned (and better-capitalized) commercial banks to hand out a “tax cut” to struggling small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) by lowering bank lending rates. At the same time, it allows the PBoC to take back control of the pricing of credit from commercial banks, “killing two birds with one stone.” There are three main market implications from this approach: The new LPR is likely to gradually narrow the gap between corporate bond yields (i.e. “market rates”) and bank lending rates; A cut in the MLF rate in the near term should be interpreted as a “reward” to commercial banks rather than a stimulus for the economy; Most importantly, the new LPR system does not mean rapid credit expansion is in the cards. Quite the opposite, in the near term, banks may tighten their lending. The wide spread between the 3-month interbank repo rate and average bank lending rate illustrates the reason why the PBoC has introduced the LPR.4 This gap is also evident when comparing the yield of AAA-rated corporate bonds and the average bank lending rate (Chart 8). These gaps exist because Chinese commercial banks have largely manipulated the 1-year bank lending rate set by the PBoC when lending to their “preferred customers,” usually state-owned enterprises and real estate developers, by offering significantly discounted loan rates. Banks then charge substantial “risk premiums” on loans to the private sector, mostly SMEs, to make up for the narrower profit margins on loans to SOEs (Chart 9). Chart 8An Impaired Monetary Policy Transmission Mechanism Chart 9Evidence Of Asymmetrical Lending Practices The new LPR system is designed to minimize this discrepancy, since the new LPRs are more market based and are quoted based on the price of loans banks charge their prime clients. By design, the new LPR system should force the average bank lending rate closer to the rate companies borrow in the bond market. This means bank lending rates will be guided lower, including lending rates for SMEs. However, the new system will be implemented in phases, and the PBoC is likely to gradually guide LPRs lower to allow banks to readjust their pricing models.  The LPR rate is essentially the MLF rate plus bank profit margins (the added basis points above the MLF rate). The market will guide the top line lending rate, while the PBoC will have control over the floor rate (MLF) through open market operations. The fact that the PBoC is keeping the MLF rate unchanged while allowing the LPR to drop (albeit slightly) sends an explicit message: The PBoC is forcing banks to lower lending rates first before boosting their now-narrowed profit margins by lowering the MLF rate. In contrast to expectations of market participants that the LPR system will ease credit conditions, banks may actually tighten their lending in the coming months. While the PBoC will increase its control of the pricing of bank loans by the rate reform plan, the strengthening in financial regulations that has occurred over the past year will restrict the size and speed of credit growth. This combination has created more room for monetary easing without unleashing “animal spirits.” Borrowing costs to risky institutions have been higher since the Baoshang Bank takeover and are likely to remain elevated even if interest rates are lower (Chart 10). More importantly, mortgage and real estate developer loans together account for nearly 30% of total bank credit. Unless policymakers ease the brakes on lending restrictions to the property sector, bank lending growth is unlikely to pick up meaningfully (Chart 11). In fact, the PBoC has explicitly excluded mortgage and property-related lending from benefitting from the LPR rate cut.5 Barring a significant worsening in economic data, we do not expect the PBoC to lower mortgage lending and real estate-related loan rates in the coming months. Chart 10Tightened Financial Regulations Will Keep Cost Of Risky Lending High Chart 11Mortgage Rate Unlikely To Return To Its 2016 Low Finally, in the next two- to three-quarter mandatory implementation period, banks will be readjusting their pricing and credit risk-assessing models. During the transition, we expect more cautious sentiment among both lenders and borrowers. Hence, in the short term, bank loan growth may actually moderate. Bottom Line: The new LPR system may lower China’s banking sector profits in the short term. But in the next 6- to 12-months, we expect the PBoC to compensate commercial banks by keeping ample liquidity in the interbank system and by eventually lowering the MLF rate. The new LPR system may slow bank credit growth in the next few months, but after its full implementation (by the second quarter of 2020), it will have the potential to make PBoC’s policy more effective. Investment Conclusions We expect two phases of Chinese equity relative performance over the coming year: one phase of flat-to-potentially seriously down performance to last from now until sometime in the first quarter of 2020 when the economy bottoms, and then a phase of outperformance. Our expectation that the economy will bottom in Q1 2020 rests on the existing reflationary response by Chinese policymakers and an improved monetary transmission mechanism. Chart 12We Expect The Chinese Economy To Bottom In Q1 2020 Our expectation that the economy will bottom in the first quarter of 2020 continues to rest on the existing reflationary response by Chinese policymakers (Chart 12), and the fact that China’s new LPR system has the potential to improve what is currently a seriously impaired monetary transmission mechanism beyond the next two or three quarters. But the existing response of policymakers has been considerably more measured when compared to past economic cycles, meaning that equity investors are unlikely to be as forward-looking as they otherwise might be. Weak producer price deflation will weigh on investor sentiment, and it is unlikely to be weak enough to spur aggressive further easing. The potential for further escalation of the U.S.-China trade war also compellingly argues against an overweight stance in the near-term, even if we expect economic growth to subsequently improve. Consequently, we remain tactically bearish and cyclically bullish towards Chinese stocks: medium-term investors who are already positioned in favor of China-related assets should stay long, whereas investors who have not yet moved to an overweight stance should wait for a better buying opportunity to emerge over the coming few months.   Jing Sima China Strategist JingS@bcaresearch.com     Footnotes 1      Please see Global Investment Strategy Outlook “Fourth Quarter 2019 Strategy Outlook: A “Show Me” Market”, dated October 4, 2019, available at gis.bcaresearch.com 2      Please see China Investment Strategy Weekly Report “China Macro And Market Review”, dated October 2, 2019, available at cis.bcaresearch.com 3      Announcement of the People’s Bank of China on Improving Loan Prime Rate (LPR) Formation Mechanism, August 19, 2019, available at http://www.pbc.gov.cn/en/3688110/3688172/3877490/index.html 4      PBC Official Answers Press Questions on Improving Loan Prime Rate (LPR) Formation Mechanism, August 20, 2019, available at http://www.pbc.gov.cn/en/3688110/3688172/3877865/index.html 5      Announcement of the People’s Bank of China No.16, August 27, 2019, available at http://www.pbc.gov.cn/en/3688110/3688172/3881177/index.html Cyclical Investment Stance Equity Sector Recommendations

Aspectos destacados PRONÓSTICOS DEL MERCADO Perspectiva estratégica del cuarto trimestre de 2019: un mercado "muéstrame" Por favor, proporcione únicamente el texto traducido en su respuesta, sin comentarios ni formato adicional. Perspectiva estratégica del cuarto trimestre de 2019: un mercado "muéstrame" Por favor, proporcione únicamente el texto traducido en su respuesta, sin comentarios ni formato adicional. Estrategia de inversión: Los mercados han entrado en una fase de “muéstrame”. Serán necesarios mejores datos económicos y avances significativos en las negociaciones comerciales para que las acciones suban de forma sostenible. Creemos que se producirán ambas condiciones previas. Hasta entonces, los activos de riesgo podrían sufrir presión. Asignación global de activos: Los inversores deberían sobreponderar acciones frente a bonos en un horizonte de 12 meses, pero mantener posiciones de efectivo por encima de lo normal en el corto plazo como cobertura contra riesgos a la baja. Renta variable: Las acciones de mercados emergentes y europeas superarán al resto una vez que el crecimiento global toque fondo. Los sectores cíclicos, incluidos los financieros, también comenzarán a superar a los defensivos cuando el ciclo de crecimiento cambie. Bonos: Los bancos centrales permanecerán dovish, pero los rendimientos subirán modestamente por un crecimiento global más fuerte. Favorezca el crédito corporativo high-yield sobre los bonos gubernamentales. Divisas: Como moneda contracíclica, el dólar estadounidense debería alcanzar su pico más adelante este año. Materias primas: Los precios del petróleo y de los metales industriales subirán. Los precios del oro han entrado en una fase de consolidación, pero deberían brillar de nuevo a finales del próximo año o en 2021 cuando la inflación finalmente se dispare. Destacado Estimado cliente, En lugar de este informe, ofrecí un seminario web el lunes 7 de octubre a las 10:00 AM EDT, en el que analicé los principales temas y perspectivas de inversión que, en mi opinión, se desarrollarán durante el resto del año y más allá. Atentamente, Peter Berezin, estratega global jefe   I. Perspectiva macro global Una fase de prueba para la economía mundial La economía mundial ha llegado a una encrucijada crítica. El crecimiento se ha ralentizado desde principios de 2018, alcanzando lo que muchos considerarían una “velocidad de estancamiento”. Este es el punto en el que la debilidad económica empieza a alimentarse a sí misma, pudiendo desencadenar una recesión. ¿Empeorará la desaceleración del crecimiento? Nuestra hipótesis es que no. Las condiciones financieras globales se han relajado significativamente en los últimos cuatro meses, gracias en parte al giro dovish de la mayoría de los bancos centrales. Condiciones financieras más laxas suelen ser favorables para el crecimiento global (Gráfico 1). Nuestro indicador líder global se ha recuperado, principalmente debido a una mejora marginal en los datos de los mercados emergentes (Gráfico 2). Gráfico 1 El alivio de las condiciones financieras impulsará el crecimiento global Condiciones Financieras Más Favorables Impulsarán el Crecimiento Global Condiciones Financieras Más Favorables Impulsarán el Crecimiento Global Gráfico 2 El LEI global se ha recuperado de sus mínimos Global LEI se ha alejado de sus mínimos Global LEI se ha alejado de sus mínimos     Una cuestión importante es si la debilidad en el sector manufacturero se extenderá al sector de servicios, mucho más grande. Hay alguna evidencia de que esto está ocurriendo, siendo la publicación de ayer del ISM no manufacturero, más débil de lo esperado, el último ejemplo. No obstante, la desaceleración de la actividad del sector servicios ha sido hasta ahora limitada (Gráfico 3). Incluso en Alemania, con su amplia base manufacturera, el PMI del sector servicios se mantiene en territorio expansivo. Esta es una diferencia clave con los periodos 2001/02 y 2008/09, cuando la actividad del sector servicios colapsó al mismo tiempo que la manufacturera. Gráfico 3A El sector servicios se ha debilitado menos que la industria (I) El sector de servicios se ha moderado menos que la industria manufacturera (I) El sector de servicios se ha moderado menos que la industria manufacturera (I) Gráfico 3B El sector servicios se ha debilitado menos que la industria (II) El sector servicios se ha moderado menos que la industria manufacturera (II) El sector servicios se ha moderado menos que la industria manufacturera (II) La desaceleración provocada por los automóviles Si se preguntara a la mayoría de los inversores las razones detrás de la desaceleración manufacturera, probablemente citarían la guerra comercial o la campaña de desapalancamiento de China. Ambas son razones válidas, pero hay un culpable menos conocido: el sector automotriz. Según WardsAuto, las ventas mundiales de automóviles cayeron más del 5% en la primera mitad del año, con diferencia la mayor caída desde la Gran Recesión (Gráfico 4). La producción disminuyó aún más. Gráfico 4 La debilidad del sector automotriz ha agravado la caída de la industria manufacturera La debilidad del sector automotriz ha exacerbado la desaceleración del sector manufacturero. La debilidad del sector automotriz ha exacerbado la desaceleración del sector manufacturero. Gráfico 5 La demanda de automóviles en EE. UU. se está recuperando La demanda de automóviles en EE. UU. se está recuperando La demanda de automóviles en EE. UU. se está recuperando   La debilidad en el sector automotriz mundial refleja una variedad de factores. Requisitos de emisiones más estrictos, incentivos fiscales que expiran, efectos rezagados de normas más estrictas para préstamos automotrices y las tensiones comerciales han desempeñado un papel. Además, la caída de los precios de la gasolina en 2015/16 probablemente adelantó algunas compras de automóviles. Esto sugiere que la desaceleración manufacturera mundial de 2015/16 pudo haber contribuido a sembrar las semillas de la actual. El hecho de que la producción de automóviles esté cayendo más rápido que las ventas es alentador porque significa que se están agotando los inventarios excedentes. Las normas de concesión de préstamos para automóviles en EE. UU. han comenzado a normalizarse, con los bancos informando de una demanda más fuerte de préstamos automotrices en la última Encuesta de Oficiales de Crédito Senior (Gráfico 5). En China, las ventas de automóviles han tocado fondo después de haber caído hasta un 14% a principios de este año (Gráfico 6). La tasa de propiedad de automóviles en China es una quinta parte de la de EE. UU., una cuarta parte de la de Japón y un tercio de la de Corea (Gráfico 7). Dado el bajo punto de partida, es probable que las ventas de automóviles chinas reanuden su tendencia secular al alza. Gráfico 6 El sector automotriz en China está encontrando un suelo El sector automotriz en China está encontrando un suelo El sector automotriz en China está encontrando un suelo Gráfico 7 China: perspectivas estructurales favorables para los automóviles China: La perspectiva estructural para los autos es alentadora China: La perspectiva estructural para los autos es alentadora   La guerra comercial: ¿Hacia una détente? Gráfico 8 Un ciclo manufacturero de tres años bastante regular Un ciclo de fabricación de tres años bastante regular Un ciclo de fabricación de tres años bastante regular Los ciclos manufactureros suelen durar alrededor de tres años: 18 meses de crecimiento desacelerado seguidos por 18 meses de crecimiento al alza (Gráfico 8). En la medida en que el PMI manufacturero global alcanzó su pico en la primera mitad de 2018, deberíamos estar cerca del final de la actual contracción. Por supuesto, mucho depende de los desarrollos en política. Al cierre de esta edición, se han reanudado las negociaciones de alto nivel entre EE. UU. y China. Si bien es imposible predecir el resultado de estas conversaciones, parece que ambas partes tienen incentivos para desescalar el conflicto comercial. Los votantes valoran mucho más a Trump por su gestión de la economía que por cualquier otra cosa, incluida su gestión de las negociaciones comerciales con China (Gráfico 9). Una guerra comercial prolongada dañaría el crecimiento de EE. UU. y debilitaría la bolsa. Ambos factores socavarían las perspectivas de reelección de Trump. Gráfico 9 Trump recibe calificaciones razonablemente altas por su gestión de la economía, pero no por mucho más Perspectiva estratégica para el cuarto trimestre de 2019: un mercado "Muéstrame Perspectiva estratégica para el cuarto trimestre de 2019: un mercado "Muéstrame Gráfico 10 ¿Quién ganará la nominación demócrata de 2020? Perspectiva estratégica del cuarto trimestre de 2019: un mercado 'muéstrame Perspectiva estratégica del cuarto trimestre de 2019: un mercado 'muéstrame China también quiere reforzar el crecimiento. Por difícil que haya sido para el liderazgo chino lidiar con Donald Trump, intentar asegurar un acuerdo comercial con él después de que sea reelegido sería aún más complicado. Esto sería especialmente cierto si Trump pensara que los chinos intentaron sabotear su candidatura a la reelección. Incluso si Trump llegara a perder la elección, no está claro que China termine con alguien más dócil en asuntos comerciales. ¿Realmente querría el gobierno chino negociar sobre normas medioambientales y derechos humanos con la presidenta Warren, sobre quien los mercados de apuestas ahora creen que tiene más posibilidades de convertirse en la candidata demócrata que Joe Biden (Gráfico 10)? La iniciativa de los demócratas para destituir al presidente Trump hace que una resolución comercial sea algo más probable. Primero, llama la atención sobre los dudosos negocios de Joe Biden (y su hijo) en Ucrania, lo que asesta un golpe al candidato estadounidense preferido por China. Segundo, hace que Trump esté más inclinado a querer dejar atrás el enfrentamiento con China para poder concentrar sus energías en asuntos internos. ¿Más estímulo chino? Estratégicamente, China tiene un fuerte incentivo para estimular su economía con el fin de apuntalar el crecimiento y ganar mayor influencia en las negociaciones comerciales. El impulso crediticio chino tocó fondo a finales de 2018. El impulso precede a la producción manufacturera nominal china y a la mayoría de los demás indicadores de actividad por unos nueve meses (Gráfico 11). Hasta ahora, la magnitud del alivio crediticio/fiscal de China está lejos de igualar el estímulo que se desató sobre la economía en 2015/16 y 2008/09. Esto se debe en parte a que las autoridades hoy están más preocupadas por niveles excesivos de deuda que entonces, pero también porque la economía está en mejor forma. El choque de la guerra comercial no ha sido ni de lejos tan grave como la Gran Recesión – recuerde que las exportaciones chinas a EE. UU. representan solo el 2,7% del PIB en términos de valor añadido. A diferencia de 2015/16, cuando China perdió más de 1 billón de dólares en reservas externas, las salidas de capital han permanecido contenidas en esta ocasión (Gráfico 12). Gráfico 11 El estímulo chino debería impulsar el crecimiento global El estímulo chino debería impulsar el crecimiento mundial El estímulo chino debería impulsar el crecimiento mundial Gráfico 12 China: sin salidas de capital importantes China: Sin grandes salidas de capital China: Sin grandes salidas de capital Los datos del PMI chino, mejores de lo esperado, publicados a principios de esta semana ofrecen un rayo de esperanza. No obstante, a la luz de los decepcionantes números de actividad de agosto, es probable que China aumente el ritmo del estímulo en los próximos meses. Las autoridades ya han reducido los requisitos de reservas bancarias. Esperamos que recorten las tasas de política monetaria en los próximos meses. También adelantará la emisión de bonos locales, lo que debería ayudar a impulsar el gasto en infraestructura. El crecimiento europeo debería mejorar Una recuperación del crecimiento global ayudará a Europa más adelante este año. Alemania, con su economía dependiente del comercio, se beneficiará más. Gráfico 13 Los diferenciales han disminuido en el sur de Europa Los diferenciales se han estrechado en todo el sur de Europa Los diferenciales se han estrechado en todo el sur de Europa Gráfico 14 Un crecimiento monetario más rápido presagia un buen crecimiento del PIB en la zona euro Un crecimiento más rápido de la masa monetaria augura un buen crecimiento del PIB en la zona del euro. Un crecimiento más rápido de la masa monetaria augura un buen crecimiento del PIB en la zona del euro. La caída de los diferenciales soberanos también debería respaldar al sur de Europa (Gráfico 13). El diferencial del bono italiano a 10 años respecto al bund alemán se ha estrechado casi un punto porcentual desde mediados de agosto, llevando el rendimiento del bono italiano a 10 años al 0,83%. Los bonos griegos a 10 años ahora rinden menos que los bonos del Tesoro de EE. UU. (el PMI manufacturero griego es actualmente el más fuerte del mundo). Con el BCE volviendo al mercado a comprar deuda soberana y corporativa, las tasas de interés deberían mantenerse bajas. El crecimiento del dinero en la zona euro, que adelanta el crecimiento del PIB, ya se ha acelerado (Gráfico 14). Los préstamos bancarios al sector privado deberían seguir acelerándose. Una modesta dosis de estímulo fiscal también ayudará. La Comisión Europea estima que el impulso fiscal en la zona euro aumentará en 0,5% del PIB en 2019 (Gráfico 15). Suponiendo, de manera conservadora, un multiplicador fiscal de uno, esto impulsaría el crecimiento de la zona euro en medio punto porcentual. Debido a los retrasos entre los cambios en la política fiscal y su impacto en la economía real, la mayor parte de las ganancias en el crecimiento del PIB ocurrirá durante el resto de este año y en 2020. Gráfico 15 El estímulo fiscal en la zona euro también impulsará el crecimiento El estímulo fiscal de la zona del euro también impulsará el crecimiento El estímulo fiscal de la zona del euro también impulsará el crecimiento Gráfico 17 Angustia por el Brexit: un caso de 'Bremorse' Angustia por el Brexit: Un caso de Bremorse Angustia por el Brexit: Un caso de Bremorse Gráfico 16 Reino Unido: la incertidumbre del Brexit está lastrando el crecimiento Reino Unido: la incertidumbre del Brexit lastra el crecimiento Reino Unido: la incertidumbre del Brexit lastra el crecimiento En el Reino Unido, la incertidumbre del Brexit continúa lastrando el crecimiento. La inversión empresarial en el Reino Unido se ha visto especialmente afectada (Gráfico 16). El primer ministro Boris Johnson sigue insistiendo en que sacará al Reino Unido de la UE con o sin acuerdo a finales de octubre. Nosotros restamos importancia a su fanfarronería. El Tribunal Supremo ya negó su intento de cerrar el Parlamento. El público está teniendo dudas sobre la conveniencia del Brexit (Gráfico 17). Aunque no tenemos una opinión firme sobre los giros exactos de la saga del Brexit, mantenemos que las probabilidades de un Brexit sin acuerdo son bajas. Esto es una buena noticia para el crecimiento del Reino Unido y para la libra. Japón: autogol Los recientes datos japoneses no han sido alentadores: los pedidos de máquinas-herramienta cayeron un 37% interanual en agosto. Las exportaciones se contrajeron más del 8%, con importaciones registrando una caída del 12%. La lectura del PMI de septiembre expuso un mayor deterioro en la manufactura, con el índice cayendo a 48.9 desde 49.3 en agosto. Además, la producción industrial se contrajo más de lo esperado en agosto, cayendo un 1% respecto al mes anterior y cerca del 5% interanual. La incertidumbre en torno a las negociaciones comerciales EE. UU.-China, así como las propias tensiones de Japón con la vecina Corea del Sur, también han pesado sobre la economía japonesa. La actividad industrial japonesa mejorará a finales de este año a medida que el crecimiento global se recupere. Pero el gobierno no ha ayudado a las perspectivas de crecimiento al aumentar el impuesto al consumo el 1 de octubre. Si bien varias compensaciones mitigarán el efecto total de la subida impositiva, sigue suponiendo un endurecimiento injustificado de la política fiscal. El PIB nominal apenas ha aumentado desde principios de los años 90. Lo que Japón necesita son políticas que aumenten la renta nominal. Esas políticas reflacionarias podrían ser la única forma de estabilizar la ratio deuda/PIB sin empujar a la economía de nuevo a una espiral deflacionaria.1  EE. UU.: resistiendo Gráfico 18 EE. UU. tiene una menor participación de la industria manufacturera que la mayoría de las demás economías desarrolladas Perspectiva estratégica para el cuarto trimestre de 2019: un mercado de "muéstrame Perspectiva estratégica para el cuarto trimestre de 2019: un mercado de "muéstrame La economía de EE. UU. se ha comportado relativamente bien durante la última desaceleración económica global, en parte porque la manufactura representa una menor proporción del PIB que en la mayoría de las otras economías (Gráfico 18). Según el modelo GDPNow de la Fed de Atlanta, el PIB real se encamina a crecer a un ritmo cercano a la tendencia del 1.8% en el tercer trimestre (Gráfico 19). El consumo personal aumentará alrededor de un 2.5%, después de haber crecido un 4.6% en el segundo trimestre. El gasto del consumidor debería mantenerse robusto, respaldado por el aumento de los salarios. La tasa de ahorro personal también permanece elevada, lo que debería ayudar a amortiguar a los hogares ante cualquier choque adverso (Gráfico 20).   Gráfico 19 El crecimiento de EE. UU. se ha debilitado, pero sigue cerca de la tendencia Perspectiva estratégica para el cuarto trimestre de 2019: un mercado "muéstrame Perspectiva estratégica para el cuarto trimestre de 2019: un mercado "muéstrame La inversión residencial finalmente parece estar girando la esquina. Los inicios de viviendas, los permisos de construcción y las ventas de viviendas han aumentado. Dada la estrecha relación entre las tasas hipotecarias y la construcción de viviendas, la actividad de construcción debería acelerarse en los próximos trimestres (Gráfico 21). La baja oferta y las bajas tasas de vacancia, el aumento de la formación de hogares y la accesibilidad razonable auguran bien para el mercado inmobiliario (Gráfico 22). Gráfico 20 La tasa de ahorro tiene (mucho) margen para caer, según la relación histórica con la riqueza La tasa de ahorro tiene (mucho) margen para bajar, a juzgar por la relación histórica con la riqueza La tasa de ahorro tiene (mucho) margen para bajar, a juzgar por la relación histórica con la riqueza Gráfico 21 La vivienda en EE. UU. se recuperará La vivienda en EE. UU. se recuperará La vivienda en EE. UU. se recuperará Gráfico 22 Vivienda en EE. UU.: sobre una base sólida Vivienda en EE. UU.: Sobre una base sólida Vivienda en EE. UU.: Sobre una base sólida Gráfico 23 Los planes de inversión de EE. UU. han caído desde sus máximos, pero están lejos de niveles recesivos Los planes de capex de EE. UU. han retrocedido desde sus máximos, pero distan mucho de niveles recesivos. Los planes de capex de EE. UU. han retrocedido desde sus máximos, pero distan mucho de niveles recesivos. En contraste con la inversión residencial, la inversión empresarial sigue lastrada por la recesión manufacturera, un dólar fuerte y la incertidumbre de la política comercial. Los pedidos básicos de bienes duraderos disminuyeron en agosto. Las encuestas sobre intenciones de capex también se han debilitado, aunque siguen muy por encima de niveles recesivos (Gráfico 23). El índice ISM manufacturero alcanzó su nivel más bajo desde julio de 2009 en septiembre. Los componentes internos del informe no fueron tan malos como el titular. El componente pedidos nuevos/inventarios, que adelanta al ISM por dos meses, volvió a territorio positivo. La débil lectura del ISM también contrasta con el más optimista PMI manufacturero Markit de EE. UU., que subió a su nivel más alto desde abril. Estadísticamente, el PMI de Markit hace un mejor trabajo en seguir las medidas oficiales de la producción manufacturera, los pedidos fabriles y el empleo en EE. UU. que el ISM. En conjunto, es probable que la economía de EE. UU. experimente un crecimiento modestamente más fuerte a finales de este año, a medida que la recesión manufacturera global llegue a su fin, mientras que el fuerte gasto del consumidor y un mercado inmobiliario en mejora refuercen la demanda interna. II. Mercados financieros Asignación global de activos Los mercados han entrado en una fase de “muéstrame”. Serán necesarios mejores datos económicos y avances significativos en las negociaciones comerciales para que las acciones suban de forma sostenible. Por ello, los inversores deberían mantener posiciones de efectivo mayores de lo normal por el momento para protegerse contra riesgos a la baja. Gráfico 24 Las acciones superarán a los bonos si el crecimiento se recupera Las acciones superarán a los bonos si el crecimiento se recupera Las acciones superarán a los bonos si el crecimiento se recupera Afortunadamente, cualquier retroceso en los precios de los activos de riesgo probablemente será temporal. Si las tensiones comerciales disminuyen y el crecimiento global se recupera más adelante este año, como esperamos, las acciones y los productos de spread deberían superar con creces a los bonos gubernamentales en un horizonte de 12 meses (Gráfico 24). Admitimos que hay muchas cosas que podrían trastocar esta recomendación optimista a 12 meses: el crecimiento global podría seguir deteriorándose; la guerra comercial podría intensificarse; shocks de oferta podrían hacer que los precios del petróleo vuelvan a dispararse; el Reino Unido podría acabar saliendo de la UE en un escenario de “Brexit duro”; y, por último, Elizabeth Warren u otro candidato de la izquierda radical podría acabar convirtiéndose en el próximo presidente de EE. UU. La pregunta clave para los inversores hoy es si estos riesgos ya están completamente descontados en los mercados financieros. Creemos que sí. Gráfico 25 muestra nuestras estimaciones de la prima de riesgo de la renta variable global (ERP), calculada como la diferencia entre el rendimiento por beneficios y el rendimiento real de los bonos. Nuestros cálculos sugieren que las acciones siguen pareciendo bastante baratas en comparación con los bonos. Gráfico 25A Las primas de riesgo de acciones siguen siendo bastante altas (I) Las primas de riesgo de la renta variable siguen siendo bastante altas (I) Las primas de riesgo de la renta variable siguen siendo bastante altas (I) Gráfico 25B Las primas de riesgo de acciones siguen siendo bastante altas (II) Primas de Riesgo de Renta Variable Siguen Siendo Bastante Altas (II) Primas de Riesgo de Renta Variable Siguen Siendo Bastante Altas (II) Se podría protestar que la ERP es alta solo porque los rendimientos de los bonos ultra bajos de hoy reflejan perspectivas de crecimiento muy pobres. Hay algo de verdad en esa afirmación, pero no tanto como se podría pensar. Si bien el crecimiento del PIB tendencial ha caído en EE. UU. durante la última década, los rendimientos de los bonos han descendido aún más. La brecha entre el crecimiento potencial del PIB nominal de EE. UU., según estima la Oficina de Presupuesto del Congreso, y el rendimiento del Tesoro a 10 años se acerca a dos puntos porcentuales, el más alto desde 1979 (Gráfico 26). Gráfico 26 Los rendimientos de los bonos han caído más que el crecimiento tendencial del PIB nominal Los rendimientos de los bonos han caído más que el crecimiento nominal tendencial del PIB Los rendimientos de los bonos han caído más que el crecimiento nominal tendencial del PIB A nivel global, la tendencia del crecimiento del PIB apenas ha cambiado desde 1980, en gran medida porque los mercados emergentes de más rápido crecimiento ahora constituyen una mayor parte de la economía mundial (Gráfico 27). Para las grandes empresas multinacionales, el crecimiento global, más que el crecimiento doméstico, es la medida más relevante del impulso económico. Medición de los rendimientos futuros de la renta variable Una ERP alta simplemente indica que las acciones son atractivas en términos relativos respecto a los bonos. Para estimar el rendimiento prospectivo de las acciones en términos absolutos, se debe observar el nivel absoluto de las valoraciones. Gráfico 27 La tendencia del crecimiento global se ha mantenido estable gracias al mayor crecimiento de los mercados emergentes gráfico 27 La tendencia del crecimiento global se ha mantenido estable gracias a los mercados emergentes de más rápido crecimiento. La tendencia del crecimiento global se ha mantenido estable gracias a los mercados emergentes de más rápido crecimiento. Gráfico 28 S&P 500: todo el aumento de los márgenes se ha producido en el sector tecnológico S&P 500: Todo el aumento de los márgenes se ha producido en el sector de TI S&P 500: Todo el aumento de los márgenes se ha producido en el sector de TI Como argumentamos en un informe reciente titulado “¿TINA al rescate?”,2 el rendimiento por beneficios puede usarse como proxy del rendimiento total real esperado de la renta variable. Empíricamente, la evidencia parece confirmarlo: desde 1950, el rendimiento por beneficios de las acciones estadounidenses ha promediado 6.7%, en comparación con un rendimiento total real del 7.2%. Hoy, el ratio PE trailing y el forward para las acciones estadounidenses se sitúan en 21.1 y 17.4, respectivamente. Usando un promedio simple de ambos como guía para rendimientos futuros, las acciones estadounidenses deberían ofrecer un rendimiento total real a largo plazo del 5.2%. Si bien esto está por debajo de su media histórica, sigue siendo un rendimiento bastante aceptable. Se podría argumentar que este cálculo sobreestima los rendimientos prospectivos de la renta variable porque el rendimiento por beneficios de EE. UU. está temporalmente inflado por márgenes de beneficio anormalmente altos. El problema con este argumento es que prácticamente todo el aumento de los márgenes del S&P 500 se ha producido en un solo sector: tecnología. Fuera del sector tecnológico, los márgenes del S&P 500 no están lejos de su media histórica (Gráfico 28). Si los márgenes elevados del sector tecnológico reflejan cambios estructurales en la economía global —como la aparición de empresas “winner-take-all” que se benefician de potentes efectos de red y poder de fijación de precios monopolístico— podrían permanecer elevados en el futuro previsible.   Asignación regional y sectorial de renta variable El rendimiento por beneficios es aproximadamente dos puntos porcentuales mayor fuera de EE. UU., lo que sugiere que las acciones no estadounidenses superarán a sus pares estadounidenses a largo plazo. En el espacio de mercados desarrollados, Alemania, España y Reino Unido parecen especialmente baratas. En el ámbito de los mercados emergentes, China, Corea y Rusia destacan por estar muy atractivamente valoradas (Gráfico 29). A nivel sectorial, las acciones cíclicas parecen más atractivas que las defensivas (Gráfico 30). Gráfico 29 Las acciones de EE. UU. parecen caras en comparación con sus pares Perspectiva estratégica para el cuarto trimestre de 2019: un mercado "muéstrame Perspectiva estratégica para el cuarto trimestre de 2019: un mercado "muéstrame Gráfico 31 El crecimiento económico impulsa las acciones en un horizonte de 12 meses El crecimiento económico impulsa las acciones en un horizonte de 12 meses El crecimiento económico impulsa las acciones en un horizonte de 12 meses Gráfico 30 Las acciones cíclicas son más atractivas que las defensivas Las acciones cíclicas son más atractivas que las defensivas Las acciones cíclicas son más atractivas que las defensivas Gráfico 32 Las acciones de mercados emergentes y de la zona euro suelen superar cuando mejora el crecimiento global Las acciones de EM y de la Zona del Euro suelen tener un mejor rendimiento cuando mejora el crecimiento global. Las acciones de EM y de la Zona del Euro suelen tener un mejor rendimiento cuando mejora el crecimiento global. Las valoraciones son útiles principalmente como guía para los rendimientos a largo plazo. En un horizonte de, digamos, 12 meses, los factores cíclicos —es decir, lo que sucede con el crecimiento, las tasas de interés y los tipos de cambio— importan más (Gráfico 31). Afortunadamente, nuestras vistas cíclicas generalmente coinciden con nuestra evaluación de las valoraciones. Un crecimiento global más fuerte, un dólar más débil y precios de las materias primas en alza deberían beneficiar a las acciones cíclicas frente a las defensivas. En la medida en que los mercados de acciones de los mercados emergentes y europeos tienen una mayor inclinación hacia sectores cíclicos que las acciones estadounidenses, los primeros deberían terminar superando a los segundos (Gráfico 32). Incluiríamos a los financieros en nuestra lista de sectores a mejorar antes de fin de año una vez que el crecimiento global comience a reaccelerarse. La caída de los rendimientos ha perjudicado los beneficios bancarios (Gráfico 33). El lastre sobre los márgenes de interés netos debería retroceder a medida que los rendimientos empiecen a subir. Los bancos europeos, que actualmente cotizan a solo 7.6 veces ganancias forward, 0.6 veces valor contable y ofrecen un jugoso rendimiento por dividendo del 6.3%, podrían comportarse especialmente bien (Gráfico 34). Gráfico 33A Rendimientos de bonos más altos y curvas de rendimiento más empinadas beneficiarán a los financieros (I) Mayores rendimientos de los bonos y curvas de rendimiento más empinadas beneficiarán al sector financiero (I) Mayores rendimientos de los bonos y curvas de rendimiento más empinadas beneficiarán al sector financiero (I) Gráfico 33B Rendimientos de bonos más altos y curvas de rendimiento más empinadas beneficiarán a los financieros (II) Mayores rendimientos de los bonos y curvas de rendimiento más pronunciadas beneficiarán al sector financiero (II) Mayores rendimientos de los bonos y curvas de rendimiento más pronunciadas beneficiarán al sector financiero (II) Como ilustra el Gráfico 35, una apuesta por los financieros es similar a una apuesta por las acciones de valor. El crecimiento ha superado al value durante los últimos 12 años, pero es de esperar un cierto respiro para el value en los próximos 12 a 18 meses. Gráfico 34 Los bancos europeos son atractivos Los bancos europeos son atractivos Los bancos europeos son atractivos Gráfico 35 ¿Está el 'value' dando la vuelta? ¿Está el valor dando la vuelta? ¿Está el valor dando la vuelta?   Renta fija Gráfico 36A Los rendimientos deberían subir con un crecimiento más fuerte (I) Los rendimientos deberían aumentar con un crecimiento más robusto (I) Los rendimientos deberían aumentar con un crecimiento más robusto (I) Los bancos centrales dovish y, por el momento, la inflación todavía contenida ayudarán a mantener a raya los rendimientos de los bonos gubernamentales durante los próximos 12 meses. No obstante, los rendimientos subirán desde los niveles deprimidos actuales gracias a un crecimiento global más fuerte (Gráfico 36).     Gráfico 36B Los rendimientos deberían subir con un crecimiento más fuerte (II) Los rendimientos deberían aumentar con un crecimiento más sólido (II) Los rendimientos deberían aumentar con un crecimiento más sólido (II) Los rendimientos de los bonos tienden a subir o bajar dependiendo de si los bancos centrales ajustan las tasas más o menos de lo anticipado (Gráfico 37). Los inversores actualmente esperan que la Fed recorte las tasas otros 80 puntos básicos en los próximos 12 meses. Si bien creemos que la Fed reducirá las tasas en 25 puntos básicos el 30 de octubre, no anticipamos más recortes después de esa fecha. Los 75 puntos básicos acumulados en recortes durante este ciclo de relajación equivaldrán a la cantidad de alivio entregada durante las dos desaceleraciones intermedias de los años 90 (1995/96 y 1998). En conjunto, es probable que el rendimiento del Tesoro estadounidense a 10 años vuelva al rango bajo del 2% hacia mediados de 2020. Gráfico 37A Un crecimiento económico más fuerte ejercerá presión al alza sobre los rendimientos de los bonos gubernamentales (I) Un crecimiento económico más fuerte ejercerá presión al alza sobre los rendimientos de los bonos gubernamentales (I) Un crecimiento económico más fuerte ejercerá presión al alza sobre los rendimientos de los bonos gubernamentales (I) Gráfico 36B Un crecimiento económico más fuerte ejercerá presión al alza sobre los rendimientos de los bonos gubernamentales (II) Un crecimiento económico más fuerte ejercerá presión al alza sobre los rendimientos de los bonos del gobierno (II) Un crecimiento económico más fuerte ejercerá presión al alza sobre los rendimientos de los bonos del gobierno (II) Gráfico 38 Los rendimientos de los bonos gubernamentales de EE. UU. son más procíclicos que los rendimientos en el extranjero Los rendimientos de los bonos del gobierno de EE. UU. son más procíclicos que los rendimientos en el extranjero Los rendimientos de los bonos del gobierno de EE. UU. son más procíclicos que los rendimientos en el extranjero A diferencia de las acciones estadounidenses, que tienden a tener una beta baja comparadas con las acciones en el extranjero, los bonos estadounidenses poseen una beta alta. Esto significa que los rendimientos del Tesoro de EE. UU. suelen subir más que los rendimientos en el extranjero cuando los rendimientos de los bonos globales, en conjunto, aumentan, y caen más cuando los rendimientos globales disminuyen (Gráfico 38).  Además, los bonos del Tesoro de EE. UU. rinden actualmente menos que otros mercados de bonos una vez que se tienen en cuenta los costes de cobertura de divisa (Tabla 1). Si los rendimientos de EE. UU. subieran más que los del extranjero durante los próximos 12 a 18 meses, esto restaría aún más rentabilidad a los bonos del Tesoro. Como resultado, los inversores deberían infraponderar los Treasuries dentro de una cartera global de bonos gubernamentales. Un crecimiento global más fuerte debería mantener a raya los diferenciales de crédito corporativo. Los estándares de concesión de préstamos para préstamos comerciales e industriales en EE. UU. han vuelto a terreno de relajación, lo cual suele ser alcista para el crédito corporativo (Gráfico 39). Según nuestros estrategas de bonos de EE. UU., los diferenciales corporativos high-yield y, en menor medida, los diferenciales de grado de inversión calificados como Baa, siguen siendo más amplios de lo que justifican los fundamentos económicos (Gráfico 40).3 Los bonos de grado de inversión mejor calificados, en contraste, ofrecen menos valor relativo. Tabla 1 Mercados de bonos en el mundo desarrollado Perspectiva estratégica para el cuarto trimestre de 2019: un mercado de "muéstrame Perspectiva estratégica para el cuarto trimestre de 2019: un mercado de "muéstrame Gráfico 39 La relajación de los estándares de préstamo augura bien para el crédito corporativo Normas de Préstamo Más Flexibles Son una Buena Señal para el Crédito Corporativo Normas de Préstamo Más Flexibles Son una Buena Señal para el Crédito Corporativo Gráfico 40 Empresas de EE. UU.: enfoque en crédito Baa y high-yield Empresas de EE. UU.: enfoque en Baa y crédito de alto rendimiento Empresas de EE. UU.: enfoque en Baa y crédito de alto rendimiento     Más allá de los próximos 18 meses, existe una alta probabilidad de que la inflación comience a moverse de forma material al alza. La tasa de desempleo en el G7 ha caído a mínimos de varias décadas (Gráfico 41). La proporción de economías desarrolladas que han alcanzado el pleno empleo ha alcanzado un nuevo máximo de ciclo (Gráfico 42). Por mucho que se hable de que la curva de Phillips está muerta, el crecimiento salarial se ha mantenido estrechamente correlacionado con el exceso de mano de obra (Gráfico 43). Gráfico 41 Las tasas de desempleo siguen tendiendo a la baja Las tasas de desempleo siguen disminuyendo Las tasas de desempleo siguen disminuyendo Gráfico 42 Mercados desarrollados: el pleno empleo alcanza nuevos máximos de ciclo Mercados desarrollados: pleno empleo alcanza nuevos máximos del ciclo Mercados desarrollados: pleno empleo alcanza nuevos máximos del ciclo Gráfico 43 La curva de Phillips está viva y vigente La curva de Phillips sigue viva y coleando La curva de Phillips sigue viva y coleando A medida que los salarios sigan subiendo, los precios empezarán a moverse al alza, lo que podría desencadenar una espiral salario-precio. La Fed, y eventualmente otros bancos centrales, tendrán que empezar a subir las tasas en ese momento. Una vez que las tasas entren en territorio restrictivo, las acciones caerán y los diferenciales de crédito se ampliarán. Podría producirse una recesión global en 2022. Divisas y materias primas Gráfico 44 El dólar es una moneda contracíclica El dólar es una moneda contracíclica El dólar es una moneda contracíclica El dólar estadounidense es una moneda contracíclica, lo que significa que tiende a moverse en la dirección opuesta al ciclo económico global (Gráfico 44). No tenemos una visión firme sobre la dirección del dólar en el corto plazo en este momento, pero esperamos que el billete verde comience a debilitarse hacia fin de año a medida que el crecimiento global empiece a recuperarse. EUR/USD debería aumentar hasta alrededor de 1.13 hacia mediados de 2020. GBP/USD subirá a 1.29. USD/CNY volverá a 7. USD/JPY probablemente se mantendrá estable, reflejando la naturaleza defensiva del yen y el lastre sobre el crecimiento japonés por la subida del impuesto al consumo. El dólar ponderado por el comercio continuará depreciándose hasta finales de 2021, tras lo cual un Fed más agresiva y una desaceleración del crecimiento global harán que el dólar vuelva a apreciarse. Durante el periodo en el que el dólar se debilite, los precios de las materias primas subirán (Gráfico 45). Gráfico 45 La debilidad del dólar beneficia a las materias primas La debilidad del dólar favorece a las materias primas La debilidad del dólar favorece a las materias primas Los estrategas de materias primas de BCA son particularmente alcistas sobre el petróleo en un horizonte de 12 meses (Gráfico 46). Ven los precios del Brent subiendo hasta 70 $/barril para final de este año y promediando 74 $/bbl en 2020, basándose en la expectativa de que un crecimiento global más fuerte y la disciplina en la producción reducirán los niveles de inventario petrolero. La capacidad de reserva de la OPEP –la diferencia entre lo que el cártel es capaz de producir y lo que realmente produce– está actualmente por debajo de su promedio histórico (Gráfico 47). Las reservas de crudo también han tendido a bajar dentro de la OCDE. Las propias reservas de Arabia Saudí han caído más del 40% desde su pico en 2015 (Gráfico 48). Gráfico 46 El déficit de oferta continuará Déficit de suministro continuará Déficit de suministro continuará Gráfico 47 Disponibilidad limitada de capacidad de reserva para compensar interrupciones Perspectiva estratégica del cuarto trimestre de 2019: un mercado "muéstrame Perspectiva estratégica del cuarto trimestre de 2019: un mercado "muéstrame Gráfico 48 Principales reservas estratégicas de petróleo Principales Reservas Estratégicas de Petróleo Principales Reservas Estratégicas de Petróleo Precios del petróleo más altos deberían beneficiar a monedas como el dólar canadiense, la corona noruega, el rublo ruso y el peso colombiano. Finalmente, unas palabras sobre el oro. Cerramos nuestra posición larga en oro el 29 de agosto con una ganancia del 20.5% en 20 semanas. Seguimos viendo el oro como una excelente cobertura a largo plazo contra una inflación más alta. En el corto plazo, sin embargo, el alza de los rendimientos de los bonos puede quitar impulso al oro, aunque un dólar más débil ayude al lingote en cierta medida. Reanudaremos nuestra posición larga en oro hacia finales del próximo año o en 2021 una vez que la inflación comience a despegar.   Peter Berezin, estratega global jefe Estrategia Global de Inversiones peterb@bcaresearch.com Notas al pie 1Consulte el Informe semanal de Estrategia Global de Inversiones, “¿Los altos niveles de deuda son deflacionarios o inflacionarios?” con fecha 15 de febrero de 2019. 2Consulte el Informe especial de Estrategia Global de Inversiones, “¿TINA al rescate?” con fecha 23 de agosto de 2019. 3Consulte el Informe semanal de Estrategia de Bonos de EE. UU., “Los inversores en bonos corporativos no deberían enfrentarse a la Fed,” con fecha 17 de septiembre de 2019. Estrategia & tendencias del mercado Modelo MacroQuant y puntuaciones subjetivas actuales Perspectiva estratégica para el cuarto trimestre de 2019: un mercado "muéstrame Perspectiva estratégica para el cuarto trimestre de 2019: un mercado "muéstrame Operaciones tácticas Recomendaciones estratégicas Operaciones cerradas

Las acciones energéticas se dirigen al alza Las acciones energéticas se dirigen al alza Las acciones energéticas se dirigen al alza Los bancos exigen tasas más altas y una Fed más agresiva Bancos que claman por tasas más altas y una Fed más agresiva Bancos que claman por tasas más altas y una Fed más agresiva Las acciones de construcción de viviendas están alcanzando a los inicios de obra Las acciones de las constructoras de viviendas se están poniendo al día con los inicios de construcción de viviendas. Las acciones de las constructoras de viviendas se están poniendo al día con los inicios de construcción de viviendas. ¿El comercio mundial será 'Fed-Exed'? ¿El comercio mundial será "Fed-Exed"? ¿El comercio mundial será "Fed-Exed"? No intente pescar en mínimos… ... en cíclicas vs. defensivas. ... en cíclicas vs. defensivas. ... En cíclicos frente a defensivos ... en cíclicos vs. defensivos. ... en cíclicos vs. defensivos. ​​​​​​​

Overweight – Downgrade Alert Banks stocks troughed in mid-August, sniffing out a sell-off in the bond market, and we continue to recommend an above benchmark allocation in the S&P banks index. This is a global phenomenon as even the ultimate global value group, Eurozone bank equities, bottomed out on August 15 alongside their U.S. peers. The latest Fed Senior Loan Officer Survey painted a bright picture on both the demand and supply of credit. In more detail, bankers reported that a rising number of credit categories reversed course and demand for loans slingshot higher, likely as a delayed consequence of the dramatic fall in interest rates since last November (bottom panel). Encouragingly, bank officers also reported that they were willing extenders of credit. Our in-house calculated overall gauge of loan tightening standards fell compared with last quarter, signaling that at the margin it is easier to get a loan (middle panel). Bottom Line: Continue to overweight the S&P banks index, but keep it on the downgrade watch list, acknowledging the yield curve and manufacturing related risks. Please see the following Weekly Report for more details. The ticker symbols for the stocks in this index are: BLBG: S5BANKX – WFC, JPM, BAC, C, USB, PNC, BBT, STI, MTB, FITB, CFG, RF, KEY, HBAN, CMA, ZION, PBCT, SIVB, FRC. ​​​​​​​